PRODUCTION OF WOOD ADHESIVE.

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ABSTRACT

Adhesive is a substance that holds materials together by surface attachment, while wood adhesive is a substance that is used to hold plywood for furniture works. This substance is essential and has universal applications. Thus the aim of this research work is to produce it using cassava starch as a base binder. Starch is also used in industries to produce ethanol and glucose for textile industries, laundry and paper adhesive industries. It is of great importance to paper, wood and furniture industries and the need to produce a more stable adhesive locally to minimize cost remains the investigating factor for embarking on this research work. The method of wood adhesive production used in this work was the questionnaire work was the geletinization method. In the production, the optimum geletinization temperature was found to be 80⁰c while the optimum temperature of dextrin formation is 140⁰c. The production involves the souring of the starch from cassava, determination of the various additives employed in the production. The materials used in the production works were sourced in line with the objectives of the research. The following components were used: starch extracted from cassava which is responsible for the adhesion force that holds two bodies together, calcium carbonate (CaCo₃) for viscosity improvement, formaddehyde as preservative, natrosol cellulose as a thicker and water as solvent. Experimental analysis was based on all the factors that influence the stability of an adhesive example pH values, viscosity, tack time, boarding strength etc. the values obtained were compared with the standard brands and were found to compare favourably with other standard adhesives. Formulation B showed the most desirable characteristics and hence is the optimum sample. An adequate cost analysis was also carried out to determine the feasibility of the project on a commercial venture. Thus, a locally sourced product (wood adhesive) that can complete with similar product in terms of properties but at a much reduced cost was produced. The shelf life and teak time of the product were determined and found to be good. The wood adhesive was established to be water resistant.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1            HISTORICAL BACKGROUND (PREAMBLE)

Technology has played an important role in man’s development and thus, has helped to shape the world as it is seen today. This could be seen in all facets of industrial ventures, hence the introduction of new products into the market. Man’s growing desire to hold two or more substance together by surface attachment so that they can be used a s a single piece coupled with the technological advancement has given birth to a broad range of adhesive production to serve this purpose.

The technique of adhesive bonding has come of age. It is not possible to say when the practice was first developed and used. From history, history made us to believe that the first adhesive even made or used by man was probably clay, animal glue and resinous exudates from trees, of which is known to go back a very long way over 3300 years ago.

The Egyptians used vegetable glue adhesives in wood works and in the production of Papyri. It was during the 19^th century that there was technological advancement which led to the sourcing and production of varieties of adhesive. In 1912, F.G Parkins found out that starch could be converted by mild caustic soda solution into a liquid glue that was stable at room temperature. Most of the popular adhesive currently in use in the country are imported as such the clamour for adhesive that are locally produced has been on primary concern for embarking on this project. It is the aim of this project to produce wood adhesive from local raw materials using maize or corn or cassava as the case study or reference study. Though starch can be extracted from plants for example corn, barley, wheat and potatoes and cassava but for simplicity sake have to be reduced to maize and cassava.

1.2            MEANING OF ADHESIVE

There is no universally accepted definition of adhesive, however an adhesive is defined by its usage. It could be defined a substance capable of holding materials together by surface attachment.

The need to hold two or more substances together by surface attachment so that they can be used as a single piece without damage done to the adherents and with more uniform distribution of stress calls for the production of adhesive. Adhesive development has evolved into a field practically on its own, where the market for more specialized adhesives has emerged.

They are now used for a variety of purposes ranging from packaging materials, book binding, hold wood together, brake lining, where they would have reduced surface to surface contact required. The reasons for joining these surfaces is the get a composite is to effect every handling and create a better outlook.

The working properties of the different adhesives vary therefore various methods were used to obtain an adhesive to serve a defined purpose.

1.3            AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

1. Because of the growing need for adhesive in our industries, it is the aim of this project to produce wood adhesive from local raw materials.
2. It seeks to utilize our available resources that are abundant in nature and cheap to secure.
3. It is also aimed at producing wood adhesive for our industries so that we can achieve self and economic reliance by reducing our dependence on imported variety or foreign adhesive.
4. It also helps to create employment for unemployed youths since adhesive industry does not require complex machinery.

1.4            THE SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

PRODUCTION OF HIGH QUALITY FOAM Note: our case study can be change to suit your desire location . we are here for your success. ORDER NOW COMPLETE MATERIAL  COST  N5000 WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.    MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

ABSTRACT.

The production of high quality foam was carried.  The actualization of the production of polyurethane (fibre) foam was made possible by using the components / chemical raw materials such as polyol (polyurethes resin).  TDI (toluene di-Iso-cyanate, methylane chloride (MC)-(CH₂CL).  Silicon oil, stannous octoate, calcum carbonate and water. As a result of chemistry of polyurethane foams, properties of foams and fibre materials (physical, chemical, thermal and mechanical properties) gotten from the literature, review including the functions and reactions of the components proper formulation was made and conversions / translation to actual weights also done which lead to the production of the desired product. The experiment was done at ambient temperature of 32⁰c following the normal procedures.

The foam produced is of very high density, good quality, durable and profitable. The densities of the various samples are 35kg/m³ and 40kg/m³.

As a result of poor storage conditions of the chemicals mentioned above here in the pilot plant, the stipulated and specified environmental conditions, there is a slight deviation of the foam from the international standard specification of 155. The foam produced are measured to standard and can be used for applied to any field of engineering and technology. They can be used for any purpose and is expected to last longer depending on the handling.

TABLE OF CONTENT

Chapter One

1.0            Introduction

1.1     Problem statement

1.2            Aims and objectives of the project

Chapter two

2.0            Literature Review

2.1     Origin of foam

2.2            Structure of polyurethane

2.3            Properties of polyurethane foam

2.4            Classification of polyurethane

2.5            Flexible foam

2.6            Rigid foam

2.7            Basic chemistry of foam production

2.8            Polyurethane chemicals and functions

2.8.1    Man chemicals

2.8.2    Blowing agents

2.8.3    Catalyst

2.9            Foam stabilizers

2.10       Making / Agitation

2.11       Characteristic features of methyl come chloride

2.12       Some possible faults, causes and their remedies.

2.13       Characteristics of fibre foams

2.14       Physical properties of foam polyurethane

2.15       Thermal properties of polyurethane foams

2.16       Foam fibres applications

2.17       Factors that causes defect during process

Chapter three

3.0            Foam formulation

3.1     The roles of chemicals in foaming reactors

3.2            Determination of Chemical consumption rates

3.2.1    Water

3.2.2    Tohiene DI – Isocyate

3.2.3    Blowing Agents

3.2.4    Schlone

3.2.5    Amine

3.2.6    Stannous actuate

3.2.7    Colorant

3.3            Summary  of the formulation

Chapter four

4.0            Production procedure / Analyses

4.1     Essential Raw Materials Used

4.2            Procedures / methods

4.3            Experimental Results / Analysis

4.4            General Thermal properties

4.5            Chemical properties

4.6            Optical properties

4.7            Electrical properties

4.8            Permanence and service properties

4.9            Characteristic Test

4.10       Sampling and conditioning

4.11       Storage and Handling of urethane raw materials

Chapter five

5.0            Discussion

Chapter six

6.0            Conclusion

6.1     Recommendation

6.2            Cost Analysis

6.3            References

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Polyurethane foam otherwise known as expanded polymer products are group of materials developed as gotten by there action between alcohol with two or more reactive hydroxyl group per molecule. This branch of polymer technology are finding increasing applications in many field of engineering including arts and sciences. Foam was discovered as a result of man’s strong desire in quest to his environment. There are many kinds of foam based on their inherent features such as high rigidity, stiffness per unit weight of polymer thermal and acoustical insulating properties. Cushioning properties or shock absorbency characteristics, low internal stresses of foamed mouldings and ease of forming. As a result of these, extensive range of materials and manufactured articles with different applications are produced from polymer.

The three types of foams are flexible, rigid and semi-rigid foams. It’s used in many structural applications where they form light weight care. Cellular products contains gas usually air, within their structures, they have lower thermal conductivity and are therefore good thermal insulants. Because foams able to dissipate energy reversible and storage capacity. They are used in cushions and are exploited in upholstery bedding laminated clothing and packaging.

Every polymer can be produced in cellular form but these that have been extensively used includes, polyurethane, polystyrene, polyethylene, polyethylene, poly- (vinyl chloride), cellulose acetate, phenolies epoxides, urea-formaldehyde resins, silicones naturally rubber e.g. later from which is made from liquid starting material; sponge rubber and expanded rubber, both made from solid materials.  Cellular plastics are basically of two types, flexible foam and rigid or structural foam.  They may also be classified according to density as low density foam (< 100kg/m³), medium density foam (600-1000kg/m³).

Cellular polymers may have either an open-cell structure in which the cells are closed separate units (unicellular foams) and may contain gas or air.  Materials with open-cell structures have high permeability’s to liquid and gases but because closed – cell structures contains air, their elastic moduli in compression are higher and they have the best thermal insulations.

Polyethylene foams can be produced by injection moulding or may be processed by special machines designed to measure the required ratio of chemical, mixing them together and dispense the reaction mixture in predetermined amounts.  There has been continuous development of machine for processing along side the development of polyethylene technology.

Based on the environmental impact and protechona, new dimensions to further challenges in the development of polyethylene technology has taken place which have contributed to the increasing application of polyethylene in our daily lives from foam resistant coating.

As a matter of facts, this research project is centered on flexible foam of higher density and characterization and different types of polymeric reactions could produce different materials like plastics rubber, filmos, fire surface coating and adhesive.  As a result of variation in reaction hydroxyl groups of alcohol and isocyanate, senies of polyethylene products have been produced.  This ranges from flexible soft and revilement material to hard, brittle and rigid.

Generally, four bare isocyanates and a range of polyol of different molecular weight and functionalities are used in the production of whole spectrum of polyethylene products/materials.

As the case may be, various types of foams with different characteristics features are produced by varying the medium, mixing ratio etc.

1.1            PROBLEM STATEMENT

Based on the fact that some raw materials are gotten from out petrochenueal industries/chemical industries, these unused materials are property channeled to effective use in producing polymer materials e.g. foam, such materials are toluenemdi-isocyanata, polyether, resin, polyol, etc.

1.2            AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

This project/research is aimed at producing polyethylene foam that could be used or applied in various fields to satisfy human wants in Nigeria particularly and the world in general.

It is expected that if this research project is successful, a medium-layer scale industries would be established to best foam production.

Thirdly, an employment opportunity would be created for many Nigerians and would also bring foreign exchange to the country and also attract foreign investors to come into Nigeria.

PRODUCTION OF BLACK AND BROWN POLISH

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ABSTRACT.

This project is aimed at producing black and brown polish of good quality.  For clearity, polish is a substance rubbed on the surface of materials to make them smooth and shiny. Polish has being of immense importance in protecting leather surfaces and enhancing their beauty. To produce a standard polish, hard waxes such as carnduba wax, candelhla wax and palm wax; semi-hard waxes which include, paraffin wax and ozokerite; solvents like tupentine and naphtha; dyes and dryers are essential. In this research project, paraffin wax, turpentine; paraffin oil,. Cobalt and lead dryers, vanish, black and brown pigments were used to obtain the desired result. The apparatus was set up as can be seen in fig1. Using the measured quantities of the ingredients, the production started with heating to about 90^oc to melt the wax and cooling to about 60⁰c. This was preceded by the addition of the solvent, the colorant, dryer and vanish. As this was being done, there was continuous agitation. After obtaining a homogenous mixture, the product was filled into 50ml cans and allowed to cool. The best formulation was obtained from 45.2%, 24%, 21%, 2%, 2%, 2% of turpentine, paraffin wax,  paraffin oil, drier, vanish and colorant respectively. The major problem encountered were that of coverage and gloss or surface shine produced by the trial formulations. They were blamed on the particle size of the pigments and the absence of some other ingredients like hard waxes to blend the paraffin wax; and naphtha which could not be found dispite all effort made. Happily, these were reasonably improved by using finer pigments particles and vanish respectively.

From tests and evaluations, the research project was a success with a good produce formulation; importantly, a production. And packaging cost (for the formulation) on fourty one naira, thirty three kobo (N41.30) per 50ml polish content was carried out with the sum of six thousand eight hundred and forty naira (N6,840.00)

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

The emergence of polish technology in engineering is apparent offshoot of complexities resulting from the induction of substances that produce desired gloss and provides a protective coating for the surface of the materials, changing it to a dry adherent film. Therefore, polish is a substances usually wax based, which when applied to a sequence was based, which applied to sequence protects, makes it smooth and shiny.

It has been discovered that shoe polish industries in Nigeria are at minimum even though the polish industry is economically very important due to its widespread usage. Shoe polish industry  as a surface coaling provider in a very important venture.  The manufacture of surface coaling materials of which shoes polish is a part, has been estimated with swales of more than 10,000 million yearly.  This in essence means that its usage is wide spread and in teams of employment, gives a lot of  opportunities.  The economic consequences as highlighted above have4 in turn spu7rred many into a continuous struggle for a good quality product.

Therefore, in a bid to reduce the degree of unemployment by establishing small scale industries, this research project is emback upon.

 

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

The aim and objective of this project among other things include;

1                   To produce shoe polish which will suit the weather of this country.

2                   Produce polish of high quality at minimum cost5

3                   To conserve foreign exchange and help solve the problem of balance of payment resulting from, the importation of polishes  to offset the unnecessary.

4                   To help complement the efforts of existing factories toward meeting the rising demand of product.

5                   To create employment opportunities by establishing polish industry.

6                   To reduce the depending on government for emplyment by having individual investment and becoming self reliant

THE SIGNIFICANCE

Considering the fact that there are few or practically no functional polish industry in the country, and the imported polish most atimes do not meet up with the local weather conditions, this research project will help to find solution to these problems.  And at the same time offer local alternatives to these imported products.  It will equally be an avenue for finding means of increasing our domestic national product. Importantly, exploiting the benefit offered by this research work will help in improving the qualities of polishes produced.  This will help in making the polish industry a viable venture, whose product could be exported thereby serving as a foreign exchange earner for the country.

SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

THE ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF NEMATODE AFFECTING TOMATOES GROWN IN SOME SELECTED AREA OF RIVER KADUNA IN KADUNA STATE .

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CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION:
Nematodes are tiny, thread-like worms measuring 0.0 15 inch to 0.187 inch in length. They are either free living parasitic or saprophytic, identified on the basis of shapes, size and special structures. The females become swollen and flask-shaped as a result of accumulation of eggs with the anus virtually terminal in position, while the males are vermiform (Sherf and Macnah, 1986; Chitwood, 1949; Taylor and Sasser, 1978; Idowu, 1979 and Idowu, 1983)

Nematodes are known for causing destructive diseases of crops as they have a wide range of feeding habit, constitute about 80% of all multicellular animals, attacking nearly every crop that is grown in the field and as a result crop yields is greatly affected reducing quantity and quality of crops on field, orchard, home garden and green houses (Mai, 1985; Symth, 1994; Sasser, 1952). Among the favoured host in Nigeria as a whole include tomato, yam, tobacco, papaw, citrus and sweet potato (Sasser, 1954).

1.1 Tomato:
Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) belongs to the family Solanaceae and subilass polypetalae of the dicotyledenous group of plants. Tomato is a slight modification of tomato the name used by the Indians of Mexico, who have grown the plant for food since prehistoric times. Other names reported by early European explorers were tomato, tumatle and tomatas, probably variants of Indian words (Wener, 2004).

1.2 Origin:
The precise origin of tomato remains a mystery but there is reason to believe that the original tomato came from Peru called tomato, it was taken to Mexico by migrating Peruvians. It found its way to Italy through the explorations of Christopher Columbus. Tomatoes were taken back to Europe along with silver and gold and they were grown on the continent as a pretty curiosity (Fallagatter, 1999). Though, tomato has become one of the most popular and widely grown vegetables in the world (Chung, 1998), until the 19th century, it was grown chiefly as an ornamental plant for its colourful fruit (Villareal, 1980). This is because it was regarded with suspicion due to the reputation of Solanum-like fruits being poisonous (Philips and Rix, 1993)