GULLY EROSION IN DELTA STATE A CASE STUDY OF GULLY EROSION IN DELTA STATE
COMPLETE PROJECT MATERIAL COST 5000 NAIRA
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CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction of study
1.1 Background of study
1.2 Objectives of study
1.3 Justification of study
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature review
2.1 Agent of erosion
2.2 Type of erosion
2.3. Erosion canted by water
2.2.0 Rill erosion
2.2.1 Gully erosion
2.2.2 Sheet erosion
2.2.3 Wind erosion
2.2.4 Mode of soil particle movement under wind erosion
2.2.5 Effects of erosion
2.2.6 Agronomics measures for soil and water convention
2.2.7 Engineering measures for social and water conservation
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Erosion in Delta state
3.1 Erosion control measures in delta
3.2 Gully erosion control measures delta state
CHAPTER FOUR
Conclusion and recommendation
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 EROSION
Throughout the world especially in area with deep sand plains high stream bank or long sloping valleys extensive erosion problem occurs large qualities of valuable agricultural lands are lost each year soil erosion soil erosion can be defined as the systematic removal of social including plant nutrients from the soil surface by the various agents of denudation occurring in several parts of the world under different geological climate and soil conditions” (Areola 1992) it is a dynamic phenomenon which takes place on the surface of the earth. (Ofomata 1985) it can also be defined as the rapid removal or destruction of soil when exposed to weather conditions by man’s activities such as deforestation cultivation over grazing bush burning and quarrying.
(Ofomate 1985) soil erosion is a proves whereby surface layer of weathered rock is loosed and carried away by wind or running water (over flow) and a lower horizon in the soil is exposed (Leonh 1992) soil erosion is the earth surface by wind and run of water.
(Henry 1978) Simply defined soil erosion as the physical removal of surface soil by wind moving ice or water in all these the soil particle must be detach from the parent soil mass transported and then the deposition of detached materials. The level of detaching capacity depend on the erosive agents. The degree of occurrence varies considerably from one part of the field to other and it is a major environmental problem in delta state land mass. So if not controlled can have much effects on the environment.
Unfortunately agriculture is carried out in over two third of Delta state area land mass is seriously threatened by accelerated soil erosion which is systematically reducing the land area available for this purpose (source of information) causes effect and control measures discussed and this may help to stabilize agricultural land and improved their qualities for the communities increasing population. Gully erosion occurs in area steep relief lose sandy soils. It creates deep gullies hinder movement and the cultivation of lan. It is an advanced stage of rill erosion where surface channel have been eroded to point that they cannot be smoothened by normal tillage operation. Gully erosion is simply defined as the run off concentration in channels great that rill in large channels.
Often guiles can be prevented if good land conservation measures are practices on the farm good tillage and cropping practices increase the absorptive capacity of soil resulting in less run off and also protect the land surface from erosion. Surface and water should be covered from lands through proper waters way so as not to create potential gully problem. Better strips should be located at potential gully start points such as open ditches or deep depression around delta state.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The objectives of the study are:
- To study the nature of the erosion in Delta state
- To study the effect of erosion in Delta state
- To suggest measures controlling gully erosion in Delta state.
1.4 JUSTIFICATION OF STUDY