Identification Of Some Additives And Preservatives Used In Food Processing And Preservation And Their Health Implication
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ABSTRACT
With the increasing use of processed foods since the 19th century, there has been a great increase in the use of food additives of varying levels of safety. This has led to legislation in many countries regulating their use. On the course of the study, the researcher made some objectives; To identify the additive substances as used in processing and preservation of foods, To identify the importance and health implication of foods in preservation and processing industry. Food preservative like curing involves adding some combination of salt, sugar, spices, vinegar, or sodium nitrate to animal foods. The importance of food additives and preservatives are innumerable hence, the quest for more knowledge and awareness through researches should be promoted by the government. Based on the objectives and recommendation above, the researcher concluded that the nutritional value of modern processed and preserved foods is no probably greater than it has even been before and the major food chemical (carbohydrates, fats and proteins) are kept in a fresh palatable and nutritional satisfactory state.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background of the Study 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem 6
1.3 Objectives of the Study 7
1.4 Significance of the Study 7
1.5 Scope and Limitation 9
1.6 Definition of Terms 9
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 11
2.1 Food Additives and Preservatives 11
2.2 Identification of Additives, Preservatives
and Their Uses 12
2.3 Classification of Food Additives
and Preservatives 16
2.4 Importance of Food Additives and Preservatives 24
2.5 Uses of Additives in Food and General Principles
Governing Their Uses 25
2.6 Choice and Economic Consideration of Some
Additives 29
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHOD 32
3.1 Materials and Application 32
3.2 Methods of Processing and Preservation 36
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATIONS
AND CONCLUSION 42
4.1 Summary 42
4.2 Conclusion 43
4.3 Recommendation 45
References 47
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Additives are substance not commonly regarded or used as a food, which are added to or used in or on food at any stage to affect its keeping qualities, odour, alkalinity or acidity or to serve any other technological function in relation to food (Food labeling Regulations (1994).
Nutrition Board (1988) Define additive as a substance or mixture of substances other than a basic foodstuff which is present in a food as a result of any aspect of production, processing, storage or packaging. This non-nutritive substance is added intentionally to food generally in small quantities to improve its appearance, flavour, texture or storage properties. This is used in or around food that may become a component of the food, some are introduced specially for the purpose of improving the nutritive value, taste, texture or shelf life of the product; these are intention additives, other enters food as residue after some stage of production or manufacture and are known as incidental additives.
Comeron (1985) States that additives are chemicals that are added to food to improve it in some way. These are used to modify colour, flavour and texture; to improve the keeping qualities of food and to make processing easier. They are used to control moisture and acidity. They are used to improve nutritional value. Thousands of different substances are now used as additives, to some people. The increasing number of additives being used in a cause for concern, if not alarm, and it is important emphasize that the use of additives is most carefully controlled.
Until the creation of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), the safety evaluation of additives in Europe was done by the scientific committee on food (SEF). At present, it is the EFSA panel on food additives, flaouring, processing, aids and material in contest with food (AFC panel) who is in-charge of this task.
Assessments are made based in reviews of all available toxicological date in the humans and animals models. From the available data, the maximum level of additives that has no demonstrable toxic effects is determined. This is called “no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) and is used to determine the “Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) for each food additives.
The ADI provides a large safety margin and is the amount of a food additives that can be consumed daily over a life-time without any adverse effect on health (European Parliament and Council Directive, 2000).
Preservatives is “any substance which is capable of inhibiting, relating or arresting the growth of micro-organisms or any deterioration of food due to micro-organisms or masking the evidence of such micro-organisms are yeast, mould, bacteria.
This use of preservatives to preserve food has been a common practice for many centuries eg. salt, sugar, vinegar, species have been used in homes, for as long as man has been in existence (Britain Food Regulations, 2002).
Preservatives are centuries old, since ancient times, salt has been used to cure meats and fish, sugar has been added to fruits to conserve them, herbs, spices and vinegar have also serve as preservatives.
Today; the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates food preservatives, arrested, mistakes have been made, which has resulted in taking some food preservatives off the market. This is because at the time of approval, prevailing testing methods proved the substance as safe. As since continued to evolve and testing methods improved, changes were made. Technology has also assisted in the approval process, as it has become more sophisticated over the years as well.
Preservatives are often present in nature but they are in small quantities, difficult to obtain. To obtain commercially useful amounts of the preservatives synthetic copies of the natural products. Other preservatives are made in the series of chemical reactions. Typically, preservatives attack the enzymes inside the microbes and some can disrupt the microbe’s cell wall so that substances cannot enter, processes kill or seriously slow the growth of food spoiling microbes.
Probably, the most important use of preservatives from
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