TIME SERIES ANALYSIS ON PATIENT ATTENDANCE

(A CASE STUDY OF HAJIYA GAMBO SAWABA GENERAL HOSPITAL KOFAR GAYAN, ZARIA)

ABSTRACT

The aim of this project is to examine the trend at which patients attends the hospital over the period of study. The study therefore, shows the usefulness of statistics to medicine and hence advice had always been sought by medical and health administrators from the Department of Statistics on the analysis and interpretation of medical data. The work is presented in five chapters. The first chapter being the introduction, the second chapter is the review of related literature where views of various writers on the topic concerned were analyzed. Chapter three is the research methodology, it examine the various research methods and procedure used in the data collection, it also highlight the techniques for data collections, where the historical and survey research method were adopted, all the data collected were presented and analysed in chapter four. Finally, chapter five summaries the whole research work, conclusion were drawn from the study and suggestion / recommendation on how to improve health care delivery to the people.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

1.1    Introduction

1.2    Aims of Objective

1.3    Scope and Limitation

1.4    Historical Background of Source of Data

CHAPTER TWO

2.1    Literature Review

2.2    Statistical Tools

2.3    Definition of Basic Concept

CHAPTER THREE

3.1    Methodology

3.2    Method of Data Collection

3.3    Data Presentation

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0    Computation and Data Analysis

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1    Conclusion

5.2    Summary

5.3    Recommendation

Reference

CHAPTER ONE

1.1    INTRODUCTION

Hajia Gambo Sawaba General Hospital since its inception in 1975 has received considerable amount of people, for treatment medical advice, family planning and a host of other reason. Different categories of people have patronized the hospital for its efficiency.

It is therefore in the best interest of the researcher to use his or her knowledge of statistic application is the attendance of ill health (patients) attending the hospital. It does not and here the research as will look forward to classifying, arranging and recording the monthly, quarterly, annual, bi-annual attendance of patients in the hospital.

In an attempt to introduce efficient methods and routine towards comparing the total attendance of, in and out patient this in general comprises of male, female and children patient attending the hospital.

To crown it all, it shall be in form of data (secondary, primary data) depending on the set of people wishing to use it and purpose or criterion behind using the research, the data collected will be analysis organized, summarized and compiled. Since hospital patronage is consistent and continuous process, it will be an efficient data collection, centres and will promote statistical application and voluminous data i.e. moving average and time series analysis.

1.2    AIMS OF OBJECTIVE

1. To determine whether there is an increase or decrease in patients’ attendance.
2. To forecast the patient attendance by using linear trend method
3. To forecast for patient attendance using the fitted trend equation from 2008 to 2012

1.3    SCOPE AND LIMITATION

This research will limit it analysis on the comparison of the attendance of patient. (IN and OUT) based on secondary data collected from the hospital Hajiya Gambo Sawaba General Hospital Zaria from (1998 to 2007).

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STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF EXAMINATION MALPRACTICE IN THE TERTIARY INSTITUTION.

CHAPTER ONE:         INTRODUCTION

1.1            Statement of problem

1.2            Examination malpractice

1.3            Aims and objectives

1.4            Statement of hypothesis

1.5            Scope of the study

1.6            Significance of the study

1.7            Limitation of the study

1.8            Terminology associated with exams malpractice

 

 

CHAPTER TWO        

2.0            Literature Review

CHAPTER THREE:    METHODOLOGY

3.1            The target population

3.2            Statistical sample design

3.3            Determination of sample size

3.4            Method of data collection

3.5            Problems encounter during data collection

3.6            Sex distribution of respondents

3.7            Age distribution of respondents

3.8            Distribution by sex and academic level

3.9            Method of data analysis

3.10       The chi-square (x²) test

3.11       Assumption on the use of x² test

3.12       Formular distribution for spiegel (1992)

3.13       Calculation of expected frequency

3.14       The contingency co-efficient

3.15       Testing the significance of the continuance co-efficient

3.16       Student opinion on the causes of examination malpractice in institute of management technology

3.17       Contribution of the method of teaching in the school to students’ lact of interest

3.18       Student on the common form of examination malpractice in the institute of management

3.19       Distribution of student opinion on school that is most often involved in exam malpractice.

 

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0            Presentation and analysis of statistical data

4.1            Using pie chart

4.2            Using multiple bar chart

 

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0            Summary of findings recommendation and conclusion

5.1            Summary of finding

5.2            Recommendation and conclusion

Bibliography

Appendix i

Appendix ii

Appendix iii

Appendix iv

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

          That we are living in a changing world is a popular statement which needs little explanation especially when the knowledge of today can be the fully of tomorrow or when a human being of today can oil to exist on the day that follows when such natural phenomena occur, one does not bother as to ask why these happen out when they are accompanied by abnormal happenings on become worried and asks why which he seldom finds and such is examination malpractice.

Examination malpractices in our tertiary institution have become a social molady which have adversely affected the have and have notes, the hardworking and society in general such corrupt practices have succeeded in tarnishing the past government and management of such institution employed different strategies to move up the shameful situation from our tertiary institution, but unfortunately all their efforts were uneventful or uncertainly.

 1.2    BACKGROUND OF STUDY

          Some of the examination rules which one should not violate are.

(a)              Avoiding conversation while examination is in progress

(b)             Coming into the hall with you identity card

(c)              Submitting answer script after proper endured before going out of the hall

(d)             Refrain oneself from copying or writing for another obedience to the invigilator.

(e)              Not coming to the hall with expected answer written as pieces of paper.

As regards to these rules, one who violate them is likely to face the consequences for it by the committee.  The punishment depends on the magnitude of the offence. Some of the offence after being looked into by the committee one is asked to withdraw from the institution or stay back.  These culprit would not be caught without the proper vigilance of the invigilator or supervisor.  Therefore, having seen from above I can now say malpractice is legal action taken by a person in a position of trust.  This means when applied to examination situation that any contrary action performed by someone against certain examination regulation can be termed examination malpractice.

Statistics has shown the examination malpractice became a very common they in early eighteen and as a result, the instant had to set up a coming that will have to be looking into these malpractice cases.  This committee was inaugurated in 1982/83 and was called “Examination Malpractice Committee”.

This committee spells out the appropriate punishment for any culprits involve.

According to the institution (IMT) academe and examination regulations prepared in June 1992, some of the regulation which candidates are required to comply with are.

1. All students shall arrive at the designated examination hall thirty minutes before the scheduled time.
2. No student shall enter the hall unless they are asked to do so by the co-ordinator
3. A student must enter examination hall with current original school fees receipt current identity card, pencil etc
4. Calculator if required but not a programmable type
5. Ruler and any other material table etc that may be permitted by the chief invigilator.
6. If a candidate report to the examination without his/her I.D card, he/she should report to the chief – co-ordinators with a recent passport photograph endorsed by the it on

If it is discovered that the person who wrote the examination is not the owner of the identity card, it became a case of impersonation.

1. No candidate shall have other material in his/her possession, even a private letter, while he/she is inside the examination hall.
2. No caps, head ties and sun-glasses shall be allowed and student writing the same paper shall not sit side by side.
3. No candidate is allowed to enter the examination hall sixty 960) minutes after the examination hall is prohibited.
4. Students are not allowed to tear any paper from either the question paper or answer script for any purpose including rough work.  All rough works must be done at the back of his/her answer scripts and then be cancelled.  No rough work is permitted on the question paper on the desk at his or palm or anything else other than the answer scrip.
5. No student wishing to draw the attention            of invigilators to  any particular issue shall do only by raising his/her hand.
6. No alteration or cancellation is allowed on the registration number and blank spaces must be ruled across by students.
7. All students in the examination hall entitled to sign the attendance shall I.D cards to the invigilator who will then sign your answer script indication that you are presence in the examination day.
8. Student shall ensure that they enter the question attempted in the appropriate columns on the front cover of the script.
9. Student must rule across all blank spaces of the examination answer booklets used during the examination i.e. either by cheating, copying, using material etc other than the one specified.

1.3     AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

The aims and objectives of this study are

1. To find out whether examination malpractice depend on sex, school, academic level.
2. To determine whether examination malpractice committee has helped to reduce examination malpractice in IMT.
3. To know the commonest examination practice in IMT
4. To determine the school/faculty that indulges most in examination malpractice in IMT and suggest why.
5. To suggest its effect on the standard of education for example on IMT and to suggest ways of minimizing them.
6. To find out whether lecturers has contributed to the examination.

1.4     STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS

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