PREVALENCE OF BACTERIAL GASTROENTERITIS AMONG CHILDREN AGED 0 – 15 YEARS

(A CASE STUDY OF UNTH)

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CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 AIMS OF THE STUDY 3
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 3
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 4
1.4 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY 5
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 MEANING OF GASTROENTERITIS TYPES
AND CAUSATIVE AGENTS 6
2.2 GENERAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS 15
2.3 SOURCES OF INFECTION 16
2.4 POPULATION AT RISK 18
2.5 PREVENTIVE MEASURES 18
2.6 TREATMENT 19

CHAPTER THREE
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS 22
3.1 MATERIALS 22
3.2 METHODS 22
3.2.1 STERILIZATION 22
3.2.2 COLLECTION OF SAMPLES 22
3.2.3 PREPARATION OF CULTURE MEDIA 23
3.2.4 PREPARATION OF SAMPLES 23
3.2.5 LABORATORY ANALYSIS OF SAMPLE 23
3.2.6 BACTERIAL COUNTING 25
3.2.7 GRAM STAINING AND MICROSCOPIC WORK 25
3.2.8 BIOCHEMICAL TEST FOR IDENTIFICATION
OF ISOLATES 26

CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULTS 32

CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION
AND RECOMMENDATION 38
5.1 DISCUSSION 38
5.2 CONCLUSION 39
5.3 RECOMMENDATION 40

REFERENCES 41
APPENDIX I 45
APPENDIX II 48
LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Age distribution of samples collected,
positive and negative cases 32
Table 2: Distribution of samples collected,
positive and negative cases with
their percentage distribution 33
Table 3: Age distribution, Number and
Percentage of each organisms isolated
across both sexes 34
Table 4: Age distribution of Number of Bacteria
isolated and their percentages 35
Table 5: Cultural characteristics and Gram
reaction of the isolates 36
Table 6: Biochemical test on the isolate 37

ABSTRACT

After bacterial gastroenteritis was conducted using blood agar, MacConkey agar and nutrient agar, the following microorganisms were isolated Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Streptococcus fecealis. Highest mean value is Escherichia coli (50%) followed by Salmonella typhi (30%), next were Klebsiella pneumonia (23%) and Pseudomonas aeroginosa (23%); least to be isolated is Streptococcus fecealis (8%). The age range mostly affected is between 4-7 years. Therefore hygienic practices should be observed by parents and children.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Mark and Martin (2002), explain that gastroenteritis also known as gastric flu, stomach flue, stomach virus although unrelated to influenza. The further state that its marked by severe inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract involving both the stomach and small intestine resulting in acute diarrhea and vomiting.

They continue to point out that it can be transferred by contact with contaminated food and water. Inflammation is caused most often by an infection from certain viruses or less often bacterial, their toxins parasites or an adverse reaction to something in the diet or medication. Risk factors include consumption of improperly prepared foods, reheated meat dishes, seafood, diary and bakery products. Each organisms causes slightly different symptoms but all result in diarrhea (Patel et al., 2009). They further state that bacterial like

Shigella and Camphylobacter and parasites like Giardia can be treated with antibiotics.

Haffejee (1991), points out that viruses causing gastroenteritis include rotavirus, norovirus, adenovisus and astrovitrus. Viruses do not respond to antibiotics and infected children usually make a fully recovery after a few days. Rotavirus is the most common cause of gastroenteritis in children.

Gerald et al. (2004), explain that the symptoms and signs include vomiting, diarrhea and sometimes fever may be present. In more severe cases, signs of dehydration may appear.

Alhashimi et al. (2009), state that the main contributing factors include poor feeding in infants. Diarrhea is common followed by vomiting. In some cases when the stomach is empty, bile can be vomiting up. Different species of pathogenic bacteria can cause gastroenteritis including Salmonella, Shigella, Staphylococus, Camphylobacter jejuni, Clostridium, Echerichia coli, Yersinia, Vibrio Cholera and others.

1.1 AIMS OF THE STUDY

To determine the prevalence of bacterial gastroenteritis among children aged 0-15 years
To determine the bacterial types involved
To determine the age-range mostly affected
To determine the bacterial load in the children sampled

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Alhashimi et al. (2009), explain that gastroenteritis can be caused by different species of pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella, Shigela, Staphylococus, Camphylobacter jejuni, Clostridium, Escherichia coli, Yersinia, Vibrio cholera and others.

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