Production Of Antifoaming Agent Using Palm Kernel Oil
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ABSTRACT
Antifoaming agents is been defined as a chemical that upon its addition into a liquid system prevents the formation of foam, it helps so much in processes like production of textiles in textile industries, fermentation in brewery etc. On the addition of an antifoaming agent, controlled measure has to be taken to avoid excess amount of it which can possibly negate its effect. Since, it has be discovered that silicnefluid which has been playing a role as antifoaming agent for most of the processing industries can be replaced by local processed vegetable oil (Palm Kernale Oil): which is to harmful to human health when consumed.
There are some processes which palm kernel seed can under go to control a foaming condition and it includes; soxhlet method, bleaching and deodorization of the oil. These processes helps to modify the oil that is been extracted, so that it can be used for any process that involves foaming without any hindrance. With the research work done based on the data collected, processing industries can exploit this opportunity and set up a unit to process locally available oil and use them to substitute the costly imported one’s.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE:
Introduction
1.1 Definition 1
1.2 Objective 4
CHAPTER TWO:
Literature Review
2.1 Antifoaming Agents 5
2.1 Vegetable Oils 7
2.3 Chemical Composition of Palm Kernel Oil 8
2.4 Characterization of Palm Kernel Oil 10
CHAPTER THREE:
3.1 Methodology 12
3.2 Methods and Apparatus 12
CHAPTER FOUR:
4.1 Recommendation 15
4.2 Conclusion 15
References 16
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
With many industries looking inwards into the use of local raw materials as substitute for the imported ones, many avenues are being explored. This is because the cost to the imported ones is exorbitantly high.
In operations, anti-foaming agents are necessary to stem the difficulties encountered in obtaining a good mix. These materials vote Xing in mixing operations, which if allowed to continue causes high energy consumption and hinders the effective dispersion of non-soluble solids.
2.1 DEFINITION
An antifoaming agent itself can be described as substance or chemical that upon addition into a liquid system prevents the formation of foam, is known as an antifoaming agent. Anti foaming agent are most effective when incorporated in low concentration. This is because when it is introduced in the excess dose, it tends to negate its function.
Most antifoaming agents functions also as defoamer which are materials that will suppress, reduce or destroy a foaming condition in a liquid system. Antifoaming agents from defoamers are important to several processes because the presence of foams greatly reduces the capacity of processing and, in some instances, can negate an otherwise feasible process. Processes particularly prone to foaming conditions includes Kraft process for paper making where a very low foamy pulp slurry is formed; phosphoric acid production from phosphate rock; beet sugar processing; the metal working industry., adhesive manufacture, polymer manufacture, the paint and latex industry, fermentation based processes.
Deforming agents are in three principal categories, but sometimes are used in combination.
- Solubilized surfactants
- Dispersion of hard particles
- Dispersion of soft particles
Two mechanisms are operative in defoaming agent. In the entry mechanism, the defoamer droplets enter into the bubbles surface (of the foam), but may not cause immediate rupture. The deformer droplets bridge the two surfaces of the bubbles, at which rupture occurs immediately. This depends upon very poor adhesive between deformer and the foaming liquid is replaced by a film of deformer, which will not support foam. It is interesting to note that when a drop of oleic acid is added to water the acid spreads act a velocity of 30 miles per hour. Thus there is also a mechanical shock involved. Foams also may be destroyed by the replacement of molecules in the foam layer by other surfactant molecules.
The fatty acid – acid alcohol combination in hydrocarbon oil is an example of solubilized surfactant deforming formulation paraffin waxes and fatty amides may be used in soft particule formulation. The most common of the hard particular size as small 0.02m-maybe optimal. Some times emulsifiers are added to deforming formulation to accelerate throughout the foaming system.
Considerably remains to determine more precisely the action of deforming agents and to present in advance the type of foaming agent best suited for a given foaming suited. Foam formation in certain laboratory and technical processes is some troublesome that methods of controlling it are quite important. In general the higher alcohols, especially caprylic, heptrylic and ronylic are good foam eradicators and isoamyl valariate and mixtures of it with 150ml amyl alcohol exhibits a marked tendency to prevent foam formation.
Many vegetable oils are thought to posses characterizes of the know anti- foaming agent like the silicon fluids (explained agent in the next chapter) though not without some undesirable qualities such as odor and color.
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