FABRICATION OF CENTRIFUGAL MIXER

 

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ABSTRACT

 

Fabrication of centrifugal mixer in accordance with the project is a little manual constriction carried out to show the similarity of the big industrial centrifugal mixer used for the mixing of solid, liquid and gases in a company.

In the construction it was successfully achieved base on the useful instruction and material suitable for the fabrication. Materials like metal sheet of 14 gage metal sheet from pure iron is used. The metal sheet was first of all measured and marked, while the cutting commences immediately to get difference sizes   for the work. It was fitted after the cutting and assembled together by welding.

Finally, a sizeable container with centrally mounted shaft that can rotate on its axis. At the end of the shaft is attached a flat blade that carries out the actual work of pushing liquid outward towards the walls of the container. The basis design features of the paddle include the diameter of the shaft blade which should be 60mm to 80mm of the inside diameter of the vessel. The width of the blade is 30.5mm of is actual length. Generally, a paddle has either a pair of blade or two pairs of blade mounted at an interval. Then, it   was sandpapered and painted which the final construction work of paddles is produced.

It was certified by the supervisors as small scale fabrication of centrifugal mixer.

CHAPTER ONE:      INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 1
• AIMS AND OBJECTIVE OF STUDY 3
• SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF STUDY                      4
• PURPOSE OF MIXING 5
• PROBLEMS ENCOUNTER 6
• METHOD OF RESEARCH 6
• SIGNIFICANT OF STUDY 7

 

 

 

CHAPTER TWO:      LITERATURE REVIEW

• DEFINITION OF MOTION 8
• TYPES OF MOTION 8
• THEORY OF MIXING 19
• TYPES OF MIXER                                                   22
• FABRICATION 30
• VARIOUS TYPES OF METAL WORKING 31

 

CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY                             33

 

CHAPTER FOUR:    RESULT/ANALYSIS                                38

 

CHAPTER FIVE:     DISCUSSION                                   40

CONCLUSION/RECOMMENDATION                               41   

 

REFERENCES                                                                 43

APPENDIX                                                                       45

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

1.0   INTRODUCTION

In the fabrication of centrifugal mixer, it is evidently known that centrifugal mixer is an operation by names arranged centrally in a vessels. Its movement at the end of a verticals shaft affects the turning motion inside the vessel. In order words, mixer is equipment used to prepare a uniform combination o two or more substances to achieve a uniform product. It is aimed to obtain a desirable degree of mixing in which the product in the mixer may be homogenous or heterogeneous. The mixing or blending of liquid substances depends on the creation of flow current which transport unmixed materials to the mixing zone adjacent to the impellers.

The centrifugal mixer consists of different points which make up the product, namely:

• The shaft
• The impellers which is located near the bottom of the vessel fixed on the pole axis of he vessel which was connected with the manual handle of the mixer
• A vessel/tank where the mixable are introduced
• Outlet tape through which the mixtures are removed
• Borest/bearing which help in the easy turning of the impeller to mix the product.

 

1.1   BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

During mixing, it does not require external force. Blending is achieved by convective current a mechanism of spontaneous movement of fluid elements from a region of high temperature to a lesser one. This lends to the uniform distribution of fluid elements into the entire content of the mixer. In some of them, the rotation is by the device in others. It is the container vessel that carries out the rotation. Also in a few others both shaft and container vessels rotate. Baffles are incorporated in some of the machines for specific duties. Some of these machines include ribbon blender, bumbling mixer, screw mixer and impact mill.

Furthermore, in ribbon blender has various designs for specific application. It consists of horizontal shaft that is mounted with two counteracting ribbon agitators. Each of the two ribbon agitators direct the flow of solid particles in opposite way, the anticlockwise agitator rotating at a slower speed  in relation to the higher needed clockwise agitator. Mixing emanates from the turbulence included by the contracting through mechanical shuffling of the solid particles.

 

1.2   AIMS AND OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

Mixers are classified into three types based on the material of handling. They are

1. Impeller mixers for liquids
2. Mixers for paste and plastic solids
3. Mixers for dry-solid powder.

There is no clear demarcation on the specific are of application of these classes of mixers. However, the selection of any mixer for a specific function depends on

• Power requirement
• Viscosity of the material
• Characteristics properties of the fluid
• Behaviour of material during mixing and
• Length of time required for the mixing operation.

 

1.2.1 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF STUDY

This problem can be limited by choosing an appropriate mixer and taking all the necessary precaution in the mixing of product to avoid overtaking.

The cortex which occurs in the mixing of liquid phases can be stopped by the use of baffles. This obstruction of the flow patterns of the mixing fluid has to be minimized or eliminated if high degree of mixing has to be achieved. The swirling and vortexing have to properly checkmate. Baffles are basically metallic rod of given size installed vertically near the walls of the agitator vessel. As pointed out earlier, vortexing creates entrainment of stagnant liquid comprising series of papers which hinder the directional flow of mixing.

 

 

 

1.3   PURPOSE OF MIXING

It was certified that substances or materials are mixed up for a different purposes depending on the objectives of the processing step.

The purpose of mixing may be considered deliberately as:

• Suspending solid particles
• Blending mixable liquids
• Promoting heat transfer between the liquid and a heat exchanger eg. Coil or jacket
• Dispensing a gas through the liquid in the form of small bubbles
• Reducing partial agglomerate
• Contracting or dispersing immiscible liquid.

The above mentioned purposes could be considered as the major reason of mixing.

 

 

 

 

1.4   PROBLEMS ENCOUNTER

In centrifugal mixer the problem encountered during mixing is the overtaking or mass switching of the liquid.

Overtaking occurs in the mixing process which   causes reduction in the fluid velocity and the impeller velocity and thereby decrease the effectiveness of the mixing process. Vortex occur when there is gas-liquid surfaces or phases.

If the mixing tank is small in size, the overtaking can be prevented by installing the impeller of centre or at an angle with the vertical or fixing the impeller to the side of the tank.

 

1.5   METHOD OF RESEARCH

This project titled fabrication of a centrifugal mixer. The process of research was done through google search, textbooks and a practical operation was also carryout for the success of the project.

During the process of research we encounter difficulties. However, the most pestering part of the work was the difficulty in getting the mild steel metals divide with the required characteristics. And we could not easily get a data book that could give us the information we needed. However, reference made to some text, helped us to overcome most of our problem.

 

1.6   SIGNIFICANT OF STUDY

The future development in the aerospace industries will hinge mainly upon the case with which structures and engine can be cooled; the modern mechanical, electrical and manual plants require efficient dissipation of losses convert to thermal energy, the design of chemical engineering plant is usually governed by the impeller blade, unit operation in the agitator and the analogues of civil engineer must be taken in account of thermal effects in the fabrication and structures of the centrifugal mixers.

The processes of fluid from the impeller mixer are brought to a reasonable temperature by