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ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF COURSE OF STUDY ON STUDENTS ATTITUDES TOWARDS ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA

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ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF COURSE OF STUDY ON STUDENTS ATTITUDES TOWARDS ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       ABSTRACT.

The study is an empirical work that attempted to investigate the background of analysis of impact of students disposition in business attitudes within the context of their educational endeavour and personal behaviours are explored within the individual concept of interest. The study analyzed and compared the differences in entrepreneurial potential and perception about entrepreneurship by graduating students of Kaduna Polytechnic. Scholars were consulted to determine their contributions to the body of knowledge within the confines of research study. The total research population was 3804 with a sample size of 370 as the respondents using stratified research design to achieve the objectives of the study and primary data collected by means of closed-ended questionnaire as instrument. The statement of hypothesis to be tested: H1: An individual student’s course of study has significant positive impact on students’ tendency to be an entrepreneur; H0: An individual course of study has no significant impact on a students’ choice of being an entrepreneur. Frequency distribution tables were used for the analysis of data collected while the hypothesis was tested using the Chi-square (X2) and the effect of each variable on the sample subjects. The study revealed that entrepreneurship practice is never restricted to one particular descriptive but applies to all aspects of human endeavour and also contributes to human and economic development of a nation. Recommendations as to the roles of individual and stakeholders were put forward particularly that the governments at all levels need to cerate a favourable business climate to boost entrepreneurial development in Nigeria.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE:

1.0    Introduction       –        –        –        –        –        –        –        1-2

1.1    Background of the study     –        –        –        –        –        2-5

1.2    Statement of the problem   –        –        –        –        –        5-6

1.3    Objectives of the study        –        –        –        –        –        7

1.4    Significance of the study     –        –        –        –        –        7-8

1.5    Research questions    –        –        –        –        –        –        8-9

1.6    Statement of hypothesis     –        –        –        –        –        9

1.7    Delimitation / scope of the study-        –        –        –        9-10

1.8    Definition of terms     –        –        –        –        –        –        10-12

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0    Introduction       –        –        –        –        –        –        –        13

2.1    Historical perspective of research area         –        –        –        13-15

2.2    Conceptual definition of entrepreneurship  –        –        15-18

2.3    Concept of entrepreneurship and entrepreneur   –        18-20

2.4    The process of entrepreneurship          –        –        –        –        20-22

2.5    Concept of development      –        –        –        –        –        23-24

2.6    Meaning of entrepreneurship development-        –        24

2.7    Factors influencing entrepreneurship development in the 21st century-        –          –        –        –        –        –        25-30

2.8    Characteristics and skills of an entrepreneur       –        31

2.8.1Entrepreneurial characteristics  –        –        –        –        31-34

2.8.2Entrepreneurial skills         –        –        –        –        –        –        34-35

2.8.3What is entrepreneurial spirit    –        –        –        –        35-36

2.9    Dynamics of the brain as the seat of entrepreneurial empowerment      –        –          –        –        –        –        –        36-37

2.10  Functions of entrepreneurship   –        –        –        –        37-39

2.11  Benefits of entrepreneurship      –        –        –        –        40-42

2.12  Factors determining the extent of entrepreneurship     42-43

2.13  Factors influencing the development of the individual entrepreneur     –        –          –        –        –        –        –        44-46

2.14  The role of marketing in entrepreneurship development in Nigeria       –        –          –        –        –        –        –        –        46-48

2.15   Challenges of entrepreneurship development in Nigeria        46-48

2.16  The role of entrepreneurship in the development of enterprises    –        –        –          –        –        –        –        50-51

2.17  The role of government towards entrepreneurship development in Nigeria   –          –        –        –        –        51-56

2.18  The role of entrepreneurship in economic development         56-59

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.0    Introduction       –        –        –        –        –        –        –        60

3.1    Area of study     –        –        –        –        –        –        –        60

3.2    Research design         –        –        –        –        –        –        –        60

3.3    Justification for its adoption        –        –        –        –        60

3.4    Population of the study       –        –        –        –        –        61

3.5    Sample size and sampling techniques-        –        –        61

3.6    Justification for sampling section        –        –        –        –        61-62

3.7    Methods of data collection –        –        –        –        –        62

3.8    Instruments used in data collection    –        –        –        62

3.9    Method used in presentation and analysis of data collected (Data analysis techniques)        –        –        –        –        –        63

3.10  Limitations        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        63

CHAPTER FOUR: PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

4.0    Introduction       –        –        –        –        –        –        –        64

4.1    Respondents characteristics and classification     –        64

4.2    Presentation and analysis of data       –        –        –        65-72

4.3    Answer to research questions and or test hypothesis   72-76

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.0    Introduction       –        –        –        –        –        –        –        77

5.1    Summary  –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        77-78

5.2    Conclusion         –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        79-80

5.3    Recommendations      –        –        –        –        –        –        80-82

Bibliography

Appendixes

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.0    INTRODUCTION

The rate of unemployment among school graduates is quite alarming in Nigeria. As part of measures to ameliorate the growing ugly situation, government at all levels (federal, state and local) are putting in place measures to encourage self-reliance, creativity and innovation drive through entrepreneurship development in Nigeria.

To understand entrepreneurship and development is to discover why Nigeria is described as a developing economy. Developing economy explains the extent by which men and women should contribute to develop workable ways or strategies in order to achieve economic growth and development. It revitalizes the dominant potentialities of every youth in providing job employment for others rather than seeking out for employment. It also assists to underscore the responsibilities of the government in fostering an environment of growth for entrepreneurial initiatives. It further opens avenues for the government to develop the right strategies especially in addressing poverty in the country (Erlinda D, 2011).

1.1  BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

It is envisaged that government at all levels will have to put in place all necessary infrastructures to promote the growth and development of small and medium scale enterprises (SME) in the country to enable Nigeria attain the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) target set by the United Nations by the year 2012 and Nigeria vision 20-20-20. A vibrant SMSE sector is critical in the realization of MDGs objective.

Experts have observed that Nigeria may not likely meet the MDGs target by reducing poverty by 50% by the year 2015 considering the present status of SMSE operations in Nigeria.

It is universally accepted that Micro (Small) and Medium Scale Enterprises are the engine of development of any nation. A nation’s rate of development is determined by the number of SMEs in the country.

Statistical studies have shown that 40 – 50% SMEs in most advanced countries of the world are owned by graduates or those who passed through Colleges. Given this facts in Nigeria, the opposite seems to be the case (Business Day Newspaper 9th Jan., 2007, pg. 13).

Scholars have divergent views on who is an entrepreneur and who is not. While the first school of through is of the opinion the entrepreneurs can be made (taught through formal classes) the other group however are of the opinion that entrepreneurs are born (an inheritance). They argued further that entrepreneurs possess special qualities and must have the right attitude and disposition towards entrepreneurship.

This development is likely to inculcate in students the right aptitude and attitudes to starting their won business and by implicating making them a better entrepreneur. Considering the fact that the key factors that give rise to enterprise are personal, sociological and environmental factors. For quite some time now by statistical analysis, over 3 millions Nigerians in a given year become qualified to form the labour market largely from both Universities and Polytechnics but, regrettably, not more than 10% of this population are likely to gain employment to join the formal sector. The International Labour Organization collaborated this very poor level graduates, employment yearly (Bugaje, Hamalai & Indabawa, 2002).

Indeed, it is obvious that with the level of development and attendant threats in Nigeria, the possibility of government having the capability of leveraging poverty and meeting the United Nation target on MDGs 2012 is remote.

Inspite of the Federal Government of Nigeria’s effort towards setting up institutions such as National Poverty Alleviation Programme (NAPEP), Small and Medium Scale Enterprises Development Agency (SMEDAN), National Directorate of Employment (NDE), National Economic Reconstruction Fund (NERFUND) and other relevant programmes with other world bodies and NGOs, the piece of entrepreneurship development is still low when compared with other developing countries with developed nation taking the lead.

Thus, this research work is an attempt to investigate the individual characteristics of graduating students with a view to understand whether some students are more likely to take to entrepreneurship than others irrespective of their course of study. Attempt will be therefore be made to understand the possible influence of a students course of study in their desire to start a business of their own.

1.2    STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

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THE NEGATIVE IMPACT OF WOMEN AND CHILD TRAFFICKING

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THE NEGATIVE IMPACT OF WOMEN AND CHILD TRAFFICKING

Abstract

The negative impact of women and child trafficking is a project work written by Faith Amarachi Igbokwe, in partial fulfillment in statistics from Nuhu Bamali polytechnic Zaria.

The project aimed at observing the level of child and women being trafficking on the society. Chapter one gives the historical background of Nigeria immigration service, the scope and general aims and specific objective carried out in this project.

Chapter two describe the statistical tools used in the project and how these tools should be used. Also the literature review is included.

Chapter three present the method of data collection, problem and presentation.

Chapter four shows the analysis of the data collection using the statistical tools discussed in chapter two.

The last chapter, chapter five gives the conclusion drawn based on the analysis carried out in chapter four and the recommendations of the researcher.

The project was supervised by Mallam Jubrin Saidu.

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION                                                             1

1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES                                                         2

1.3 HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND CHILD LABOR                      2

1.4 SCOPE OF COVERAGE                                                            3

CHAPTER TWO

2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW                                                            4

2.2 STATISTICAL TOOLS                                                              9

CHAPTER THREE

3.1 METHODOLOGY                                                            14

3.2 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION                                        14

3.3 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN DATA COLLECTION                 17

3.4 DATA PRESENTATION                                                           18

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 DATA ANALYSIS

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 CONCLUSION                                                                           27

5.2 RECOMMENDATION                                                              27

REFERENCE                                                                                   28

CHAPTER ONE

1.1  INTRODUCTION

Human trafficking as a new trend meriminelity is often referred to as “modern day slavery”. Some people call it “the exploitation of the vulnerability of a person by a mother, having control over such person or for mainly exploitative purpose or financial gains, the manner of such exploitation very from force labor to sexual exploitation. Child labor and domestic slave force to obey another person all acts felt pity than love to slavery with money being the propelling factor for perpetrating such acts. There are internal and across the border trafficking.

Child labor refers to the use of children of school age, normally bellow the age of 18years working to earn a living under conditions that impair their physical, cognitive emotional mental and social development and which also deprives them of opportunity for recreational activities and privileges of childhood.

This new dimension of crime is solid to be organized and studies have revealed that, there are syndicates (middlemen/women) that specialize in perpetrating the crime.

Trafficking is a violation of fundamental human right.

Trafficking in persons is a global problem affecting large numbers of children some estimate have as many as 1.2 million children being trafficked every year. There is a demand for trafficked children as cheap labor or for sexual exploitation. Children and their families are then unaware of the dangers of trafficking believing that better unemployment all lives lay in other countries of the world like Germany, Nigeria, Japan, and Italy.

1.2  AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

For the research to be meaningful and valid there should be a clearly defined objective of such survey aim at follow

i.            Trafficking in persons.

ii.            To determine the rear of population in trafficking.

iii.            To see the effect of trafficking in the society.

iv.            To determine the low enforcement and administrator.

1.3  HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND CHILD LABOR

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THE EFFECT OF SECRET CULTS IN OUR TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS (A CASE STUDY OF I.M.T ENUGU)

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THE EFFECT OF SECRET CULTS IN OUR TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS (A CASE STUDY OF I.M.T ENUGU)

 

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ABSTRACT

 

The objective of the study is to ascertain the effect of secret cult in our tertiary institution.

It equally looks the actions of the members of the different secret cults.

In other to achieve this, I made use of students, lectures, Administrative staff of institutes of management and technology, Enugu.

A questionnaire measuring the factors or effects of students involvement in secret cult was administered on the subjects.

In the use of mean and percentage scores to find out if any of the factors domains would be perceived as the major effects of students involvement in secret cult of I.M.T, Enugu. I discovered that the academic factor and the economic factors ranked it and 2nd respectively as the major causes.

And in the use of chi-square to find out the perception of the judges on the effects of secret cult, I found that the hypothesis which says that there is no professional bias among the judges is accepted since the calculated X24.365 < 12.6, which implies that there is no professional bias among the judges.

Recommendations where also made on how to curb the menace of secret cult from our universities.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

Title page

Approval page

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Abstract

Table of content

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

  • General overview
  • Objective of the study
  • Significant of the study
  • Scope and limitation of the study
  • Research problems

CHAPTER TWO

Literature review

CHAPTER THREE

Research methodology

  • Method of data collection
  • Sources of data
  • Method of investigation

CHAPTER FOUR

Data presentation and analysis

CHAPTER FIVE

Conclusion and recommendations

Bibliography

Questionnaire

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

  • GENERAL OVERVIEW

Whenever the story of secret cults in our tertiary institutions today is told it is always synonymous with blackmail and intimidation, torror, panic and pandemonium often resulting in Wreckages and Wanton Blord letting.

In the media, one hears cases of female students being raped here and there, other students loosing their lives as rival cult groups clash, cars and apartments belonging to lecturers and school authorities being burnt down, threats, counter threats and extortion of money and materials from fellow students by cult members.

Infact, the manner of violence often exhibited by these cult groups on campus would surprise horror movie actors and made nonsense of the tactics of guerilla terrorist.

Ironically, any of these cults some of which had been in existence close to four decades, where in the first place established by people who in their own rights or good and responsible citizens of this country. Many of founding fetters are now renowned internationals figures, world acclaimed intellectuals and achievers one right then begin to wonder as to why such great personalities could have had a hand in the laying of fiber eggs that eventually hatched and are now rampaging and threatening to bring our school system down to its foundations.

Interestingly, many of them now utilize every forum they attend to disown and totally disclaim these clandestine societies whose activities they say negate the spirit and circumstances for which they were put in place originally. They would tell all those who cared to listen that the secret campus cults as we known them today had not always been “secret” both in membership and operation and that they were at inception set up to highlight and protect the interest of students from evil intentions of some mischievous lectures who would victimize students in one way or the other.

How them did these seemingly harmless students, clubs and societies come to metamorphose into cheques of criminal banditry and devitish gangster ion. From the foregoing, it does appear that in forming these cults, their founding fathers probably did not reckon with the devastating effects their actions would later have on the society and the nations educational system. It could as well be that there are more to the situation than the public would be made to know.

Whichever way it is, the fact is that the seed of fire planted decades ago has now grown into a dangerous and uncontrollable wild fire. Gradually, the entire society is earring into the bite of this cankerworm which has continued to eat deeper and deeper everyday. Unfortunately the prey to this cult activities are the youths presented to be heir-apparent to the leadership of this country. If we fail in our guest to find the solution now, what kind of leadership would the youths of today offer the nation tomorrow? Some of them have left school and agree now to mixed with the society. The bad signs are already showing

Everybody now feel concerned and it is good that social organizations, religious groups and public spirited individuals are making frantic efforts to eliminate secret cult activities from our campuses. The government on the other hand had emaciated laws and legislations to check the ugly phenomenon security agent have as well been arresting and persecuting some cult members as deterrents to others.

But as all those were going on, campus cults seem to be going more ground and rings round themselves making their members. Untouchable perhaps we are not trying enough or that we are just wasting efforts at the wrong direction.

Why is it that the membership of these cults is often drawn from the children of the shakers and movers of the society or from the sons and relations of men and women at the corridors of power and influence? Some of these children have never known violence before they left their homes for the school. Why is it also that not even the several laws and legislations in existence nor the arrests and prosecution cult members were able to deter them? r what is so mysterious about these cults that members and former members are always afraid to reveal anything to non-members even at gum points. Moreover, are there some existing pips in the lives of these youths which are neglected and which they sought to fill in their own ways.

This research work takes a close and critical look at all these and more the write-up is quite incisive though by no mean exhaustive.

  • OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The main objective of this study is to examine the major effects of student’s involvement in campus cults. It is often said that the tertiary institution is an intellectual bakery. This study tries to find out the true position of the statement in our schools. Special emphasis is therefore placed on the effects of cult activities in our tertiary institution. Attention is also paid to the impact on the lives of the youths involved both as special elements, as students and as leaders of the forthcoming generation.

In other words, the researchers bring to light the immediate and future consequences of campus cults on the society.

  • SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Much effort is begin put into finding lasting solutions to the menace of secret societies in our schools. Perhaps there are areas that need to be checked out to ensure that in finding the solutions, the society is not just treating a sickness without first diagnosing the systems. This study mighty as well provides the missing link. It tries to do this by promoting out some of the hitherto neglected long-term effects of students involvement in secret cults and by showing the forces keeping these cults alive in schools are very much far beyond the school building.

  • SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The researchers of this project’s involvement in cults are not enough. That is why I went further to cover both the reasons for students involvement and remedies to the problem. The process of finding out these reasons threw up some interesting and challenging experience which are quite intringing as they are controversial.

I further limited my study to cover the beginning of this decade till date. The period is particularly significant because it is the most crisis-ridden era in the history of secret societies in our tertiary institutions. Besides had to concentrate my research on I.M.T due to logistic reasons.

  • RESEARCH PROBLEMS

In writing the project, I encountered several problems among which are the following:-

  1. a) Scarcity of research materials – due to the sensitive of the topic and the newness of the subject, it is virtually impossible to come by publications which dealt on the issue. It appears that not many writers are interested in writing books or journals in it.

Again, most respondents where too reserved to co-operate with me. The first impression they get is that I am security informants and agents are commonly trying to extract implicating confessions from them. It took a lot of persuasions and self-identifications to get people to open up. Infact I had to juggle my questionnaire several times before I could get student respondents to it.

  1. b) Finance – One major handicap that weighted heavily on me is that of money. Consequently could not visit many of the places I would have very much loved to visit.

The cost of stationers and typing materials has also risen outrageously. At a front I had to reduce the numbers of illustration in the text to save typing cost.

 

 

 

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TIME SERIES ANALYSIS ON THE REGISTRATION OF MOTOR VEHICLES IN NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF ASABA DELTA STATE 1993-2002)

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TIME SERIES ANALYSIS ON THE REGISTRATION OF MOTOR VEHICLES IN NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF ASABA DELTA STATE 1993-2002)

 

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ABSTRACT

This project is based on time series analysis of quarterly registration of motor vehicles in Asaba Delta-state (1993 –2002) the whole project is divided into five chapters.Chapter one, deals with the introduction aspect of the study. Chapter two, the literature review, makes reference to other people’s work that are similar to this study.

Chapter three and four of this project work deal with the analysis of the time series data collected, filling of models, identification, forecasting.

Chapter five, consists of finding, conclusions and recommendation.

TABLE OF CONTENT

 

CHAPTER ONE                                                                                      

  • Background of the study 1
  • Purpose of study 3
  • Significance of the study 3
  • Limitation 4
  • Scope of study 4

CHAPTER TWO                                                                                               

Literature review                                                                               5

CHAPTER THREE                                                                                 

Research methodology                                                                      8

3.0     Introduction                                                                                      8

  • Source of data           8
  • Data analysis techniques 9
  • Time series analysis 9

CHAPTER FOUR                                                                                    

4.0   Data presentation and analysis                                                         14

CHAPTER FIVE                                                                                               

  • Findings 26
  • Conclusion 26
  • Recommendation 27

Appendix                                                                                         28

Bibliography                                                                                     29

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

  • BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Motor vehicle evolves from the horse drawn carriage, it’s near relative from the horse drawn carriage, it near relative the stream carriage and perhaps the 19th century tricycle, but as the year went by gradually. Lost it likeness to any of it progenitor. All these at each stage of development were each used for transportation which help to limit and eventually abandon the use of animals and foot for transportation.

Every vehicle kept or used on, only public road must be registered and the appropriate vehicle license fee paid in respect of it. This is done by applying for a motor vehicle license.

The board of internal revenue which was known to be the revenue division of ministry of finance is the authority responsible for the insurance of vehicle license in the state. This board has motor licensing office in the various local government areas and the licensing offices in the various local government areas gives the monthly report to the state board.

There are two classes of vehicles which can be registered. They are the one that is import from outside the country or manufacture in the country that needed a change of registration for the new national identification scheme. the former require the former to fill the national motor vehicle administration form in duplicate signed by the customer. The document will be sent to the motor licensing officer in charge to verify the genuity of the document. If they are confirmed to be genuine, he will ask for two passport of the customer and mandate a registration clerk to register the vehicle before he signs. The customers pay the registration fee depending on the type of vehicle and the national vehicle administration form (N.V.A.F) is forward to the road safety commission for filling.

While the later is supervised by the federal road safety commission filling. The local government council will require all the vehicles to change their number plate and request for registration. General motor receipt each of which is to be photocopied in duplicate, the four copies of the (N.M.V.F) form will be filled and present to the motor vehicle licensing office for verification before mandating the registration clerk to register.

This registration exercise help the customer and the police to recover his/her vehicle if lost, it safe guide us against security purpose, easy identification, uniformity and revenue collection which is the source of our national income.

  • PURPOSE OF STUDY
  1. To determine the trend of registration of motor vehicle in Asaba, Delta state from the year 1993 – 2002.
  2. To forecast the number of motor vehicle registered in Asaba, Delta state for 2003 – 2004
  3. To make recommendation and conclusion on the registration of motor vehicle in Asaba, Delta state
  • SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The findings of this research will help to establish the performance of the scheme and to find out about operational problem facing the registration system. This research work will give the internal revenue board to introduce measure and policies that will encourage the registration officers to run the operations it will also review the operation and activities of the board of internal revenue through which improvement can be accomplished and serves as a reference point to future researchers.

  • LIMITATION

Due to the high cost of transportation, lack of sufficient time series analysis and other problem that might have confronted the researcher, it become imperative to get the best and of a rather difficult and challenging situation

  • SCOPE OF STUDY

The researcher will focus his research on Asaba Area of Delta- state. This will enhance an indebt study which may be duplicated in other place by other researchers, to confirm or disapprove it’s kindling. In this study only the time series analysis of the registration of motor vehicle is considered.

 

 

 

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REGRESSION ANALYSIS ON NATIONAL INCOME (FROM 1998 – 2003) (A CASE OF FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA)

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REGRESSION ANALYSIS ON NATIONAL INCOME (FROM 1998 – 2003) (A CASE OF FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA)

 

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page

Approval page

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Table of contents

CHAPTER ONE

1.0     Introduction

1.2     Statement of problem/motivation

13      Aims and objectives

1.4     Scope of the study

1.5     Significance of the study

1.6     Definition of concepts

CHAPTER TWO

Literature Review

CHAPTER THREE

3.0     Methodology

3.1     Research method: regression

CHAPTER FOUR

Analysis of Data

CHAPTER FIVE

Conclusion

Recommendation

References

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

          National income is the sum of the money value of all the commodities and services produced in a country within a particular period of time usually one year.

The question of how an economy grows could come to mind at this juncture.  It the amount of goods and services produced by an economy increases.  If it does not increase yearly, it is not growing, even if it is growing, the rate of growth may not be uniform among years.  Therefore it may not be possible to determine the condition of the economy.

In any case, an economy needs an indicator for measuring economy growth, this indicator is the monetary summation at all the commodities and service produced in an economy within a particular period of time usually a year.

To get national income of a country like Nigeria for instance, we take the list of the goods and services produced in the country during the year, assign values to them and add up.  If we can do this year after year, we shall be able to make comparison of activities of Nigeria year after year.  Then we can decisively determine whether the economy of Nigeria is growing, declining or stagnant.  It is growing if the National income increases year after year, declining, if the National income is decreasing and stagnant it there is no difference in the National Income for years.

In measuring National Income, an indicator called Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is used at current price.  It is therefore quite important here to point out the role that prices could play in the measurement of National Income.  Prices of goods and services changes from time to time.  These changes can affect any attempted estimates.  Considerably.  Therefore to get an idea of the real physical change in National Income from year to year, effect of price changes must be removed.

National Income should be measured in real terms and allow for changes in price levels.  For instance whenever the economy experiences inflation, price rises while the quantities of goods and services may remain constant.  Let us say that 2000, the total units of the go0ods and services realized in Nigeria amounted to 50,000 units and also 50,000 units in 2001.  Let us further assume that the average per unit in 2000 was N10.00 while the price in 2001 was N15,000.

Nigeria’s income with GDP as an indicator for 2000 was 50,000 units X N10.00 = N5000,000 Nigeria’s income with GDP as an indicator for 2001 was 50,000 units X N15.00 = N750,000.

If the two figures were presented to a layman as final products of overall estimates for 2000 and 2001, he would be tempted to say that the National income for 2001 was higher than that of 2000.  This is so monetarily but really the income for both year are equal.  The difference in value was due to rise in p rice in 2001 while the quantities of goods and services were the same in both years.

The same thing can be applicable when a country experience deflation or depression.  Therefore in measuring national income for different years using gross domestic product as an indicator effects of price changes must be given the normal due.  In so doing the changes in economy can be determined appropriately.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM/MOTIVATION

          As a result of poor economic condition in Nigeria relevant information is of great interest to me for investigation if viable economic solution can be revealed.

Nigeria considered as one of the third world countries is been assessed by their income yearly.  It is a simple logic of our living that it country’s income is high with considerable population, the enjoyment of the citizens of that country would be high, while the enjoyment is low with low national income.  It is on this point that I find it very expedient to analyze the national income of Nigeria and make necessary recommendation for the improvement of the economy for the betterment of the citizenry.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

          In view of Nigeria’s economic predicament, the project is aimed at investigating the relationship existing between disposable income, savings and government final expenditure for the purpose of suggesting solutions to our economic problems.

After the regression analysis had been carried out, it will supply solution to the following questions:

  1. Is any linear relationship between the variables listed?
  2. How reliable is our regression coefficient?
  3. Can we predict the future value of dependent variable?
  4. How reliable will be our estimate?

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study is centre on “National Income, Savings and Government Final Consumption Expenditure Covering the period of six years 1998 – 2003.

The raw data used are collected as primary data by federal office of statistics” publication and Federal Ministry of Finance Publication.  The data are collected as primary data by federal office of statistics and used as secondary data in this project which centered on national Accounts.  Some of these National Accounts Aggregates Include Gross Domestic Product (GDP) final consumption expenditure, exports and imports.

National Accounts data presents the record of economic transaction of the economic in a systematic manner and show the relationship between the various components of the economy.  Economic transaction cover all the activities of an entity (Household, government, firm, financial institution) that are of economic nature (production, consumption distribution, savings and foreign exchange transactions.  These economic transactions of all the entiti8tes and combined together ad presented inform of account.

Data collected for analysis in this study center on:-

  1. Appropriation of disposable income as dependent variable.
  2. Savings as one of the independent variable
  3. Government final consumption expenditure as another independent variable.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

          The study will help to know the status of Nigeria economy.  The knowledge of the status will help to make necessary recommendation in order to revitalize the poor economic condition of the country for the better future.

The study will also create avenue for future research.

DEFINITION OF CONCEPTS

Gross Domestic Product (GDP):      This is the sum of the money value of all locally produced goods and services.  It does not include international transaction.  GDP does not make allowance for depreciation of capital.

Gross National Product (GNP):      This is the total money value of current market prices of all final goods and services produced by the nationals during a specific period.  It includes net income from abroad in respect of the country’s nationals without any consideration for depreciation of capital.

National Domestic Product (NDP): This is the total value of all goods and services produced in a country in a period of time.  It exclude the value of the net earnings and incomes from abroad.  An allowance being made for depreciation of capital.

Net National Product (NNP): This is the monetary value of all goods and services produced within the country during a specific period.  It includes net incomes and earning from abroad and provision being made for the replacement of depreciation of capital.

Disposable Income (DPI):      This is the amount of money per year that private sector are free to spend when depreciation of capital, all taxes, all net profits made by firms but not paid out as divided are added to the disposable and transfer payment subtracted.  We arrive at gross national product.

Net Economic Welfare (NEW):                 This examines those factors not considered when calculating the Gross National Product (GNP).  Such factors include social cost 9pollution) and leisure time the net economic welfare tend to remove the product (GNP).  A nation might have a very high GNP at a very great social cost as pollution, rising crime etc.

Per Capita Income (PCI)        This is the gross domestic product divided by the population of the country.  Per capita income can be calculated once the population and gross domestic product are known.  So that P.C.I = GDP

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

Galton (1886) first used the word “regression” in connection with predicting the mature height of children from the height of their parents.  Galton corrected for the sex difference by multiplying all female height by 1.08, and he used a single predictor variable taken to be the mean of the fathers, height ad corrected mothers height.

After some consideration of data, it becomes apparent that the height of children of parents whose height exceeds average by x inches will themselves, on the average exceed the average by less than x inches.

In other words, the children regress in average sense back to the mean.  By gradual metamorphoses, the term linear regression analysis came to mean the least square prediction scheme and hence the term multiple regression came to mean the general case with a multiple  set of variable V1, V2, V3…… Vp-1 available as predictors.

The history of the method as opposed to that of its common statistical name is quite different.  According to Gauss (1809) he first used the method in 1795 in a different context and under the name “method of least squares’.  Gauss did not publish his claim until 1809 and legendry had independently described the method in 1806.

According to Eisenhart (1963), the method arose as a natural extension of the principle of averaging the results of several observation of the same quality to reduce measurement error.

It is interesting that the basic computational ideas may be traced back to Gauss (1811) who derived them in connection with l east square analysis and illustrate them with the data which he used to identify the orbit of the asteroid pallas from observations over the period 1803 – 1809.

In the exact sciences like astronomy, chemistry and physics, it is possible to formulate laws connecting several quantities e.g density temperature and pressure of a gas, so that anyone of these quantities can be determined (subject to small experimental errors) from the others.  In methodology, production is much less certain, but it is still possible to forecast the weather with considerable success.

In living science like biology and agriculture there are so many unknown factors at work that every different result may be obtained from what appear to be identical causes.

Even here, however, the law of average hold good.  Eg fat men and women tend to have fat children although the association is only partial.

The adult sons of men below average height will on the whole be nearer the average height than their fathers e.g the sons of men 1.6m tall might, on the average, reach about 1.7m.  It was this regression to the normal noticed by Sir Francis Galton in his research on heredity that gave the “regression analysis” to this branch of statistics.

While therefore, the son’s height cannot be deduced from the fathers it is possible knowing the fathers height to make a better forecast of the sons height than simply taking the average of the population.

Narrowing it down to the study, knowing the national income data fro few years and making analysis on them can help to make a better forecast on the future state of the economy.

OBSERVATION OF NIGERIA ECONOMY

We are convincingly aware about the low standard of living in Nigeria because our per capita income is very low.  We must consider how to raise our standard of living which is basically the problem of raiding per-capita income.  Simply all things must be done to see that the GDPs for the possible by increasing the GDP and by controlling the population growth.

Much have been said about population and its attendants.  We only need to adhere that in Nigeria the death rate fall while birth rate, increases, therefore population zooms higher and higher without corresponding increase in the production of goods and services.  Consequently and with this awareness the government should timely encourage family planning schemes.

Nigeria is firmly struggling to increase the GDPs.  This is manifested in the various budgets presented to the nation by her past leaders.  Government is aware of the fact that to increase the GDP means to increase the flow of goods and services to the consumers.  And that this could only be done by the joint effort of increasing the productivity efficiently and increasing the quantities of the factors of production, make the existing factors produce more.

Then increase the labour force and improve their skill by education, bring more of the vacant lands under production and use more capital is to industrialize.  Capital singularly contributes more than nay other that we lack seriously in Nigeria today.

This makes the rate of growth of the economics of Nigeria very low-below 6% which is the UND’s poor Nations growth rates.