INNATE/NATURAL IMMUNITY TO MALARIA IN SOME INHERITED ABNORMALITIES

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CHAPTER ONE

1.0    INTRODUCTION                                                           1

1.2    WHAT NATURAL IMMUNITY MEANS                           2

1.3    NATURAL IMMUNITY AS IT CONCERNS MALARIA     4

 

CHAPTER TWO

IMPORTANT INFORMATIONS ABOUT MALARIA              5

2.1    MALARIA PARASITES

2.2    MORPHOLOGY AND LIFE CYCLE                                5

2.3    VECTOR AND MODE OF TRANSMISSION

OF MALARIA                                                                 8

2.4    CLINICAL SYMPTOMS OF MALARIA                            8

2.5    LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF MALARIA                    11

 

CHAPTER THREE

GENETIC CONDITIONS LEADING TO NATURAL

RESISTANCE TO MALARIA                                                13

3.1    DUFFY ANTIGEN NULL                                                13

3.2    SICKLE-CELL ANEMIA                                                 14

3.3    DIAGNOSIS OF SICKLE CELL ANAEMIA

AND THALASSEMIA                                                     17

3.4    HOW ABNORMAL HEMOGLOBINS (HbS) CAUSE RESISTANCE TO MALARIA IN BOTH AS AND SS

INDIVIDUALS                                                               18

3.5    WHY SS INDIVIDUALS RESIST MALARIA                    20

3.6    THALASSAEMIA                                                            21

3.7    HOW BOTH ALPHA AND BETA-THALASSEMIA

LEAD TO NON SPECIFIC IMMUNITY TO MALARIA     23

3.8    GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE

(G6PD) DIFFICIENCY AND MALARIA RESISTANCE    25

 

CHAPTER FOUR

INFIRMITIES ASSOCIATED WITH MALARIA

RESISTANT GENES                                                             28

4.1    SICKLE CELL DISEASE (sickle cell anemia)                28

4.2    THALASSAEMIA INFIRMITIES                                     30

 

CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION                                                                        31

 

REFERENCES                                                                       33

 

 

 

ABSTRACT

 

Host resistance or host immunity in malaria is of two types (1) Innate immunity and (2) Acquired immunity. (This seminar presentation teaches that of the innate immunity to malaria). This refers to inherent, non-immune mechanisms of host defence against malaria. This is due to nature of hemoglobin, age of red blood cells, deficiency in certain red cell enzymes and presence or absence of certain factors. Presence of abnormal hemoglobin like thalassemia hemoglobin and foetal hemoglobin confers resistance against all plasmodium spp, while sickle cell anemia trait and hemoglobin E protect against P. falciparium and P. vivax malaria respectively.

The presence of duffy factor increases the susceptibility to malaria while its absence leads to host protection against malaria. A genetic deficiency known as glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) trait confers some protection against P. falciparium infection. This enzymes is essential for respiratory process of the malaria parasite. Considering ages of red blood cells, young red cell resist malaria caused by P. malariae, old erythrocytes resists malaria caused by P. vivax and P. ovale while Plasmodium falciparium infects red blood cell of ages (ie. both young and old erythrocytes).

 

 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

Malaria is a life threatening disease mostly in Africa and few other regions where it is endemic like South East Asia, Eastern Mediterranean, India and Middle East.

This seminar write up considers those individuals living in areas where malaria is endemic that do not suffer from malaria or that resist malaria attack, even though they are exposed to infected mosquito bites. They don’t take any special measure or drug to avoid malaria attack. They show positive result to malaria test without any clinical disease or symptoms for a very long period of time. The malaria parasites may be present in red blood cells without any pathogenicity. These individuals are naturally endowed with malaria resistance genes. This type of resistance is genetical and not acquire, hence it is a function of the individuals natural/innate immune system.

In most cases natural immunity to malaria is due to abnormal inherited gene(s) either from the both parents or one parent. In the other hand, these abnormal genes may result to serious genetic diseases that are equally life threatening. Resistance to malaria is achieved through some of the red cell defense against malaria parasite that has arisen by natural selection due to mutation. Innate immunity to malaria is not a function of produced antibodies against the different forms of the developmental stages of the malaria parasite in human host. Rather, the production of antibodies is a function of acquired immunity.

 

1.2   WHAT NATURAL IMMUNITY MEANS

Natural or innate immunity refers to those general mechanisms inherited as part of the innate structure and functions of each animal that offer protection and defence against infectious micro-organisms.

According to American Hentage Medical Dictionary, innate immunity is an immunity that occurs naturally as a result of a person’s genetic constitution or physiology and does not arise from exposure to infection or vaccination. This type of immunity can also be called genetic immunity or non-specific immunity.

This type of immunity are not usually induced by any agent and do not require previous sensitization but are controlled naturally by the genes.

The defence mechanism provided by some physical barriers (eg. skin, mucous membrane) chemical barriers (eg. Interferons, complement, enzymatic action), biological barriers (eg. phagocytosis, inflammation) are all part of innate immunity. It is quite interesting to know that some genetic abnormalities provide natural protection against some diseases and also provide evolutionary advantages.

 

 

1.3   NATURAL IMMUNITY AS IT CONCERNS MALARIA

Malaria parasites lives insides the red blood cells and destroys the red cells during development. Red cell defenses against malaria arises from genetic alteration in the normal red cell components and functions. Such alterations are as follows

1. Sickle cell anemia resulting form abnormal hemoglobin (HbS)
2. Thalassaemia
3. Deficiency in red cell enzymes such as glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency
4. Duffy antigens null etc.

Ochei J. et al (2007) stated that it has been observed that individuals

 

 

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