Causes and effects of tax evasion and avoidance on the economy

(a case study of board of internal revenue in abia state)

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Table of Contents

Chapter one

1.0 introduction 1

1.1 background of the study 1

1.2 statement of problems 6

1.3 objective of the research 7

1.4 research questions 8

1.5 significance of the study 9

1.6 scope of the study 10

1.7 limitation of the study 11

1.8 definition of terms 12

Chapter two

2.0 literature review 16

2.1 preamble/introduction 16

2.2 conceptional framework 19

2.3 current literature based on theories/

Models and research method 24

2.4 summary of the literature review 27

Chapter three

3.0 research methodology 29

3.1 design of the study 29

3.2 area of the study 30

3.3 population of the study 30

3.4 sample/sampling techniques 30

3.5 method of data collection 32

3.6 validity/reliability of instrument 33

3.7 distribution and retrieval of instrument 34

3.8 method of analysis 35

Chapter four

4.0 data presentation and analysis 36

4.1 data presentation and interpretation 36

4.2 findings 45

4.3 discussion of the findings 47

Chapter five

5.0 summary, conclusion and recommendations 50

5.1 summary of findings 50

5.2 conclusion 52

5.3 recommendations 54

5.4 implication of the findings 56

5.5 suggestion for further studies 56

References 58

Appendix a 59

Appendix b 60

questionnaire 61

Abstract

This study was on the causes and effect of tax evasion and avoidance on the economy (board of internal revenue in abia state). The major objective of the study is to identify the causes and effect of tax evasion and avoidance in the state and how it is done. It also the aim of the study to suggest ways of at least minimizing this ugly incidence in the state, and the study sought the opinions of the staff (senior and junior) of the organization. The population size of the research work is 120 which includes the senior official and some staff of inland revenue department of ministry of finance make up the sample frame. The sources of this data was both primary and secondary source which includes interview, questionnaire, textbook, internet search, newspaper etc. The researcher uses simple percentage method in analyzing the data and the major findings is that the imposition of high tax rate will drastically reduce the level of income and profit on the part of the tax payer. From the findings, the researcher, therefore recommends that government should find a way of checking and balancing tax payments so as not to discourage tax payment on the part of the payers.

Chapter one

Introduction

Background of the study

Tax is one o the main source of government revenue. It is a strong social and economic tool of the government in regulating the economy and maintaining health social like of the citizens. Tax can be defined as a compulsory payment by individual and companies to the state to enable her attain the national goals objectives. Tax is a non-punitive but compulsory levy by the government on properties and income of individuals and corporations within the territory. The money raise there of constitutes part of source of finance for general government expenditure in the economy. According to aguei (1983:276) tax is the transfer of resources from the private to the public sector in order to accomplish some of the nation’s economic and social goals. It is levy imposed by the government on the income profit or wealth of an individual, partnership and corporate organization. Tax is therefore the system whereby individual are assessed and the final collection of the money for and on behalf of the government. It is a machinery through which income earner is obliged to pay a fraction of his income to the government.

There are various type of taxation which could be classed under two main headings: direct and indirect tax. These two types of tax may be distinguished in terms of the possibility of shifting the tax burden. However, taxes according to economist is classified whether the tax is proportional, progressive or regressive. The importance of taxation in nigeria arises out of the important roles, which the government in the light of numerous imperfections and short coming that often beset the economy has to play in order to ensure greater economic development, transformation and growth. Other objective of taxation include influencing economic activities in the country, to bridge the gap between the rich and the poor, to curtail consumption of undesirable and harmful goods and services to combat inflation, to encourage investment to protect infant industries and as well as correct the country’s balance of payment.

However, this phenomenon is not restricted to any part of the world. In new zealand, the loss of revenue resulting from tax evasion and avoidance is a problem that has been described as “reaching epidemic proportions”. The unfortunate aspect of this phenomenon is that the rate of this happening in the developing countries is always higher than what is obtained in developed countries.

According to onoginwa “personal income tax evasion is generally over 50% in nigeria compared to about 14% in u.k.” both rich and the poor embrace this chronic problem in the state with literate population and professionals in the state been the big avoiders. Whereas evaders can be found among payer and trader, having carefully examined the above trend of events, the researcher then decides to carry out evasion study to unmask the causes and effect of tax evasion and avoidance on personal income of board of internal revenue in abia state with a view of finding solution to them.

Profile of board of internal revenue in abia state

Taxation in abia state is not quite different from of nigeria as a country but there are certain peculiar features in her profile so as to give detail understanding of the state in her revenue generating effort that we have decided in the state.

Prior to 1^st april 1959, the direct tax ordinance native authorities assessed and collected income tax from africans resident within their area of jurisdiction non-africans were subjected to the income tax ordinance operated by the federal government through its regional office.

With the nigeria (constitution) order in council 1954 power was given to each region or deriving income there from. Eastern region became effective from 1^st april year. This law brought pay-as-you-earn (paye) of tax collection in operation.

The raisman fiscal commission also applied to eastern region. To complete the act, eastern nigeria passed the finance law 1963. This law was to fill the gaps which the federal legislation could legislate on example assessment appears machinery, the machinery for collection and the rates of tax.

With the end of the civil war and the creation of three states has produced new law. The south eastern (cross rivers and akwa-ibom) and the eastern central states. With the promulgation of south east state edict no. 6 of 1969, the board of internal revenue was established as a statutory body to take charge of tax amended the edict. Since then there has been certain amendments of the state increase.

Statement of the problem

Tax has been a powerful instrument of revenue generation in abia state of which tax evasion and avoidance are the major problem that obstructs the maximum collecting of tax. Highly technical problems besieging the board of internal revenue in the state such as lack of encouragement by the government to tax payer, poor tax administration, unforced penalties on the tax defaulters which make tax law seemed to be useless and most importantly, logistics and zeal to enforce tax payer.

Therefore inefficiency of taxation system in the state deprive the government the ability to produce the citizen with the basic necessities of life.

Since the problem has been identified, the researcher considers it necessary to survey as much as possible to find solution for solving these problems of tax evasion and avoidance in abia state and nigeria in general.

Objective of the study

The broad objective of this study is to find out why people evade and avoid tax and suggest ways of minimizing the practices in abia state. The broad objective is broken down to the following specific objective:

To establish the existence of tax evasion and avoidance on the revenue generated in abia state.

To examine relationship between tax rates, tax evasion and tax avoidance.

To proffer solution to the problem of tax evasion and avoidance.

To investigate why people evade and avoid tax.

To determine the effect of tax evasion and avoidance on the revenue generated in abia state.

Research questions

In the course of this study, the following research questions shall be examined:

Is the existence of loopholes in the nigerian tax law system an opportunity for tax avoidance?

Is there any effect of tax evasion and tax avoidance on the nigeria economy?

How can tax evasion and tax avoidance by minimized and eliminate in abia state?

The significance of the study

This work is importance in many respects. It is therefore, intended that a successful completion of this project help in reducing and even eliminates the problems associated with taxation. Therefore the significance of this study are as follows:

It will help to inform the tax payers of the numbers of benefits gained by paying tax.

The project will as well highlight on the importance of high efficiency and effectiveness required of tax officials.

The study will also be of immense benefit to the government by alerting them on the war against tax evasion and avoidance and impose the necessary penalty on any offender.

The study will help to suggest ways of removing inherent bottleneck in taxation.

Finally, the study is useful to individual, tax authority and government in general.

Scope of the study

The scope of this study covered the cause and effects of tax evasion and avoidance on the economy tax board of internal revenue in abia state and is of the view that this will bear good result.

Limitation of the study

In a study of this nature, a lot of limitations are bound to come-up, the work is limited by finance. The researcher needs to travel to different local government headquarters, the state capital umuahia for the necessary data. This is money consuming hence might have hindered the effectiveness of carrying out the research.

Literature: due to the lack of the relevant books in the school library, the researcher had to travel to many other institutions to gather the necessary textbooks, journals, publications etc for the research work.

Time: the researcher faced the research problem of inadequate time.

Data collection: i must confess that access to data collection was not an easy task. However, the employees of the board of internal revenue were very co-operative. The problem i encountered in data collection was as a result of creation of new local government area.

also all data pertaining to revenue of the state since the creation of abia state from imo state have disappeared.

Respondents attitude: the researcher was faced with problems of getting the actual information from the public since they think it is revenue of assessing their liabilities. The pretest set back of this research is the most of the interviewed official (tax officials). The tax officials were afraid that the result of the research could be used to expose their corrupt practices.

Definitions of terms

Below are the meanings of the following concepts as applicable to the study;

Tax assessment: this is the process of ascertaining the amount of tax for which an individual or company is liable to pay.

Tax collection: this is the process of receiving or gathering taxes from tax payer.

Tax delinquency: this refers to the failure to pay a tax obligating on the date it is due.

Tax drive: this means raid carried out by tax officials aimed at collecting tax revenue due to government from tax payer.

Tax evasion: this is a willful and deliberate violation by a tax payer to escape a legal tax obligation by failing to report a source of income or seeks to reduce his tax liability by understating a source of income to the tax authority.

Tax avoidance: this is a situation by which a tax payer take advantage of the weakness or loopholes in the tax system in order to pay less tax than he ought to have paid.

Tax reliefs: these are allowance to a tax payer on his circumstance prevailing in the preceding year of assessment such as personal allowance, children allowance, relatives and dependent allowances etc.

Tax liability: this is the total amount of tax an individual or company is supposed to pay.

Tax payable: it is any amount of tax an individual should actually pay. It is also tax liability less any tax credit or withholding tax.

Direct assessment: this involves the assessment of self employed, e.g. Trade, business, profession or vocation.

Relevant tax authority: this is the authority that could impose and collect on the income of a taxable person for a year of assessment.

Year of assessment: this is a period of twelve months commencing is 1^st january to 31^st december.

Direct tax: these are tax levied on factors of production. The burden of direct tax falls on the producer.

Indirect tax: this is the type of tax that is levied on goods and services. The burden of indirect tax fall on the final consumer.

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