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A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF REPORTED CASES OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITED DISEASE IN THE FEDERAL MEDICAL CENTRE UMUAHIA (F.M.C) FROM 1995 – 2004

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A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF REPORTED CASES OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITED DISEASE IN THE FEDERAL MEDICAL CENTRE UMUAHIA (F.M.C) FROM 1995 – 2004

 

 

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ABSTRACT

 

          The entire project work/study talks about the full meaning of the STDS.  The causes of the sexually transmitted diseases were found out to be virus and bacteria which can be transmitted from one person to another predominantly through sexual contact.  The scope of the study was also special and federal medical center Umuahia (FMC) was used as a case study.  One of the studies carried out by Dr. A.U. Mbanuso at the Federal Medical center Umuahia 1990 – 1993.  His result showed that the commest and most ducally sexual transmitted disease was HIV/AIDS and Syphilis.

Furthermore, from the designed questionnaire we found out that many people have become aware of the extend of STDS.  For the data collection used was a secondary data.  The population size in this reported cases of the sexually transmitted diseases under study from 1995 – 2004 the result after study will be used to generalize for the entire population.

The major statistical model employed in the analysis of the data collection was chi-square which was used to the age group and sex.  The test hypothesis for the age group shows the X2 cal > X2 tab.  Therefore we reject H0: and conclude that the client rate is not dependent of the age.  There the test of hypothesis for the sex group shows that X2 cul > X2 tab.  Therefore, we reject H0: and conclude that the sexually transmitted diseases under study are not dependent of sex.

 

 

                                      TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE:         INTRODUCTION

1.1     Statement of the Problem

1.2     Purpose of the Study

1.3     Aims and Objectives

1.4     Significance of the Study

1.5     Scope and Limitations

1.6     The Hypothesis

1.7     Definition of Terms

CHAPTER TWO:        LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1     Types of Stds

2.2     Causes of Stds

2.3     Mode of Transmission

2.4     Signa Nd Symptoms of Stds

2.5     Effect/Consequences of Stds

2.6     Treatment of Stds

2.7     Prevention and Control of Stds

CHAPTER THREE

3.0     Method of Data Collection and Sources of Data

3.1     Method Data Analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

Presentation and Analysis

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1     Summary

5.2     Conclusion

Recommendation

Questionnaire

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

Sexually transmitted diseases, which is popularly known as STDS, and its effect is now the talk of the day, town, and world wide, even in Nigeria.  This disease is a very strong disease that is caused by virus.  This virus     enters the body through many means such as sexual intercourse, blood transfusion, parental transmission.  The main work of this virus is to weaken the body mechanism known as Lymphocyte (White blood cell) making it possible for any disease which enters the body to attack even more them expected.  Both the developed and the undeveloped countries of the world, it is a great problem medically their incidence are steady rising.

 

From the available statistical data the evidence have been showing alarming rate of sexually transmitted diseases every day as mankind gets more civilized.  The sexually transmitted diseases can be categorized into three: the first category are referred to as the first category are referred to as the first generation, these are gonorrhea, syphilis, and chancroid.  The second generation includes hympho granuloma venereum and granuloma ingunale.  The third generation which is Aids  (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome).

 

These sexually transmitted disease have become a major public health problem to most countries of the world, including Nigeria on the account of their frequency, their impact on maternal and infant health and their special consequences as well as their economic cost in terms of health expenditure and cost of productivity.  It has a serious effect on pregnancy, and new borns are seriously affected which may lead to miscarriage, failure of development of new baby, blindness congenital defects etc.   The implication in woman such as pekvic inflammatory disease ectopic pregnancy, infertility and chronic ill health are caused by sexual transmitted diseases where the incidence of undiagnosed or poor treated cases is very high.

 

 

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The disease, sexually transmitted disease (STDS) is an old strong disease that was discovered before the amalgamation of Nigeria in the year 1914 by a great medical scientist known as lordchester field, in the year 1985.  this disease has killed very many paple, yet, as at that time people doesn’t believe it, not until a good number of research work was carried out in the laboratory and evidence showed that it is a communicable disease that can be contracted from one person to another through  predominantly sexual contact; such as gonorrhea, syphilis enters the body veins through blood and weakens or makes the white blood cell known as lymphocyte inactive to attack the disease of the sexual transmitted disease and this deadly disease will dry the victim to the extent that you will be able to count the bones and extent that you will be able to count the bones and ribs of the patient.

 

But some people are still doubting the existence of the deadly disease STDS while statistical data table shows that 7,548 people was a victim within the year of 1985 to 1990.  But the recent data collected shows that 17,277 people were infected as it was recorded at the Federal Medical Centre Umuahia.  In addition, the above collected data will help the masses to reduce the rate of sexual act and sexual promiscuity.

 

The federal ministry of health warns that total abstinence and mutual fidelity remains the best protective measure for or against sexually  transmitted disease (STDS)  such as  gonorrhea, syphilis etc.  That is why the federal government supported the introduction of sex education and the use of condom as a program in most of our media, such as newspaper, radio, television etc.  In order to educate the poor masses on the subject matter and how to avoid contacting the deadly disease (STDS).

 

1.2     STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

          The rapid spreading of these deadly diseases (STDS) does not mean that both the internal and external bodies’ even corporate organizations are not working to remedy the issue.  But we should not unemphasize the problem facing the efforts. Some of this problems includes inadequate central surveillance system from which all of us will be getting the information that we carry and reply in our program, because what we get now in Nigeria is information that is fragment not reconcilable.  Even when there is seeming different, there are not other third sources of reference to cross check.  Here the problem of finance contributed to the collapse of the efforts been made.  Take for instance, the latest inhibitors introduced by Hoffmann – LaRoche of the Switzerland Eortovase and Viracept cannot be obtained by poor countries like Nigeria.

 

 

We know that it will sound unbelievable even at the moment to some people mainly the youths of today that kept adamant on the warnings and dangers of being a prostitute, a homosexual, a Hetero Sexual and equally having unprotected sexual intercourse.  All that the World Health Organization (WHO) had warned that partners should be truthful to themselves and take preventive measures.

 

1.3     AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

  1. To know how far people have known about existence of the sexually transmitted disease.
  2. To know whether the rate at which male are infected is the same at which the females are infected.
  • To recommend preventive measures on how to avoid contacting the sexually transmitted diseases and give appropriate treatment to avoid rapid spread of the deadly disease.
  1. To specify the age group that is mostly affected.
  2. Finally, the objective of this study is in picking the types of sexually transmitted diseases under study one by one and uses statistical methods predicting what their incidence rate will be in the year 2005 and 2006.

1.4     SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study has revealed that the awareness of the existence of sexual transmitted disease.  Through this study, their causes, sources and mode of transmission have been have been highlighted.  Having known all these a greater result can be achieved by embarking on the program against sexually transmitted disease, such as making use of condom as one of the preventive measures and total abstinence as another measure.  Another important significance is that, the health standard of the people is improved, while the death effect and other consequences of sexually transmitted diseases are minimized by profiling good medical attention and the use of skilled practitioners.

Finally, by achieving all these goals, we can have a good social economic planning for the present and future generation.

 

 

1.5     SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

          The Federal Medical Centre Umuahia (FMC) is my scope of study.  It has ten wards (10) two medical ward on each for male and female, two surgical wards one each for male and female, two surgical wards one each for male and female, maternity wards with eighty (80) beds, one ward with forty (40) beds for booked patients while the other is for unbooked patients. Other are the pediatrics ward with twenty (20) beds and a gynecological ward with fourty (40) beds.  But my area of concentration is based on the steadily increase of the sexually transmitted diseases (STDS).  And we are taking a more look at the four varieties of sexually transmitted diseases (STDS).  And we are taking a more look at the four varieties of sexually transmitted disease (STDS) such as gonorrhea, syphilis, arthritis and Aids.  This study is faced with a lot of limitations and some problems encountered din the project research must not be overlooked.  Some problems as: problem of finance, a lot of expense was made on the process of collecting the data.  Time factor is another problem that delays the collection of data.

 

In addition, the duplication of the data and the production of this project work also included.  On this note I was to study records from the year 1995 – 2002.  This further more confined to the statistical analysis only, which has to do with the incidence rate of the sexually transmitted disease under study as arranged or grouped into sex, age groups and years.  There will also be some forecast or production of the type of sexually transmitted disease under study in a specifically year to come.

 

 

1.5     SCOPE AND LIMITATION

          The Federal      Medical Centre Umuahia (FMC) is my scope of study.   It has ten wards (10) two medical wards (2) on each for male and female, two surgical wards (2) one each for male and female etc.  But my area of concentration is based on the steady increase of the sexually transmitted diseases (STDS) such as Gonorrhea, syphilis, HIV/AIDS, Arthritis.  This study is faced with a lot of limitations and some problems encountered in the project research must not be overlooked.  Some problems are

  1. Problem of finance
  2. Time factor while delays the collection of data

 

1.6     FOR THE HYPOTHESIS

  1. The null hypothesis is that there is no difference between age group. This means that the incident rate of age group is the same.  The alternative hypothesis is that the incident rate of age group differ which reconcile that the incident rate is not he same.
  2. The null hypothesis is also used for the incident rate sex that means that there is no difference between incident rate of sex then. The alternative hypothesis is that the incident rate of sex is differ which states that the incident rate of sex is not the same.

 

1.7     ASSUMPTIONS

  1. That is an existence of sexually transmitted disease (STDS) virus
  2. Attempts on how to prevent or cure the sexually transmitted diseases (STDS) have been made.
  • Maximum cooperation is needed from all and sundry.

 

1.8     DEFINITION OF TERMS

  1. STDS: Sexually Transmitted Diseases
  2. AIDS: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

iii.      HIV:           Human Immunodeficiency Virus

  1. VIRUS: Any living thing that is smaller than

bacteria, that causes the spread of infections disease.  It can only be seen with the use of microscope.

 

  1. SEROLOGICAL TEST FOR HIV: Blood test

that allows the presence of anti bodies to HIV in the body to be dictated.

ABORTION:        Removal   of unwanted child out of her

mothers’ womb

IMPOTENCY:     Inability of a man to impregnate a

woman due to the destruction of the manhood by sexually transmitted disease(s).

PRE – MARITAL SEX: Sex before marriage

RACE:        Different type of people living in the world

INFERTILITY:    Inability to bear a child or children.

LYPHOCYTE:     A group of white blood cells that helps to

prevent infections from spreading

ANTI-BODY:      This is an organism that is not a part of

the body but was being introduced to that body

PERINATAL:      This simply means mother

HOMO-SEXUALITY:   This is sexual intercourse between

persons of the same sex e.g male to male.

LESBIANISM:     Sexual intercourse between people of

the same sex eg female to female

HETERO SEXUALITY:         This is a sexual intercourse

between persons of opposite sex, example female to male.

INFECTION:       An inversion of the body (entry) of a

disease causing organism

CONDOM:           A preservative or “rubber” sheath

(usually made of latex) used to cover the penis or virgin by women during sexual intercourse to prevent pregnancy or to protect against disease.

 

WHO:         WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION

MOD OF TRANSMISSION: This is simply the way at

which a disease or disease can be transferred over from a carrier to a non carrier.

 

 

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Statistic project topics and material preview

A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ON THE MAJOR CAUSES OF DEATH IN HOSPITALS FROM 1995 – 2004 (A CASE STUDY OF UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA TEACHING HOSPITAL, (UNTH) ENUGU

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A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ON THE MAJOR CAUSES OF DEATH IN HOSPITALS FROM 1995 – 2004

(A CASE STUDY OF UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA TEACHING HOSPITAL, (UNTH) ENUGU

 

 

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 3000 NAIRA

 

                                   ORDER NOW

MAKE YOUR PAYMENT  INTO ANY OF THE FOLLOWING BANKS:
 GTBANK
Account Name : Chi E-Concept Int’l
ACCOUNT NUMBER:  0115939447
First Bank:
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
Account Name: 3059320631

We also accept :   ATM transfer , online money  transfer 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

Enter Amount

form>

Call Help Desk Line :  08074466939,08063386834.

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08074466939 Or 08063386834,   The Project Title  You  Selected On Our Website , Amount Paid, Depositor Name, Your Email Address, Payment Date. You Will Receive Your Material In Less Than 1 Hour Once We Confirm Your Payment.

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ABSTRACT

 

In recent years, numerous deaths have occur red due to various killer diseases and accidents. The rate of this sudden loss of life has reached an alarming stage there by calling for an urgent attention to check the trend.

Death rates of the major killer diseases were compared for different years and sexes. The study used cases recorded in the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH) Enugu from 1995 – 2004

The two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine if there is any significant difference in the number of deaths caused by the major killer diseases. Significant yearly differences in the number of deaths between the diseases and the years.

The chi-sqaure statistic was also used to determine if death rate is independent of sex. The null hypothesis was accepted at 5% significance level showing that death rate is independent of sex.

 

 

 

PROPOSAL

THE TOPIC OF MY PROJECT IS A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ON THE MAJOR CAUSES OF DEATH IN HOSPITALS FROM 1991 –2000

(A CASE STUDY OF UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA TEACHING HOSPITAL (UNTH) ENUGU).

 

When we talk about death, we mean the end of life. Death may be due to a wide variety of diseases and disorders but in every case the underlying physiological cause is the breakdown in the body’s oxygen cycle which is maintained by the interaction of several different body tissues and organs. Every living thing dies but human beings are the only creatures that can imagine their own deaths. Most people fear death and try to avoid thinking about it but the awareness of death has been one of the chief forces in the development of civilization.

 

 

Throughout history, people have continually sought medical knowledge with which is delay death. Philosophers and religious leaders have tried to understand the meaning of death. Some scholars believe that much human progress results from people’s effort to over come death and gain immortality through lasting achievements. For example, the lungs permit oxygen from the inhaled air to diffuse into the blood and the heart pumps, the oxygenated blood through the blood vessel. Although the body cells require many different sustains to carry on their life processes, the need for a continuous supply of oxygen is most essential. Without oxygen the brain which uses about 25% of the blood’s total oxygen supply rapidly deteriorates and other organs with high oxygen requirements also deteriorate and stop functioning.

 

 

When an individual dies, the various tissues and organs of the body do not die immediately but remain for some period of time. Formerly this phenomenon was only of academic and medicology interest, but is has become of great practical importance since the advent of human organ transplantation. The irreversible brain function is the main cause of death used by doctors and the transplant cannot be carried out without the legal consent of the dead person’s next of kin. There are three types of death that occurs  during the life of all organisms except those consisting of only one cell these are: necrobiosis, necrosis and somatic death.

  1. Necrobiosis refers to the continual death and replacement of individual cells through life except for nerve cells.
  2. Necrosis is the death of tissue e.g. during heart attack, blood clot off, the circulation of blood to the par of the heart
  3. Somatic death is the end of all life processes in an organism

Finally, the breakdown of oxygen is always the underlying cause of death, thus the condition leading to the breakdown of the oxygen is the cause of mortality related to the underling cause of death which is the term used to denote the disease or injury that initiate the train of event leading directly to death.

 

 

Aims and Objectives

This research work is aimed at the studying and analyzing the causes of death.

  1. To know the major diseases that lead to death
  2. To determine if there are significant differences in the number of deaths caused by the different diseases.
  3. To know if death rate is dependent of sex

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENT

 

Title page

Approval page

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Abstract

Table of content

CHAPTER ONE

  • Introduction
  • Scope of the study
  • Aims and objectives
  • Significance of the study
  • Definition of terms

CHAPTER TWO

  • Literature review

 

CHAPTER THREE

  • Research methodology
  • Source of data
  • Method of data collection
  • Method of data analysis
  • The two way analysis of variance (ANOVA)
  • Chi-square (X2) test
  • Problems encountered during data collection

CHAPTER FOUR

  • Data analysis
  • Models for the two way analysis of variance used
  • Estimation for chi-square test

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0     Summary, conclusion and recommendation

  • Summary of findings
  • Conclusion
  • Recommendations

References

Appendices.

 


 

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

  • INTRODUCTION

What is death? When we talk of death, we mean the power to destroy life pictured as a person. Death may be due to a wide varieties of diseases and disorders but in every case the underlying physiological cause is the breakdown in the body’s oxygen cycle which is maintained by the interaction of several different body tissues and organs.  We talk about life supporting oxygen from the surrounding air and oxygen is extremely important for life. We can survive for weeks without food and for days without water, but only a few minutes without oxygen. In our bodies oxygen is used to release energy stored in the chemical fuel we consume as food. This energy is vital for powering our life processes. Every living thing dies but human beings are the only creatures that can imagine their deaths. Most people fear death and try to avoid thinking about it but the awareness of death has been one of  the chief forces in the development. Every thing organism is concerned with the intake of oxygen, carbondioxide and water into the circulatory system for the distribution to the individual cells in the bodies of various organisms.

 

 

When a human being dies, the organs and tissues of the body will also die immediately but remain for some period of times before the cells will die formerly, this phenomenon is only of academic and medicology interest, but it has become of great practical importance since the advert of human organ transplantation.

Furthermore, philosophers and religious leaders have tried to know the meaning of death. Some believe that much human progress results from people.s effort to over come death and gain immortality through lasting achievement. The lungs permit oxygen and carbondioxide from the inhaled air to diffuse into the blood and the heart pumps the oxygenated blood through the blood vessels. Although the body cells require many different to carry on their life processes, the need for a  continuous supply of oxygen is most essential since without oxygen or carbondioxide the brain which normally uses about 25% of the blood’s total oxygen supply rapidly deteriorates and other organs with high oxygen’s requirement stop functioning.

Throughout the history of causes of death they recognise three types of deaths that occurs during the life of all organisms except those consisting of only one cell. There are somatic, necrosis and necrobiosis deaths.

SOMATIC DEATH is the end of all life processes in any organism. Living organisms whose heart and lungs stop working may be considered clinically dead but somatic death may not have occurred. the living organisms may be revived if the heart and lungs start working again and give the cells oxygen they need. The cells of the living organisms continue to live for several minutes the brains cells which are the most sensitive to lack oxygen begin to die gradually, other cells of the body will also die. The last ones to perish to the bones, hair and skin cells which may continue to grow for several hours.

 

 

NECROSIS DEATH is the form of death that affects organs or tissues. For example during the heart attack, blood clot cuts off the circulation of the blood to the part of the heart. They affected organs or tissues die but the organism continues to live unless the damages are severe.

 

NECROBIOSIS is the continual death and replacement of individual cells through life except for nerve cells, all cells of an organism are constantly being replace for example new skin cells form under the surface as the old ones die and flake offs.

 

Finally, the breakdown of oxygen cycles is always the underlying causes of death, it is not used as the basis for classifying causes of death because most fatal diseases and disorders affect more than one of the organs or tissues involved in the oxygen cycle. Thus the condition leading to the breakdown of the oxygen cycle is the cause of mortality related to the underlying cause of death which is the term used to denote the disease or injury that initiate the train of events leading directly to death.

 

In the case of accident or violence it may also include, circumstance which produe the fatal injury, then the oxygen cycle is transported in this from to all the body cells. Oxyheamoglobin breaks down to liberate oxygen when blood flows through capillaries surroundings the body cells when the oxygen concentration is low and this reaction occurs reaching when the blood flows through regions where the oxygen concentration is high as in the capillanes of the lungs. Then without the presence of oxygen cycle living organisms cannot live in order to resist the causes of death.

 

  • SCOPE AND COVERAGE OF THE STUDY

For the purpose of this study and basis of the availability of data, attention is given to the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH) Enugu, as a study unit. This was chosen as a result of my interest in the study of death in hospital. This research work covers the analysis of causes of reported death for a period of ten years interval from 1995 – 2004.

 

  • AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
  1. To know if death rate by cause is independent of sex
  2. To find out the major diseases that lead to death.
  3. To determine if there are significant differences in the number of death caused by the different diseases.

 

 

    • SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY

The study will highlight the types of diseases that most frequently occur and the extent to which the sex categories involved in death. The study will serve as a tool for proper causes of death in hospital. This work will also measure the relationship between the various type of diseases.

 

 

  • DEFINITION OF TERMS
  1. HEPATITIS:- It is caused by fever (disorder emotional) pains in the muscles and vomiting. Painful joint then it is illness that are more noticeable with children and adults.
  2. CEREBRO VASCULAR ACCIDENT (C.V.A) OR STROKE:- It involves in the shortage of the blood supply to the part of the body and the development of neurological deficit.
  3. MALARIA PARASITE:- It is caused by fever headache, pains in the muscles, hot body and it is used to indicate infection and pains in the muscle. The malaria parasite occurs all over the world but in temperature climates, mostly common duning winter. It effects all ages group including children.
  1. PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS:- It is caused by the infections the bacteria pulmonary tuberculosis which will affects the lungs through coughing. It is pulmonary tuberculosis in most common in adults.
  2. ACQUIRED IMMUNO DEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS):- It is caused by a virus which called HIV (Human Immuno Deficiency Virus) and it can be transmitted through caused sexual intercourse, shortage of blood transfusion, sharp object like razor blades, syringes and so on with a person that is infected by the virus. The signs of the Aids are headaches, boil and sore all over the body, watery stool and so on. It can be also affected all the age group including children.

 

 

 

Continue reading A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ON THE MAJOR CAUSES OF DEATH IN HOSPITALS FROM 1995 – 2004 (A CASE STUDY OF UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA TEACHING HOSPITAL, (UNTH) ENUGU →