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CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem 4
1.3 Objectives of the Study 4
1.4 Research Question 5
1.5 Significance of the Study 5
1.6 Delimitation of the Study 6
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Causes of Malaria 8
2.2 Pathology and Pathogenesis of Malaria in Pregnancy
11
2.2.1 Planted and Immune Invasion 13
2.2.2 Low Birth highlight (LBH) 16
2.2.3 Preterm Delivery and Intrauterine Growth Retardation (IUGR). 17
2.3 Material Nutrition and Malaria in Pregnancy 18
2.4 Epidemiology of Malaria in Pregnancy 19
2.5 Control of Malaria 22
2.6 Intermittent Preventive Treatment (IPT) 26

CHAPTER THREE
3.0 MATERIALS & METHODS 28
3.1 Materials (See Appendix)
3.2 Study Area 28
3.3 Collection of Blood and Preparation of Blood Films
29
3.3.1 Examination of Blood Films 30

CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULT 31

CHAPTER FIVE
DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Discussion 35
5.1.1 Parity Prevalence 37
5.1.2 Age Prevalence 38
5.2 Conclusion 39
Recommendation 40
References 42
Appendices 48
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Prevalence of Malaria Parasite Among Pregnant Women Based on Gravidity 31

Table 2: Prevalence of Malaria Parasite in Pregnant Women Based on Trimester 33

Table 3: Prevalence of Malaria Parasite in Pregnant Women Based on Age 34

LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. 1: Live Cycle of Plasmodium Parasite 6B 9

Fig. 2: Bar Chart of Relationship Between Percentage of Pregnant Women Infected with Malaria Parasite and umber of pregnant Women Sampled by Gravidity 32

Fig. 3: Bar Chart of Relationship Between Malaria Infection and Age of Pregnant Women ……………… 34

ABSTRACT
A survey designed to determine the true prevalence of malaria among pregnant women in Enugu metropolis, a case study of Niger Foundation Hospital Enugu Southeastern Nigeria. A total of 200 pregnant women were recruited into this study. Blood smears stained with Giemsa (1/10 dilution) were used for malaria diagnosis by light microscopy. Malaria infection during pregnancy present mostly as asymptomatic infection. A total of 35.0% were positive while 65.0% were negative. The prevalence of malaria on the parity levels showed that primigravidae had the prevalence rate of 41.9% while multigravidae had the prevalence rate of 27.8%.The age prevalence of malaria showed that 19 – 23 years had the highest prevalence rate of 46.2%. However, all these were statistically significant.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Malaria is a disease that is caused by a parasite, a living thing that lives and feeds on another living thing without helping its host in any way. The parasites that cause human malaria are tiny, single-celled creatures known as protozoa of the genus plasmodium. Four species are involves Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium malariae, and Plasmodium ovale, of these, Plasmodium falciparum is the most commosn and the deadliest and the most virulent in Africa. Malaria parasites are spread to humans by the bite of an infection vector, the female anopheles mosquito. Such mosquitoes are found in almost all countries in the tropics (region around the equator) and subtropics (region just beyond the tropics) (Izenberg et al 2008).
Malaria disease is known to affect a high population of people.

Women particularly pregnant women and children, aged 0.5 are among the worst hit by the mosquito borne ailment. Latest WHO estimated that there are 300 – 500 million cases of clinical malaria per year with 1.4 – 2.6 million deaths mainly among African children. Most of these deaths are attributed to infection with P. falciperium and occur among children and pregnant women in the developing world (WHO 2004).

Each year, 25 million African women become pregnant in malaria endemic area. Malaria infection during pregnancy is a major public health problem in tropical and subtropical regions throughout the world. It increase the risk of low birth weight (<2500mg), infant mortality and morbidity during the first year of the life by inducing intra-uterine growth retardation, pre-maturity and infant anemiae (Nosten et al 1994).

Malaria is known to impair growth in children, it causes weakness, mental apathy, abortion in pregnant women as well as maternal anemia. It slows down economic development (Adam, 2005), the presentation of malaria during pregnancy varies according to the pre-existing immunity of the malaria. Women living in low malaria transmission have little immunity to malaria which causes severe syndrome, such as cerebral malaria and preliminary edema. It is generally assumed that due to the acquisition of significant levels of anti-malaria immunity in areas of stable transmission, parasitemia pregnant women are rarely symptomatic and that severe disease or death from malaria is extremely unusual (Shulman, 2003).
In order to decrease the increase of morbidity and mortality particularly in pregnant women, control measures depends upon elimination of mosquito breeding places, personal protection against mosquitoes, suppressive drugs for exposed persons, and adequate treatment of cases and carriers (Jawetz et al 2004).

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Malaria is endemic in Nigeria and pregnancy increases the susceptibility of this infection. One of the most common complications of malaria in pregnancy is anemia which also has a negative impact on the outcome of..

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