PROPOSALS FOR EFFECTIVE APPLICATION OF THE MEDIA IN THE CRUSADE AGAINST FEMALE CIRCUMCISION IN NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF VANGUARD AND THIS DAY NEWSPAPERS)

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction                                                                                                1

• Background of the study 1
• Statement of problem 5
• Objective of the study 6
• Research questions 7
• Significance of the study 7
• Scope and delimitations of the study 8

CHAPTER TWO

Literature review                                                                               9

2.1     The various types of female genital mutilation (FGM).           9

2.2     Reasons for the practice of FGM (Female circumcision)                   11

2.3     Health implications of (FGM)                                                 12

2.4     Prevalence and distribution of FGM (female circumcision)     17

2.5     Current World Health Organization (WHO)

Actions related to FGM                                                                    20

2.6     The mass media as advocates of the crusade

against FGM in Nigeria.                                                          21

2.7     Empirical framework.                                                             24

CHAPTER THREE

Research methodology                                                                      27

• Research design 28
• Sources Of Data 28
• Population of the study 30
• Sample size and sampling 30
• Instrument for data collection 31
• Validity Of The Instrument 33
• Method of data collection 34
• Method of data analysis 34

CHAPTER FOUR

Data analysis and result                                                                    35

• Data analysis 35
• Test of hypothesis 45

CHAPTER FIVE

Discussion of result                                                                          50

• Discussion and findings 50
• Conclusions 52
• Recommendations                                                 53
• Limitation Of The Study 54

Reference                                                                                 55

 

 

 

 

 

 

ABSTRACT

 

In this study, the researcher set out to examine the various strategies for applying the media in the crusade against female circumcision (or female gental  mublation). Towards this end 86 staff of the ministry of women affairs were randomly selected to form the study sample. The 86 members of the study sample were issued with 86 copies of structured questionnaire to complete. The analysis of structured questionnaires to complete. The analysis of their responses related the following findings.

1. There are no genuine reasons for the performance of FGM in Nigeria
2. Some of the reasons given for performing FGM in Nigeria include the following:-

• To prevent sexual promiscuity among women
• To maintain chastity and virginity among the women folk before marriage
• Cultural reasons e.g. initiation of girls into womanhood.
• Mythical reason e.g. enhancement of fertility.

3. The media compaign against FGM had made positive impact on those societies where it is being practiced. Some of these impacts include:-

• Discouragement of the masses from performing FGM.
• Encouraging FGM practitioners to retire from the practice.
• Reduction of the complications from FGM

4. The Nigeria media had made laudable efforts towards the eradication of FGM. These efforts include:

• Condemnation of the practice of FGM through public enlightenment campaigns in the print media/electronic media.
• Exposure of the public of the practice of FGM.

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY:

According to Akpoekong (2000) female genital mutilation (FGM), often referred to as “female circumcision” comprises of all procedures involving partial a total removal of the external female genitals or other injury to the female genital organs whether for cultural, religious or other non-therapeutic reasons, FGM has been a big health problem of women in most developing nations.

Many reasons have been given for the performance of FGM. Some of these reasons, in some communities, are cultural in nature, while in other communities they are done for religious reasons. For whatever reason given for the performance of FGM, it is important to realise me scale and scope of the problem it causes to women in general, and the sufferings  which underlies it, had rightly made it an issue of great natural and international concern. Presently no international organisation cares for the welfare of its circumcised women, and their desperate plight often draws scarf attention from the media (Ibe, 2001)

In most African countries, culture is the major factor that induced over wheming support for the performance of FGM. In there nations, culture beliefs purport that the performance of FGM makes women to be less promiscuous. This implies that the culture of there nations had made its citizens to believe that female circumcision makes wires to be more loyal to their husbands. The more nauseating thing about this is that, in those nations where FGM is practiced, its women on often noy in a position to question the dictates of their cultures or to make suggestions as regards eradicating some harmful traditional practices. Nsidi (1999) enumerated some of the tribes in Africa where FGM is being practiced as a result of cultural factors. There among others, included the following:

• The Ibos of Eastern Nigeria
• The pymics and primitive tribes of some remote parts of Congo
• The Kikuju and Masai or Kenya.
• The numerous Indian tribes in its Amazou region of Brazil as well as the Negroes in the same countries.
• Some Negro tribes in the following countries of Africa:-

1. Uganda
2. Tanzania
3. Burkina Faso
4. Chad
5. Mali
6. Republic of Benin
7. Ghana (the asante and panti tribe)
8. Mozambique
9. Ethiopia

• The itsekiris and Urhobo of Mid –Western Nigeria and some primitive tribe in:

1. Argentina
2. Peru
3. Uruguay

FGM had in this modern days attracted a lot of condemnation and criticism due to the dangers inherent its practice. Thus from the amplified voices of women’s rights advocates through to the affirmative action of many civilised societies, the issue of stopping the performance of FGM has taken a new dimension. Prominent in the crusade against the performance of FGM are some women organisations who regards some cultural practices as good violation of the rights of the women. Among the demands of there groups of women is then push for the accordance of due rights to women in all concernable fronts, including the abolition of the performance of FGM in allsocities (Wonuma, 2000).

In the religious fronts, the picture remains the same on the issue of FGM. Most Christian groups, had always taken the stand of absolute prohibition of the performance of FGM. Some of the Christian groups that condemned the performance of FGM in Nigeria, according to Nwana (2001) are the following:-

1. The Roman catholic mission
2. The Methodist church
3. The Baptist church
4. The Anglican communion
5. The Cahu mission
6. Presbyterian church
7. Congregational churches
8. Eastern orthodox churches
9. Salvation army and
10. The Pentecostal churches.

Despite the public condemnation of the practice of FGM, many communities, especially in the Southern part of Nigeria had continued with the practice. Although it is difficult to obtain national statistics on FGM (Female Circumcision), the practice is generally regarded as an increasing problem in the rural areas of the country. This made the conduction of this study a matter of urgent importance to the country.

 

• STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Female genital multation(FGM) which is popularly called “Female circumcision” had been identified as one of the harmful traditional practices common among illiterate tribes in Nigeria. FGM had serious harmful effect on the women. For instance, the performance of FGM could result to excessive physical pain, shock, and bleeding, difficulty in passing urine, frigidity, lack of sexual excitement and complication in child birth, among others. The recognition of the dangers of FGM and led many literate/educated Nigerians to condemn the practices. The wide condemnation of the significant impact are regards stopping it in many communities or tribes.

This had made some concerned Nigerians to go to the media for assistance in the war on FGM. To what extent had the Nigerian media gone towards the eradication of FGM in Nigeria? What are the strategies for making the Nigerian media more effective in the crusade against FGM?. Those questions prevent the problems that necessitated this research.

 

• OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objectives of this research are as follows:

1. To identify the nationale for the practice of female genital mutilation (Femanidle circumcision) among some tribes of Nigeria.
2. To examine the various efforts made by the Nigerian media towards the eradication of the practice of female genital mutilation (FGM) in Nigeria.
3. To evaluate the impact of the effort of the Nigeria media on the practitioners of FGM in terms of discouraging the practice at its grass roots.
4. To suggest the strategies for making the mass media more effective in the crusade against its practice of FGM in Nigeria.

 

• RESEARCH QUESTIONS

This study will be gunded by the following research questions.

1. What are the reasons for the practice of female genital mutilation (FGM) or female circumcision in Nigeria
2. What are the impacts of the efforts of the media on the practitioners of FGM in terms of the discouragement of the practice?
3. What are the various efforts made by the Nigerians media towards eradication of the practice of FGM?
4. What are strategies for making the Nigerian media more effective in the war on the practice of FGM?

 

• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The implementation of the recommendation to be made in this research will benefit Nigerins in general and the female sex in particular. With the implementation of the recommendations to be made by this research the practice of FGM will be successfully eradicate in the country. This will not only reduce the death rate and the complications that usually results from the practice on the Nigerian women, but will also be a form of liberation from physical torture on the part of the Nigerian women. In addition, it will go a long way towards enabling the Nigerian government attain its objective of improving the material health care in the country.

 

• SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY:

The scope of this study borders on female genital mutilation (FGM) or female circumcision as well as on the effective application of the media on the war against the practice. This study is limited to the staff of state ministries of women affairs in Enugu, Awka, Ebonyi and Anambra states.

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THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

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