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STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF ROAD ACCIDENTS (A CASE IN ENUGU STATE FROM 2000 – 2008)

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF ROAD ACCIDENTS

(A CASE IN ENUGU STATE FROM 2000 – 2008)

 

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 3000 NAIRA

 

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Account Name : Chi E-Concept Int’l
ACCOUNT NUMBER:  0115939447
First Bank:
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
Account Name: 3059320631

We also accept :   ATM transfer , online money  transfer 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

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form>

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08074466939 Or 08063386834,   The Project Title  You  Selected On Our Website , Amount Paid, Depositor Name, Your Email Address, Payment Date. You Will Receive Your Material In Less Than 1 Hour Once We Confirm Your Payment.

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ABSTRACT

This project is in compliance with one of the task, I have to shoulder in order to be awarded the Higher National Diploma Certificate in statistics department from Institute of Management and Technology, Enugu, during my final year in the Polytechnic 2004/2005 session  emphasizing on Statistical Analysis of Road Accident in Enugu from 1993 to 2000.

Road accident has been of great social and economic concern.  It has became a total topic for scientific investigation.  The number of deaths on the road today, particularly on the major roads of rural-urban areas are what motivated me in writing this project.

This study is essentially based on the Statistical Analysis of Road Accidents recorded in Enugu rural-urban roads from 1993 to 2000 with the objectives to; identify the causes of road accidents in Enugu and compare the attendant fatalities/deaths, ascertain whether the causes of road accidents are unrelated with vehicles, establish the trend of road accident over the years, investigate, whether there is any seasoned pattern of occurrence of road accident and trend and/or investigate whether there is any seasonal pattern of the attendant deaths and trend, and recommend methods or ways of reducing road accidents to the Enugu State government, the institutions concerned with traffic management and enforcement of the laws within the geo-political entity and the road users, and the federation in general.

The project work is divided into five chapters.  Chapter one gives the introduction, socio-economic effects of road accidents, aims and objectives, scope and limitation, significance of the study, sources of data and the problems of the data collection.  Chapter two covers the literature review.  Chapter three is concerned with the methodology.  Chapter four deals with the data presentation and analysis.  Finally, chapter five covers the findings, conclusion and recommendation on the way forward.

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

  • INTRODUCTION

In the world today, transportation which is the conveyance of goods and passengers from one phase to another or the movement of commuter and their goods, produce and products, and/or they themselves from one location to another have played an important role in the development process, thus, serving as one of the aspects of developmental change indicators and structural well-being of the society and government among other sectors or areas of the world socio-economic development.  It provides room not only for transaction of business to take place, market possibility for our goods, produce and products produced, but also makes it possible for such to reach the find consumer(s).

 

For instance, in Costa Rica, before the inter America – highway was constructed, driving beed cattle on the hoof from grazing lands to San Jose often resulted in a 40 percent less of weight, and imports were necessary to supply local needs.  But with and weather highway, it was possible to deliver truck-traider units of cattle over night, and costs Rica become self-supporting in meet.  Also in Bolivia, the highway from cochabamba to santa cruz reduced the travel time in the rainy season from several weeks to fifteen hours and provided a link between the country’s food supplies and its people.  Until then the price of home-grown rice was 50 percent higher than the imported rice because of the high cost of transport.  Furthermore, transportation as an integral part of national production and distribution system calls for its development, improvement and better network system as to necessitate or provide a means of servicing domestic and international market.

 

This is of primary importance in the early stages of economic development because it promotes an accumulation of capital, which allows the economy to progress from the subsistence level at which most production is consumed locally.  Therefore, transportation and other government programmes such as education and health care, necessarily compete for public expenditures particularly in the underdeveloped countries.

From the foregoing, the developed nation are efficient and effective in transport business as a result of their improvement and technological advancement over the years.

Nigeria has one of the most modern and best development transport systems – roil, road, air and in-land waterings which transverse the length and breath of the country to link the industrial, commercial, and agricultural centers, that is to say, transportation in Nigeria is traditionally under four major mades namely;- road, rail, water and air.  However, in this study, the researcher zeros down to road transport.

In Nigeria road network, roads are categorized into three; the truck A roads which is the responsibility of the federal Government, truck B roads which is the responsibility of the state Government and the third category-truck C which is the responsibility of the local Government.  Whether truck A, truck B, and truck C roads, these roads are used by the motorists, cyclists, pedestrians either to convey their passengers, goods, produce, products or to reach, transact and communicate with another n different destination.  Road transportation has not only been discovered as the cheapest means of transportation but also provides door-to-door transport services and delivery of goods.

 

But apart from road congestion which is symptom of the availability of insufficient road space to satisfy, with but difficulty, all demands made upon it, road accident is another difficulty task in traffic management schemes and has been of much concern to various governments of our timer hence, the concern of any well-organised government is how to identify and minimize (if possible curb) the high rate of accidents on our roads today.

 

We are aware of the number of deaths on the highway being recorded these days.  This places a question mark on the value we attach to human life and property.  It is clear on the basis of logic backed by observations that certain people have worse accident records than others.  This research will investigate why it is so and would also proffer suggestions to check the ugly trends people who drive recklessly or dangerously are potential victims of accidents and are prone to such conditions.  They also constitute a nuisance to the society.

 

Most accidents have been caused by a whole lot of actors.  Prominent among them are as listed below:

  1. Over-Speeding: Some times may be due to greediness or the tendency to drive as many turn as possible always want to be at the head of others, without considering the consequences.  By so doing they neglect road signs warnings and road traffic regulations and laws.  Thus, the risk of some dangerous.
  2. Drugs/Alcohol: The side effects of drugs or alcohol our body cannot be over emphasized.  These cause drowsiness and finally sleep when during.  They lead to wrong calculations and loss of regard to lvies of human beings and property of such driver concerned.  Some causes excessive alertness and nervousness, loss of control and finally a breakdown of the body system of such person involved.
  3. Roads (Road Accidents Immuned Delusion Syndrome): Some drivers because they have driven a particular vehicle for years, taxy develop the feeling that they have overmastered the vehicle and also fully experienced do believe that they cannot be involved in road traffic accident, others or other drivers because of their belief either a shrine, ring, talisman, etc. do believe that they cannot be involved and/or die in road accident, they drive without regard to road traffic regulations and other road users.
  4. The Road: The construction of the road matters a lot.  Roads with multiple bands experience many accidents.  Poorly constructed road witness many accidents e.g. presence of informal bymps, very narrow roads.  Roads that are poorly maintained cause a lot of accidents.  The absence of road signs also contributes to road accidents e.g to show construction sites, narrow bridges, cross roads, bumps, “T” junction etc.
  5. 5. Negligence of road Signs: Most Nigeria drivers are so illiterate that they cannot read road signs and as such endanger their lives and the lives of others and property.
  6. Aggression: This is psychological.  Also result of or may be due to lack of sleep in the previous night due to one problem or the other.  The driver then wake up annoyed and aggressive.  He jumps into the vehicle without the morning drills, quarrels with the vehicle passengers, co-drivers and road traffic officers etc. thus the risk of accident victimized and even others.
  7. The Weather: This comprises the rain and the sun and their effects on the roads.  The rains wet the roads and make them slippery therefore, tyres treads loase grip of the roads and render braking almost impossible as and when desired.  The sun heats up the tar on the road which in tam heats up the tyres.  When this happens, weak tyres tends to burst very easily.  Both conditions causes accidents on our road if not observed.
  8. Topography: This includes hilly, rocky forest and savanna areas.  Areas where the roads run in between hills particularly with dedling rock constitute a lot danger to road users.  Where such exits, viewing distance are shortened, the rocks can fall into the road at any time and cause accidents.  Likewise where roads run across forests, trees, and/or their branches, many fall into the road and where this is not noticed in a good time, they can cause serious accidents.  Animal shiving is the forests can cross the roads at any time while grazing animals common in the savanna requires can also  cause accidents.
  9. Carelessness of Pedestrians: The other road user that is seen as the commonest – the pedestrian(s) may out of illiteracy and inexperience in using the road disobey the road traffic sign by crossing when it is not due for him or her to do so.  Or cross the busy road without looking left or tight as to see when the road is free for crossing.
  10. Foods: It takes many drivers time to understand the effect of some foods on their body.  Most eat one type of food because others do.  They fail to understand that, while some people or such people will be active after a heavy food, others or themselves imitating feel dull and will be sleeping after such a heavy food and thus, endangering their lives and property while driving.

 

1.1     SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF ROAD ACCIDENTS

Several aspects of road transport negative impact (road accident) on the society have already been discussed.  Some additional negative effects deserve mention.  Road accidents have significant effects, which they impact.  Adversely on the economic and social welfare of a nation.  The effects on the economy usually take the form of costs which under certain circumstance can be measured.  Some of these costs; private costs are borne by those responsible for the accident, while others are social in nature in that society as a whole bears them.  In this section, the study examines specific effects of road accidents.

  1. Traffic hold-up and associated waste: When an accident occurs, the most easily observed effect is a rapidly built-up traffic holdup.  In the process, fuel is wasted, engines are overheated, delays lead to lost business and social opportunities.  The direct effect is a showed down and more expansive business transactions.
  2. Destruction of motor vehicle: Road accidents usually entail the complete destruction of motor vehicle involved. In some cases, the vehicles are salvaged at considerable cost to owners.  In Nigerian environment, accidental vehicles are either left on the scene of accidents indefinitely or are towed away to police stations where they are similarly abandoned.  The implication of this practice is that scrap value of such vehicle is lot to the economy and stock of transportation, facilities necessary to move people and goods from place to place is reduced.  The opportunities for realizing gains from within an integrated economic systems are lost, and the welfare of citizen earlier mentioned corresponding reduced.  Loss to the economy arising from road accidents is easily measurable.
  3. Destruction of transport infrastructure: Accidents destroy valuable road transport infrastructure whose replacement would cost multiples of the original capital expenditure.  These costs are significantly foreign exchange are imported.  Components of transport infrastructure that may be damaged include;
  4. Roads
  5. Bridges
  • Culverts etc

Thus, resulting to capital reduction instead of capital accumulation.

  1. Destruction of other infrastructure: Road accidents also destroy other infrastructure such as telecommunication poles and wires, electricity poles and transformers, real estate including residential and office buildings.  Damage to these infrastructure disrupt electricity supply, telecommunications services and normal office facilities; all these tend to show down normal economic and social transactions with adverse consequences on the quality of life.
  2. Short supply of goods: Accidents cause the damage or destruction of goods being transported. The loss reduces total quantity of goods available for consumption by the final consumer(s) and reduces profits for or made by the companies whose goods are destroy.  Where insurance cover is provided, cost of damage are passed on the insurance companies thus, reducing their capital gain if the goods are essential for normal subsistence, large scale destruction may necessitate importation which would either place a downward pressure on foreign exchange rates or lead to substantial devaluation of the exchange rate in a system of  flexible exchange rates.
  3. Medical bills for treating accident victims: Medical bills of accident victims are some of the adverse effect of road accidents.  Treatment in the orthopedic hospitals is time-consuming and expensive, after discharge of patients, the ability of such a person to perform duties is usually reduced.  This has adverse effect on production in the economy.

 

  • AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

The main objectives of this project are to;

  1. Identify the causes of road accident in Enugu and compare the attendant fatalities/deaths.
  2. Ascertain whether the causes of road accident are unrelated with vehicles.
  3. Investigate whether there is any seasonal pattern of occurrence of road accidents and trend and/or compare the number of cases.
  4. Establish the trend of road accident over the years.
  5. Recommend methods or ways of reducing road accidents to the Enugu State Government, the institutions concerned for traffic management and enforcement of the laws within the geo-political entity and the road users.

 

  • SCOPE AND LIMITATION

The scope of this study is restricted to Enugu Rural Urban Areas (Enugu State) only on the account of the following constraints;

  1. The time available for this research work is limited to cover other states.
  2. The resources available were very inadequate to expand the scope.

 

 

 

 

  • SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study would help the government, the general public, the Nigerian Police Force, the Federal Road Safety Commission and other agencies concerned with safety on our roads in the following ways:

  1. It will help the Federal Road Safety Commission and other authorities concerned with similar assignment to assess their performance over the years.
  2. It will help the Federal and state governments particularly Enugu State to articulate policies on road transportation and safety, such policies will form the basis of planning the socio-economic infrastructure necessary to ensure safety and enhance the performance of road users.
  3. it will help the Federal Road, Safety Commission and other institutions concerned organizing sensitization workshop on seminars programmes for road users ascertain the positive impact of such workshop or seminar being organized.
  4. It will awaken the sense of responsibility of road users and government.
  5. It will help reduce or put to a stop the ill attitude poster by some of the law enforcement agencies (the Nigerian Police N20 syndrome) hindering the reduction of road accident.

 

  • SOURCES OF DATA COLLECTION

The data used for this project work were collected internally in secondary form.  Secondary data imply statistical materials or information not originated or obtained by the investigator himself, but obtain from someone’s record or published source such as the central bank, government agencies and non-governmental duties such as universities, research institutes etc.  The data were however, provided by Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) Enugu Division and the Federal Road Safety Commission, Enugu Sector Command.

 

  • PROBLEMS OF THE DATA COLLECTION

The problems encountered during collection of data cannot all be stated here.  This research work posed a lot of problems.  Since the researcher did not originally collect the data, there was mistrust between the primary users and the secondary user of the data.  It took me a lot of money, time and energy traveling from my destination to the office of the Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) and that of the Federal Road Safety Commission all in Enugu, so as to get the relevant data for this research work.  This made me to miss most of my lecture hours and also disappointed my supervisor Mr. Pius Ugwu by not coming when I promised to see him several times.

It was very difficult to collect the relevant data from these offices because they said that they couldn’t release the data for security reasons.  But after presenting letters from my Department Head Mr. Nwagbara G.P. dated 4th July, 2005, the desired information was given to me.

 

 

 

Continue reading STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF ROAD ACCIDENTS (A CASE IN ENUGU STATE FROM 2000 – 2008)

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS’ EXPENDITURE IN T ERTIARY INSTITUTIONS (A CASE STUDY OF IMT ENUGU 2004/2005 SESSIONS)

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS’ EXPENDITURE IN TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS

(A CASE STUDY OF IMT ENUGU 2004/2005 SESSIONS)

 

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ACCOUNT NUMBER:  0115939447
First Bank:
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
Account Name: 3059320631

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08074466939 Or 08063386834,   The Project Title  You  Selected On Our Website , Amount Paid, Depositor Name, Your Email Address, Payment Date. You Will Receive Your Material In Less Than 1 Hour Once We Confirm Your Payment.

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ABSTRACT

        The aims of this project are to describe the various ways in which students spend their money and to advise them on how to spend their money judiciously.

About three hundred and sixty questionnaires were distributed randomly to six schools and one hundred and forty valid returns of questionnaires were gathered.

From the analyses, it was discovered that despite the hard earned income of parents, most students insist on spending their money extravagantly.  This is mostly found commonly   the female students.  According to the data age was identified as one of the major factors which influence the spending habit of students.  Students below twenty – five years spend higher than students above twenty-five years.  We also noted that students whose parents are wealthy spend much higher than students whose parents are averagely rich.

Finally, students should judiciously spend money only on important items and should avoid ostentations spending.

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ABSTRACT

APPENDICES

LIST OF T ABELS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

  • INTRODUCTION
  • AIMS AND OBJECTIVE
  • DEFINITION OF TERMS AND CONCEPTS

CHAPTER TWO

2.0   LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPTER THREE

  • SOURCE OF DATA
  • SAMPLING FRAME

TABLE 1  THE DISTRIBUTION OF REGULAR STUDENTS

  • SAMPLING PLAN
  • REASONS FOR STRATIFICATION
  • METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION
  • PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED DURING DATA COLLECTION
  • PILOT SURVEY
  • ASSUMPTION FOR STRATIFICATION
  • TABLE 2 ALLOCATION OF QUESTIONNAIRES (PILOT SURVEY) TO THE SIX SCHOOLS A ND THEIR VALID RETURNS
  • DETERMINATION OF VARIANCE
  • DETERMINATION OF SAMPLE SIZE
  • THEORITICAL FRAME WORK

CHAPTER FOUR

ANALYSIS

  • ANALYSIS INVOLVING TEST OF TWO MEANS
  • ANOVA INVOLVING TEST OF TWO MEANS

CHAPTER FIVE

FINDINGS, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

APPENDIX

QUESTIONNAIRE

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1   BACKGROUND OF TH STUDY

        Spending is referred to the total expenditure of an individual, government or an organization.

Having said this, government can spend money for projects like building of schools, construction of roads, establishments of electricity, etc and these erupt development in our country.  Parents also later for the need of their children and enrich them with huge sums of money as pocket money.  Some of the student’s need which propel them to spend could be enumerated thus: school fees, hotel fees, feeding, transport fares, drinks and educational materials, etc.

Taking you years backs, Nigeria had a good economy.  Government and parents spent much of their money without any pains.  Students and that time used money recklessly because there was a good economy and balanced with monetary value in the market.

From 1980 till now, we have been experiencing our increasing an unexpected inflation of goods

 

1.3   DEFINITION OF TERMS AND CONCEPTS STATUS 

It is the social or professional position of somebody in relation to others:

Income:

This is the earning of an individual in taking part in production of goods and services.

Expenditure is broken into meaningful and logical categories namely:

A      Food:

It is anything we eat for the nourishment and growth of the body.

B      Clothing and Foot-Wears

Clothing are those things that we use to cover our body because of cold and diseases. While foot – wears are those things that we wear on our feet so as to prevent us from wound and diseases.

  1. Drinks

It is either alcoholic or non-alcoholic liquor.

  1. Make-ups

These include such thing as powder, pomerde, up-sticks, eye-pencil, etc.

  1. Educational Materials

These are materials used for academic works like books, mathematical sets, drawing sheets, calculators, etc.

  1. Projects

This includes field-works, research – work, term paper, etc.

  1. Hobbies

It is occupation for one’s leisure time, for example reading, sports and listening to music.

  1. Entertainment

This includes film show, parties, cinema, which we use for enjoyment and relaxation of the body.

 

 

 

CHAPTER TWO

2.0   LITERATURE REVIEW

        Some people had said their opinion and contribution on this project.  They had recommended that students should spend judiciously and should avoid unnecessary spending.

According to professor Lionel Robbins, a renowned social scientist and an economist, in are of his works.  “Fundamentals of Economics (1993)”, noted that human wants were not satiable, but the resources with which to satisfy them were scarce.  In this respect, one has to make a good scale of preference and choose    the most important to maximize utility.

Kenneth C. Agbasi (1988), Head of computer science of Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka at the commission of IBM computer commended the effort of National Association of Computer Science Student (NACOSS).  In his work he said “the president hard never wasted the departmental money but he used it to purchase computer for the departmental usage”.

Obasi P.V. (1992) made a research on “ students’ expenditure on consumption of food beverages” her work was generally good, particularly her analysis, she verified that students’ expenditure on carbonated and non-carbonated food beverages was independent of sex.  From her analysis of variance, she said that quantities of carbonated drinks consumed by students depends on school and the rate at which male students taken alcohol beverages was high.  In her recommendations, she said that students should abstain from alcohol such as: beer, rum, etc, because of their adverse effect on health.

Finally, not much research work has been done on this project available written works on this project are few and students should know how to spend them money on those items need and also their parents should support their fully financial and in other things which will help them towards their studies.

 

 

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1   SOURCE OF DATA

        This survey is carried out in the Institute of Management and Technology Enugu.  Primary data is used and questionnaires are distributed to the six schools at randomly.

 

3.2   SCOPE OF STUDY

        The scope of study covered only the regular students of IMT, Enugu of 2004/2005 session.

 

3.3   SAMPLING FRAME

        It is  the comprehensive lists of all the regular students of Institute of Management and Technology, Enugu from 2004/2005 session, and obtained from admission’s office.

TABLE 1:         THE DISTRIBUTION OF REGUALR STUDENTS

S/NO SCHOOLS NO OF STUDENTS
1

2

3

4

5

6

RAM

COMM ARTS

FIN. STUDIES

ENGR

TECH

SSYTE

6154

3490

7270

4474

2009

192

  TOTAL 23589

 

 

3.4   SAMPLING PLAN

        Stratified random sampling is used for this survey.  According to John E. Frend (Fourth Edition), 1988 when population can be sub divided in a number of subpopulation, or strata each of which is relatively uniform or homogeneous.

In this kind of sampling, we divide the population into a number of non-overlapping homogenous subpopulation to which we their allocated certain portions of the total sample.

 

3.5   REASONS FOR STRATIFICATION

        Stratification was used because the different schools can be regarded as homogeneous subpopulations in which the units (students) are non-overlapping.  A student belongs to one and only one stratain (school).

Stratification provides estimates of population parameters with high degree of precision.

Administrative convenience also necessitated the use of stratification.

In stratified random sampling we may apply different sampling methods to be considered more quotable than different sections of population.

 

3.6   METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION

        Questionnaire technique is used to obtain data from students. Three hundred and sixty questionnaires were distributed randomly to each school for the students to fill about one hundred and fourty valid returns were gathered.

 

3.7   PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED DURING DATA COLLECTION

Many problems were encountered during data collection stage.  The first was the problem of going to campus II repeatedly to collect data from Admissions Office IMT, Enugu.

Secondly, there was the problem of non-response. Some students’ refused to fill the questionnaires, claiming that they had no time. Some students filled the questionnaire wrongly and ticked more than once one some spaces.

 

3.8   PILOT SURVEY

From practical point of view, a small pre-test method was carried out on the survey.  It has helped to decide upon effective techniques of asking questions which helped to improve the quality of the questionnaires.  It also showed problems and troubles that would come out before the main survey.

The sample size was estimated from the pilot survey.  A total of eighty questionnaires were distributed to the six schools proportionally, using Nigeria’s allocation formular given as:

nn     =      nNn

                  N

Where:

n      =      Sample size

N      =      Total number of students

nn       =      The number of questionnaires allocated to

each school.

Nn    =      The total population in each school.

 

3.9   ASSUMPTION FOR STRATIFICATION

  1. The stratum sizes are known
  2. The frame for selecting a sample
  3. The population units are non-overlapping

 

 

 

 

3.10 TABLE 2: ALLOCATION OF QUESTIONNAIRES (PILOT SURVEY) TO THE SIX SCHOOLS AND THEIR VALID RETURNS

S/NO SCHOOLS NO OF STUDENTS ALLOCATIONS VALID RETURNS
1

2

3

4

5

6

BAM

COMM. ARTS

FIN. STUDIES

ENGR

TECH

SSVTE

6154

3490

7270

4474

2009

192

25

18

20

9

60

2

23

10

16

6

3

2

TOTAL 23589 80 60

 

 

3.11 DETERMINATION OF VARIANCE

The summaration of average monthly feeding expenditure by the valid returns to students were recorded.  From the results, the variance was computed using the formular below.

 

S2     =      n2     V (yest)     =      V(Y)

Where

n2             =      Sum of the n stratum

V(yest)      =      the variance of the overall mean

population

=      å  Wn2      Sh2 (I – fh)

h=i                 nn

Wh    =      Stratum weight of the population size

S2     =      The total variance of the population

 

3.12 DETERMINATIONM OF SAMPLE SIZE

The estimated sample size was computed from the pilot survey.  For the estimation of the sample size n the formular below was used (Proportional allocation)

n      =            N S2  

S2 + N e2/4

Where

N      =      The total number of students under study

S2     =      The population variance

e2     =      Error

n      =      The total number of questionnaires.

 

3.13 THEORITICAL FRAME-WORK

The analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used in order to compare the mean Vi of several independent populations, that is to test the equality of means.

 

3.14 ANALYSIS INVOLVING TEST OF TWO MEANS

This analysis was carried out o test for whether there is a significant difference betweens the two means of students expenditure.

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0   ANALYSIS

4.1   ANALYSIS INVOLVING TEST OF TWO MEANS

This analysis was performed in order to findout whether there is a significant difference betweens the two means of students’ expenditure on food.

  1. H0: mA     =      mB (female expenditure = male

expenditure)

H1:   mA      ¹      mB     (Female expenditure ¹ male

expenditure)

Here nA     =      35            ,       XA       =      5463

SA       =      5502                        nB    =      35

XB    =      3886                ,       SB    =      4465

Z      =              XA    –       XB

SA2   +      SB2

nA               nB

 

 

 

 

Z      =              5463                –       3886

55022       +      4465

35                     35

Z      =      1577

1197.71

 

Z      =      1.3   (computed Z = statistic)

 

Conclusion:

The critical Z = score at the 5% level of significance is 1.96 (from the normal distribution table).  Since the computed Z value is less than the table value, we accept H0 and conclude that average female expenditure on food is not significantly different from average male expenditure on food.

  1. To test whether there is a significant difference between male students average expenditure and female students average expenditure on clothing’s and foot wears.

 

H0:   mA     =      mB (female expenditure = male

expenditure)

H1:    mA    ¹      mB     (Female expenditure is not the

same as male expenditure)

Here nA     =      35            ,       XA       =      2149

SA       =      2289                        nB    =      35

XB    =      2130                ,       SB    =      2279

Z      =              XA    –       XB

SA2   +      SB2

nA               nB

 

Z      =              2149                –       2130

22892       +      22792

35                     35

Z      =      0.04 (computed Z = statistic)

 

Conclusion:

The critical Z = score at the 5% level of significance is 1.96 (from the normal distribution table).  Since the computed Z value is less than the table value, we accept H0 and conclude that average female expenditure on clothing and footwear is not significantly different from average male expenditure on the items

  1. To test whether there is a significant difference between female and male expenditure on drinks.

H0:   mA     =      mB (female expenditure on drinks is

sacars)

H1:   mA      ¹      mB     (They are not the same)

Here nA     =      35            ,       XA       =      437

SA       =      470                  nB    =      35

XB    =      299          ,       SB    =      310

Z      =              XA    –       XB

SA2   +      SB2

nA               nB

 

Z      =              432          –       299

4702         +      2102

35                     35

Z      =      133

95.17

Z      =      1.4   (computed Z = statistic)

 

Conclusion:

The critical Z = score at the 5% level of significance is 1.96 (from the normal distribution table).  Since the computed Z value is less than the table value, we accept H0 and conclude that average female expenditure on drinks is not significantly different from average male expenditure on drinks.

  1. To test whether there is a significant difference between female and male students’ expenditure on educational materials.

H0:   mA     =      mB (female expenditure equal male

expenditure)

H1:   mA      ¹      mB     (Female expenditure is not

equal to male expenditure)

Here nA     =      35            ,       XA       =      3885

SA       =      13119                      nB    =      35

XB    =      2279                ,       SB    =      265

Z      =              XA    –       XB

SA2   +      SB2

nA               nB

 

Z      =              3883                –       2279

131192     +      26512

35                     35

Z      =      1604

2262

 

Z      =      0.71 (computed Z = statistic)

 

Conclusion:

The critical Z = score at the 5% level of significance is 1.96 (from the normal distribution table).  Since the computed Z value is less than the table value, we accept H0 and conclude that average female expenditure on educational material is not significantly different from male expenditure on educational material.

  1. To test whether there is a significant difference between male students average expenditure and female students average expenditure on others.

Here nA     =      35            ,       XA       =      2259

SA       =      3422                        nB    =      35

XB    =      1703                ,       SB    =      1849

Z      =              XA    –       XB

SA2   +      SB2

nA               nB

 

Z      =              2259                –       1703

34222       +      1844

35                     35

Z      =      556

657

 

Z      =      0.85

 

Conclusion:

The critical Z = score at the 5% level of significance is 1.96 (from the normal distribution table).  Since the computed Z value is less than the table value, we accept H0 and conclude that male expenditure on others are not the same to females’ expenditure on others.

 

4.2   ANOVA

        To compare the mean Vi of several independent populations, that is to test the equality of means.

TABLE AVERAGE MONTHLY SPENDING OF STUDENTS’ IN RELATION TO THEIR PARENTS’ STATUS

Parents’ Status Food Clothing and food wears Educational materials Drinks Other
Civil

Servant

Teaching

Trading (Business)

Others

3409

 

3309

6005

 

3718

3988

 

4266

7739

 

3166

3245

 

3030

3405

 

2768

267

 

308

455

 

292

2461

 

1909

3813

 

1732

Tj

16441 19159 12448 1322 9913

 

Xijk  =      m + ai + bj + eij

Assumptions

  1. åxijk =      åxijk         =      åxijk         =      0
  2. åai =      åbj           =      0
  3. åeij W      N(o,e2)

Calculations of the sum of squares

  1. SST =      åxij2         =      243130067
  2. SSm = T2     . . .   =      C

N

=      592832

20

C      =      175723704.5

  1. SSA =      SSai =      åTi2  –       C      =      Ci – C

k

=      133702 + 128202 + 214172 + 116762

6

=      187625233      –       175723704.5

=      11901528.5

  1. SSB = SSbj =      åTj2  –       C = Cj – C

=      164412 + 191592 + 124482 + 13222 + 9913

4

=      892341719

4

=      223085429.8   –       175723704.5

=      47361725.25

  1. SSE =      SSeij                =      Cij – C – Ci – Cj

=      243130067 + 175723704.5 – 187625233 – 223085429.8

=      8143158.7

ANOVA TABLE

MS

SV d.f SS
2975382

15787241

678592

Constant (m)

Parents’ status (ai)

Item (bj)

Error

Total

F – ration

4.38

23.26

1

4

3

12

20

175723704.5

11901528.5

47361725.25

8143108.7

243130067

Conclusion:

Since the f-ratio is greater than the table value, we reject H0 and conclude that the average spending of students from various parents’ status is not same.  And also since fcal = 23.26 m 3.49 = F (0.05,), (3,12) we reject H0 and conclude that the average expenditure of students on items are not same.

TABLE AVERAGE MONTHLY SPEEDING OF STUDENTS BY AGE GROUP

Age

Food   Drinks   Others Total
Under 20 yrs

20-24 yrs

25-29 yrs

30-above

5960

6218

3205

2965

2733

2148

1798

1700

524

476

257

239

4253

5553

2468

2828

2835

2685

2243

2130

17305

17080

9971

9862

Tj

18348 8379 1496 15402 10893 54218

 

 

 

 

Xijk  =      m + ai + bj + eij

Assumptions

  1. åxijk =      åxijk         =      åxijk         =      0
  2. åai =      åbj           =      0
  3. åeij W      N(o,e2)

Calculations of the sum of squares

  1. SST =      åxij2         =      206575518
  2. SSm = T2     . . .   =      C

N

=      542182

20

C      =      146979576.2

  1. SSA =      SSai =      åTi2  –       C      =      Ci – C

k

=      173052 + 170802 + 99712 + 98622

5

=      787869310

5

=      157573862      –       146979576.2

=      10594285.8

  1. SSB = SSbj =      åTj2  –       C = Cj – C

=      183482 + 83792 + 14962 + 151022 + 108932

4

=      755822614

4

=      18895563.5     –       146979576.2

=      41976077.3

  1. SSE =      SSeij                =      Cij – C – Ci – Cj

=      206575518 + 146979576.2 – 157573862        –         188955653.5

=      7025578.7

ANOVA TABLE

SV

d.f S.S M.S
Constant (m)

Age – Group  (ai)

Item (bj)

Error

1

4

3

12

146979576.2

10594285.8

41976077.3

7025578.7

2648571.45

13992029.77

585464.89

Tj

20 206575518  

 

sF – ratio

4.52

23.90

Conclusion:

Since the calculated value is greater than the table value we reject H0 and conclude that the average spending of students from various age-group is not same.  And also since the calculated value is greater than the table value we reject H0 and conclude that average expenditure of students and items are not the same.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF EXAMINATION MALPRACTICE IN THE TERTIARY INSTITUTION (A CASE STUDY OF IMT, ENUGU)

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF EXAMINATION MALPRACTICE IN THE TERTIARY INSTITUTION

(A CASE STUDY OF IMT, ENUGU)

 

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page

Certification

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Table of contents

 

CHAPTER ONE:         INTRODUCTION

  • Statement of problem
  • Examination malpractice
  • Aims and objectives
  • Statement of hypothesis
  • Scope of the study
  • Significance of the study
  • Limitation of the study
  • Terminology associated with exams malpractice

 

 

CHAPTER TWO        

  • Literature Review

 

CHAPTER THREE:    METHODOLOGY

  • The target population
  • Statistical sample design
  • Determination of sample size
  • Method of data collection
  • Problems encounter during data collection
  • Sex distribution of respondents
  • Age distribution of respondents
  • Distribution by sex and academic level
  • Method of data analysis
  • The chi-square (x2) test
  • Assumption on the use of x2 test
  • Formular distribution for spiegel (1992)
  • Calculation of expected frequency
  • The contingency co-efficient
  • Testing the significance of the continuance co-efficient
  • Student opinion on the causes of examination malpractice in institute of management technology
  • Contribution of the method of teaching in the school to students’ lact of interest
  • Student on the common form of examination malpractice in the institute of management
  • Distribution of student opinion on school that is most often involved in exam malpractice.

 

CHAPTER FOUR

  • Presentation and analysis of statistical data
  • Using pie chart
  • Using multiple bar chart

 

CHAPTER FIVE

  • Summary of findings recommendation and conclusion
  • Summary of finding
  • Recommendation and conclusion

Bibliography

Appendix i

Appendix ii

Appendix iii

Appendix iv

 

 


CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

1.1     STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

          That we are living in a changing world is a popular statement which needs little explanation especially when the knowledge of today can be the fully of tomorrow or when a human being of today can oil to exist on the day that follows when such natural phenomena occur, one does not bother as to ask why these happen out when they are accompanied by abnormal happenings on become worried and asks why which he seldom finds and such is examination malpractice.

 

Examination malpractices in our tertiary institution have become a social molady which have adversely affected the have and have notes, the hardworking and society in general such corrupt practices have succeeded in tarnishing the past government and management of such institution employed different strategies to move up the shameful situation from our tertiary institution, but unfortunately all their efforts were uneventful or uncertainly.

 

 1.2    BACKGROUND OF STUDY

          Some of the examination rules which one should not violate are.

  • Avoiding conversation while examination is in progress
  • Coming into the hall with you identity card
  • Submitting answer script after proper endured before going out of the hall
  • Refrain oneself from copying or writing for another obedience to the invigilator.
  • Not coming to the hall with expected answer written as pieces of paper.

 

As regards to these rules, one who violate them is likely to face the consequences for it by the committee.  The punishment depends on the magnitude of the offence. Some of the offence after being looked into by the committee one is asked to withdraw from the institution or stay back.  These culprit would not be caught without the proper vigilance of the invigilator or supervisor.  Therefore, having seen from above I can now say malpractice is legal action taken by a person in a position of trust.  This means when applied to examination situation that any contrary action performed by someone against certain examination regulation can be termed examination malpractice.

Statistics has shown the examination malpractice became a very common they in early eighteen and as a result, the instant had to set up a coming that will have to be looking into these malpractice cases.  This committee was inaugurated in 1982/83 and was called “Examination Malpractice Committee”.

 

This committee spells out the appropriate punishment for any culprits involve.

According to the institution (IMT) academe and examination regulations prepared in June 1992, some of the regulation which candidates are required to comply with are.

  1. All students shall arrive at the designated examination hall thirty minutes before the scheduled time.
  2. No student shall enter the hall unless they are asked to do so by the co-ordinator
  • A student must enter examination hall with current original school fees receipt current identity card, pencil etc
  1. Calculator if required but not a programmable type
  2. Ruler and any other material table etc that may be permitted by the chief invigilator.
  3. If a candidate report to the examination without his/her I.D card, he/she should report to the chief – co-ordinators with a recent passport photograph endorsed by the it on

If it is discovered that the person who wrote the examination is not the owner of the identity card, it became a case of impersonation.

  • No candidate shall have other material in his/her possession, even a private letter, while he/she is inside the examination hall.
  • No caps, head ties and sun-glasses shall be allowed and student writing the same paper shall not sit side by side.
  1. No candidate is allowed to enter the examination hall sixty 960) minutes after the examination hall is prohibited.
  2. Students are not allowed to tear any paper from either the question paper or answer script for any purpose including rough work. All rough works must be done at the back of his/her answer scripts and then be cancelled.  No rough work is permitted on the question paper on the desk at his or palm or anything else other than the answer scrip.
  3. No student wishing to draw the attention of invigilators to  any particular issue shall do only by raising his/her hand.
  • No alteration or cancellation is allowed on the registration number and blank spaces must be ruled across by students.
  • All students in the examination hall entitled to sign the attendance shall I.D cards to the invigilator who will then sign your answer script indication that you are presence in the examination day.
  • Student shall ensure that they enter the question attempted in the appropriate columns on the front cover of the script.
  1. Student must rule across all blank spaces of the examination answer booklets used during the examination i.e. either by cheating, copying, using material etc other than the one specified.

 

1.3     AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

The aims and objectives of this study are

  1. To find out whether examination malpractice depend on sex, school, academic level.
  2. To determine whether examination malpractice committee has helped to reduce examination malpractice in IMT.
  3. To know the commonest examination practice in IMT
  4. To determine the school/faculty that indulges most in examination malpractice in IMT and suggest why.
  5. To suggest its effect on the standard of education for example on IMT and to suggest ways of minimizing them.
  6. To find out whether lecturers has contributed to the examination.

 

1.4     STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS

  1. Null Hypothesis: There is no significant different between exam misconduct and exam conduct.

H1:     There is significant different between exam misconduct and exam conduct.

  1. H0: There is no significant different between examination and malpractice.

H1:     There is significant between examination and.

 

1.5     SCOPE OF THE STUDY

There are about thirty six (36) states in Nigeria including the Federal Capital Territory Abuja, however, the study was limited to Enugu State.  Enugu had been the capital of eastern region, and the economic operation that take place in other states of the federation is also carried out within the same socio – economic environment as a result, it was considered a fairly representative sample.

In other words as a result of the topic it serves that to some circumstances, 1 limited it to a particular school called IMT and limited to both female and male regular undergraduate.

 

1.6     SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

          Examination malpractice can be seen as a short cut to academic glory and it can be seen as a good benefit to those whoever be involve in it.

 

 

1.7     LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

          The subject, exam malpractice will be very vast in study if it is to be discussed alone. As regards this work is limited on the statistics analysis of the causes and effects of exams malpractice in the tertiary institution.

In this work, it is expended to answer certain question as regard the topic at state.  Some of the questions ought to be answered are:

Likely question

  1. What is examination malpractice?
  2. What leads to exam malpractice?
  3. What are the consequences of exam malpractice?
  4. How can the issue of stake be eliminated from our tertiary instillation

 

1.8     TERMINOLOGY ASSOCIATED WITH EXAM MALPRACTICE IN IMT

EXAMINATION

A process of putting question forward in order to test knowledge or get information.

 

IMPERSONATION

Impersonation is when somebody pretends to be or act the part of somebody else.

In this case of study, this simply means when a student that is convinced to be more intelligent enters into the examination hall to assist somebody that seems to be less privilege and regulation, governing examination.

EXAM CONDUCT

Manner and ways exam are being scheduled and carried out effectively.  It is usually carried out at a given period according to the school calendar.

MALPRACTICE COMMITTEE

These are set of people or group of people that are selected from various department which statistics is inclusive to into cases of people who view the case or different people.  This is as a result of new development from the accused that is not convincing enough to the management.

EXAMS MISCONDUCT

This is going against the rules governing  an examination ie either by cheating, copying, using  material other than the one specified.

SLANGS

WHISTLING

Is another, which the candidate that is connects to exam malpractice adopts in drawing attention of his/her colleague to answer his/her demand base on the question on the exam paper which he know nothing or little about.

It happens that when this whistling occurs, the partner of the bearer is always alerted to supply any required material to satisfy the others need through any possible channel that is open him/her.

BODY LANGUAGE OR SIGN LANGUAGE

This is a special act of examination malpractice which candidates commonly adopt during examination test.  This system of coding and decoding information through sign language and is widely spread out among students of exam malpractice in the examination hall believe that it is difficult understand what is happening in the examination premises.

Some of those signs could be raising up a finger tip of various types to indicate problems or translate reply information.

RANXEROXING

Photocopying another candidates answer.

GIRAFING

Elogation of one’s neck in order to copy another work.

 

EXPO

A displayed answer to a question on a rough note or piece of paper, which have the contents of answering or relates ideas on any unknown examination question.

GHOST CANDIDATE

It implies to a structure who appears to represent another with take identities with the claims of being the one partaking in examination on its own interest.

MICROCHIPS

The most popular and most common cheating strategy is the possession of another person’s unauthorized material by somebody that relieve it or some body else is known as microchip otherwise known as “fast guy no be thief”.

OMIKIRIKIRI

It is the act of using reminder.

 

 

DIRECT ENTRY OR COUNTERFEIT FORMULA

It involves multiple registration, a situation where the student make dual registration, using a bongus number for the other.

MASS COLLUSION

This is another method adopted by students cheat by the entire class members and in this case a question of born again no deep.

HARDMANISM

The use of physical might in which student snatch question paper from invigilator.

SHORT – PUT

The throwing of written answers to choice candidate in the hall.

 

 

Continue reading STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF EXAMINATION MALPRACTICE IN THE TERTIARY INSTITUTION (A CASE STUDY OF IMT, ENUGU)

ANALYSIS OF CRIME IN ENUGU STATE FROM THE YEAR 1996 – 2003 (A CASE STUDY OF CENTRAL POLICE STATION ENUGU)

ANALYSIS OF CRIME IN ENUGU STATE FROM THE YEAR 1996 – 2003 (A CASE STUDY OF CENTRAL POLICE STATION ENUGU)

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ABSTRACT

The aim of this project work is to analyze the reported cases of crime in Enugu State. And the project is made up of five chapters:

Chapter one is the introductions of the study with aim and objectives, and classification of crime.

Chapter two covers the related literature review. Chapter three is the research methodology which shows the statistical tools used in the data collection and analyses.

Chapter four deals with analysis of data finally the chapter five comprises of findings, conclusion and recommendations.

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page                                                                                          ii

Dedication                                                                                         iii

Acknowledgements                                                                           iv

Abstract                                                                                            v

Table of content                                                                                vi

CHAPTER ONE                                                                                      

Introduction                                                                                                1

  • Statement of the problem 2
  • Aim and Objectives 2
  • Classification of crime 2
  • Significance of the study 3
  • Scope and coverage of the study 3
  • Limitations of the study 3
  • Definition of terms 4

CHAPTER TWO                                                                                               

Review of related literature                                                               5

  • Social view on crime 5
  • Political view on crime 6

CHAPTER THREE                                                                       

Research methodology                                                                      9

  • Sources of data 9
  • Method of data collection 9
  • Method of data analysis 9
  • Data presentation and analysis 13

CHAPTER FOUR                                                                          

Analysis of data                                                                                22

  • The least square method of estimating the trend 22
  • The estimation sum of squares 28
  • Analysis of Anova table 31
  • Spear man rank correlation table 32

CHAPTER FIVE                                                                                               

Findings, conclusion and recommendations                                               38

  • Findings 38
  • Conclusion                                       38
  • Recommendations 39

Bibliography                                                                                     40

 

 


CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

Crime is any act that is contrary to the law, which can lead one to punish accordingly.

Nigeria is a country where things work on a reversible order. Some crimes are punishable by law, depend on the country. In our state (Enugu) to be precisely, some offences like cheating, rigging of election, stealing, advance free frauds (419), and many more are tend to be in reverse other.

Any citizen that fall under crime may be punish depend on how the state used to punish their offenders, due to neglection. The rate of crime in Nigeria is a nagging one, such that it will be difficult to known the real criminals. However the word crime compasses the acts which are contrary to the law and the principle of National Justice, since the society has streamline crime to only armed robbery.

 

 

  • STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

It is the reported case of crime committed in the country, recorded. This is a research work which seeks to convey out an analysis of reported cases of crime from the year 1996 to 2003.

 

 

  • AIM AND OBJECTIVES
  1. To critically examine whether the crime in Enugu state exhibit or display a trend.
  2. To compare the rate of crime between one class of crime and another.
  3. To find out whether the class of crime is independent or dependent of sex.
  4. To ascertain if seasons contributed to number of crime committed.

 

 

  • CLASSIFICATION OF CRIME
  1. FELONY (Crime against person)
  2. MISDEAMOUR (Offence against properties)
  3. SIMPLE OFFENCE(FELONY NOR MISDEAMOUR)

FELONY- can be defined as a serious breaking of law, which may be sentence that lead to death. Example murder.

MISDEAMOUR – can be defined as an unlawful act, which is not serious in nature it is punishable for more than six months (that’s penalty for a committee). Example Arson.

SIMPLE OFFENCE – This neither felony nor misdeamour, it is punishable by imprisonment for less than six months, examples: forgery and unlawful possession.

 

 

  • SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study would be great vital to the general public, the government, the Nigeria police and other agencies of crime concerned.

 

 

  • THE SCOPE AND COVERAGE OF THE STUDY

Aim of this study and basis of the availability of data, where attention is given to the Enugu state central police station as a unit study. It is choosing as consequent of my interest in the study of crime in Enugu urban areas. The research work covers the analysis of cases of reported crime for period of eight year from January 1996 to December 2003.

  • LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

The study was designed formally to cover more year is restricted to 8 years due to financial and constraints of time.

 

 

  • DEFINITION OF TERMS

CASE – is a set of events, which demand action.

OFFENCE – is any unlawful act.

IMPRISONMENT – This is the act of putting some one into prison for a period of time.

PRISON is building that made for lawbreakers.

CONSTITUTIONS are laws upon which government of a state or country is build up law are rules made by government of a nation.

BRIBE – this is a process by which thing offered to influence a person to act in the favour of the giver.

ARSON – It is unlawful setting up against one’s properties eg setting on fire of some one’s building or car.

MURDER – It is the illegal deliberated of killing human beings. It is seriously law breaking which is under felony.

KIDNAPPING – this occur when there is problem between two parties and one of them decied to target where the other party is and take the party away for Assign, so that he/she can step down for him.

Forgery is a crime that can emphasis where by a person is claiming what is not his belong by force. Instance, you can see where people of Ngwo is claiming a land from Nike people.

 

CHAPTER TWO

 

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ON CRIME

  • SOCIO – ECONOMIC REVIEW ON CRIME

This is a study by Howard Freeman of university of London reveal in the year 199, that people of all apparently ages commit all types of crime, while the age group of young adults are marked by super furious rate of crime.

He stated that the challenges of youths in Nigeria have never been as it is now. Also he gave support that the rate of criminal behaviour among youths are not only in the personal development offender and temperature, but lack of occupational and social opportunities, and the community fail to integrate him into the social structure.

According to text, that the prevention of crime and guilty was advocated by Allan Coffey who instances that most people conceive crime as law violation which is not crime, he classified deviance as one such, in which he later defined as the act that do not follow the expectations and norms of a particular state. In this issue deviance may be positively sanctioned when rewarded or negatively sanctioned when it is punishable.

  • POLITICAL REVIEW ON CRIME

In this, the consulted materials related on how different writer and power had studied different reviews and concluded on the disease that had afflicted the country or state

 

The military regimes that ruled the country Nigeria had been noless guilt as Chief F. S. Giwa Osaigwe opened that General Babangida regime was the regime that brought corruption in our country today, before Abacha’s dictorship was founded on corruption also and his regime nearly legitimatized or justified corruption in Nigeria,

 

Abdusalemi Abubaka regime was where corruption became the master of our country and then after came to Chief Olusegun Obasanjo’s regime which is democracy where stealing, Arson and advance free frauds (Nig) were known as climate, Ignored felony which the most serious law breaking. In his regime any body that commit felony are not punishing as the law stated, rather will lock and release, mysteriously by bribe.

 

 

ANAMBRA CRISIS

This is still under political reviews on crime through the first tenure of Chief Olusegun Obasanjo, the traveled all over the world to re-integrate Nigeria into the comity of civilized nations and to attacks the much needed for foreign investment to the economy. The president reportedly claimed that the investors are waiting for the outcome of the April 200 election when they will be convinced, the democracy has come to stay and that we can successfully manage a civilian to civilian transition.

 

But the 2003 April election took place also in the state and was allegedly marred by wide spread irregularities that almost resulted in civil unrest, and the losers’ claimed that there was no election but not knowing that it is a mockery to the democracy it was when George Mogharlu, one of the gubernatorial candidates in Anambra state was asked some one, that his honestly impressed of the gubernatorial elections in the state, in later likened himself to an unway passenger who entered armed robbery vehicle and lost all he has except his life and said that for a decent man to run for a post of public officer is a dangerous enterprises.

 

Talk of Chief Chris Uba and Chris Ngige, the current running popular political opera. The Anambra crisis has provided the much needed to convince themselves that the April elections were massively rigged with the active convince and participation of the state institutions including the army, police, INEC and the security agencies. What Chris Uba and his cohort Anambra was to set the clock of their much needed foreign investments back to another four years and to reduce the four years of presidential travels into sight seeing.

Nevertheless, Governor Chris Ngige was kidnapped by people (his enemies) from the state to some where, forced him to agreed that he will be given them forty percent of what the state will be earning. Ngige disagreed on their suggestion due to it is a compulsory acquisition been the forty percent of what state is earning, then forced to sign that he is no more the Governor f the state and burnt his car. Before all these happened a writer, Chinua Achebe posited that we as citizens of Nigerians rarely registered into political parties, but it was few percentages of citizens that participated in the politics.

While a Lieutenant general and Chief of Army staff Salihu Ibrahim said that unless the politicians are allow making mistakes and learning from the mistakes, that our political development would continue to be embaryonic state for a long period to come. That unless the military learns now to keep their land off politics in our country, our political development will continue to be at of rudiment for future generations.

 

 

Continue reading ANALYSIS OF CRIME IN ENUGU STATE FROM THE YEAR 1996 – 2003 (A CASE STUDY OF CENTRAL POLICE STATION ENUGU)

ANALYSIS OF THE RATE OF INFANT MORTALITY FROM I MONTH TO 1 YEAR (A CASE STUDY OF PARK-LANE GENERAL HOSPITAL ENUGU 2001 – 2010)

ANALYSIS OF THE RATE OF INFANT MORTALITY FROM I MONTH TO 1 YEAR (A CASE STUDY OF PARK-LANE GENERAL HOSPITAL ENUGU 2001 – 2010)

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ABSTRACT

          The rate of death of our children attracts concern from every Nigerian.

It is clear that the only way to wipe out a race is to cut its means of future reproduction which is the children and this children are believed to be our future presidents, governors etc and the ensure older generation of a better tomorrow.  Infant morality have a considerable significance on demography.

 

The level of death rate in early life has been described as a crucial test of the health service and special progress of a country.The young child’s life is wholly dependent on the care of mothers.  It is base on this that the government through the ministry of health fights to ensure that all the preventable childhood disease that leads to infant deaths the reduced to most minimal level.

 

This gave way to the introduction of Expanded programme on immunization (EPI) and ORAL Dehydration Therapy (ORT).  These programmes are aimed at teaching parents on how to make salt, sugar, water as oral drip to cure diarrhea and to immunize poliomyelitis, small pox, chicken pox, whooping cough and tuberculosis.

 

Ever since the introduction of these programmes, great lots have been achieved by reducing the number of infants death.  This instigated my writing this project.With the data I collected from park-lane general hospital, Enugu on the number of infants death and sex distribution.

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE:         INTRODUCTION

  • Aims and objectives
  • Limitations of the study
  • Definition of terms

CHAPTER TWO:        LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPTER THREE:    RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

  • Method of data collections/source
  • Problems encountered during the study
  • Methods of analysis
  • Estimation of population ratio
  • Demographic data
  • Chi-square
  • The wilcoxon rank-sum test
  • Data on births
  • Data on death

CHAPTER FOUR:       DATA ANALYSIS

  • Estimation of population ratio
  • Demographic data analysis
  • Chi-square analysis
  • Wilcoxon rank-sum test analysis

CHAPTER FIVE:        SUMMARY OF FINDINGS,

CONCLUSIONS AND

RECOMMENDATION

 

5.1     findings and conclusion

  • Conclusion
  • Recommendation

Bibliography


 

CHAPTER ONE

1.0     INTRODUCTION

          Infant mortality is mostly caused by diseases and these diseases are due to the prevalence of parasite hosts in certain areas.  It is believed that year, thousands of children are born in this country and thousands of these children die from diseases such as diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, poliomyelitis, measles and childhood tuberculosis.

This is stated in a pamphlet on Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) published by the Federal Epidemiological unit, Federal Ministry of Health, Lagos, 1981.

Children’s development and survival are influenced by a number of factors which include environmental sanitation, most of all nutrition and parents lack of awareness some children are malnourished due to the fact that their parents do not know what constitutes a balanced diet for.

They lack the knowledge of what helps the children to grow normally and build up strong immunity against such diseases that emanate from under – nourished diet.  Some parents are illiterate and ignorant, that is why in some remote areas of the country children die out of carelessness and parent ignorance.

Ignorance, in the sense that some parents do not know or observe the programme introduced by the ministry of Health to ward – off those six killer diseases which is Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI), presently, the government of Nigeria has carried out a national expanded programme on immunization (EPI) to control these six childhood diseases throughout the federation.

Although, Nigeria has been declared small pox free surveillance against the disease is still being maintained.  Government should be commended on their efforts to create awareness on the side of the parent and their effort to ward off these diseases, thereby reducing the infant deaths in the country.

More can be done also by educating the parents o how to maintain good environmental hygiene ad nutritional standard of their diet so as to rear healthy children.

Actually, the rate of infant mortality motivated me to carry out a research on this project topic and also suggest ways which can reduce the rate of infant mortality.

 

 

1.1     AIMS AND OBEJCTIVES

          The aims and objectives of this project are as following

  1. To determine the ratio of males to females death, among infants less than 1 year.
  2. To determine whether infant mortality is greater tan the standard range for infant, mortality which is (10-55) deaths per every 1000.
  3. To determine if mortality is independent of sex of a child.
  4. To determine if the mean mortality for male and female infants are the same.
  5. To suggest possible preventive measures to reduce the number of infant deaths that occur.

 

 

1.2     LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

          This study is limited in scope and coverage area to the park-lane hospital, Enugu.  The age interval considered in this project is from 1 month to 1 year, because from the definition of the term, “infant mortality” the most ideal age is under 1 month to 1 year.

 

 

1.3     DEFINITION OF TERMS

  1. Demography: This is define as the study of statistics of human population, it helps in studying how the population growth had behaved in the past and how it is going to behave in future.
  2. Morbidity Rates: Morbidity in statistics involves illnesses, injures, hospitalization, and incapacitation applicable definitions of sickness in an area.

This term refer to diseases or injury at an appropriate level of measurement.  The general intention is that the terms used should cover the whole course of one disease or injury in one person as far as the course is relevant to the particular enquiry concerned.

Morbidity data are collected through specific reports, examples are;

  1. Notification of infection diseases
  2. Notification of congenital abnormalities and it is also being collected form special disease register like cancer register, coronary register.

iii.      Infant Mortality:  Mortality rate is the index of death over the index of birth for a given period and infant morality is being defined by considering the term used in their project work as infant under 1 month to 1 year.

According to Puffer R.R. Serrand in his book mortality in childhood 1978, described it as the number of death under one year over the number of the birth multiplied by 1000.

It can be represented mathematically as:

Number of death under 1 year          x        100

Number of life birth

Infant mortality rates vary from country to country

  1. Diseases: This is sickness or disorder caused by infections.  There are lots of diseases that brings about death of children.  These diseases include;
  2. Tuberculosis
  3. Measles
  • Whooping cough
  1. Diphtheria
  2. Tetanus
  3. Small pox
  • Poliomyelitis
  • Kwashiorkor

 

Tuberclosis

Tuberclosis is a common acute or chronic disease which can cause disability and death.

It usually affects the respiratory system, bones, joints and nervous systems.

Skins and lymphatics the tubercle bacillus may enter the body of inhalation infection or direct inoculation. Inhalation of bacillus spread in droplet formed by coughing or sneezing.

Signs and symptoms: fever, weight loss and chest pains.

Preventive measures: the health education of the public and necessary isolation of the known cases, then administration of BCG vaccination against the disease.

Measles

This is a communicable childhood disease. The virus is spread largely by the droplet spray from the nose, throat and mouth of persons in the early stage of the most readily transmitted communicable diseases.

Signs and symptoms: fever, headache, rashes all over the body,

Preventive measures: includes immunizing the children against the disease, isolation of the cases of measles from susceptible children until 5 days after appearance of rash.

 

Whooping cough

Whooping cough is an acute bacterial disease it is a very serious disease and one of the major killers among the children. The disease is transmitted by droplet spread and by direct or indirect contact with discharge from respiratory mucos membrances of infected persons.

Signs and symptoms: irritative cough and slight fever.

Preventive measures are:

  1. Isolation of known cases
  2. Health education of the public and particularly parents.
  • Immunization against whooping cough

 

Diphtheria

This is an infectious disease characterized by the formulation of a fibrous pseudo – membranes on the mucosa usually that of respiratory tract. It is transmitted by droplets from the respiratory tract of a carrier or a patient.

The only effective control is by active immunization with diphtheria toxtoid.

Tetanus

This is a disease induced by a toxin of the tetanus bacillus growing anaerobically at the site of an injury.

In new born, transmission may occur by contamination of the umbilical cord, the risk of tetanus is universal, it is particularly high in developing countries.

Effective and durable protection against tetanus can be obtained only by active immunization preferably with absorbed to toid which is generally afforded in infancy or early childhood.

 

Smallpox

This is a very serious disease which spreads rapidly from person to person and it kills children, disfigures and gives rise to blindness.

It is caused by germs spread through coughing and sneezing and can be as well prevented by isolating the infected person and vaccination.

Signs and symptoms: high fever, headache, backache and rashes like pimples

 

Poliomyelitis

This is a viral disease with seventy ranging from in apparent infection to non paralyte diseas. The causative agent belongs to the enteromous family.

Polionmses exist as 3 (three) immunologic strains associated with epidermics. Besides, man, chimpanzee and monkeys are also susceptible.

Poliovirus are spread primarily by direct contact and by carriers. The virus is present in the secretion of the throat and the intestinal excretion and it enhances spread of the infection especially where there is poor sanitation.

Signs and symptoms: 3 (three) clinical forms of poliomyelitis are recognized abortive, paralytic and non-paralytic forms, they have common sign and symptoms which are fever, headache, sore-throat and stiff neck.

Preventive measures – active immunization of all susceptible persons against 3 types of polio viruses.

  1. Isolation of patient for more than 7 days.
  2. Vaccination for all families and other close contact.
  • Health education to the public on the importance of sanitation.

 

Kwashiorkor

This is malnutrition and it is common in children who are not well fed with the appropriate nutrient required for good health.

Signs and symptoms: weakness, growth retardation, anaemia, may have swollen feet, fever and protruded stomach. It could be prevented by giving the children adequate meals that have the required good nutritional values.

 

 

Continue reading ANALYSIS OF THE RATE OF INFANT MORTALITY FROM I MONTH TO 1 YEAR (A CASE STUDY OF PARK-LANE GENERAL HOSPITAL ENUGU 2001 – 2010)