THE ROLE OF PLANNING AND FORECASTING IN BUSINESS ORGANIZATION 

(A CASE STUDY OF EASTERN SHOP NIGERIA LIMITED OGUI ENUGU, ENUGU STATE)

 

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ABSTRACT

The role of planning and forecasting in business organization is a topic chosen from the business administration and management field.
The research was conducted mainly to examine the positive and negatives effects of not making good use of planning and forecasting in the business administration of an organization. For effective research on this topic THE ROLE OF PLANNING AND FORECASTING IN BUSINESS ORGANIZATION. Both primary and secondary data were used to elicit information from sample studied, the primary source of data were response form the personal interview which secondary source form textbook on business management and administration and periodicals.
Twenty-five people were interviewed as the sample of the staff and management of EASTERN SHOP NIGERIA LTD.
The data analysis was based on oral interview I had with the staff of Eastern Shop (twenty five) the major finding as follows.

1. The planning and Forecasting is aids to correct mismanagement in business organization.
2. And the planning and forecasting gives go ahead over to any individual organization that is going into business to make judicious use of forecasting and planning as a way of success in any business.
3. Poor Forecasting attitude and inadequate planning
4. Poor Integration of Forecasting and planning in running of business.

                                               TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
1.1     Introduction
1.2     Background of the Subject Matter
1.3     Problem Associated with the Subject Matter
1.4     The Problem the Study will be concerned with
1.5     The Importance of Study
1.6     Definition of Importance Term

1. 1. Reference

CHAPTER TWO:         LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1     The Origin of the Subject Matter
2.2     Schools of Thought Within the Subject Area

1. 1. The schools of Thought Relevant to
   2. The Subject Matter

2.5     Difference Methods of Studying the Problem
2.6     Summary
2.7     Reference

CHAPTER THREE:              CONCLUSION
3.1    Data Presentation
3.2     Analysis of the Data
3.3     Recommendation
3.4     Conclusions
3.5     References

CHAPTER ONE

1.1     INTRODUCTION
Andreas Faludi states that “Planning and Forecasting is the Queen Mother function of management (organization) and that if planning and forecasting fail what/who will you direct, control, budget, staff, co-ordinate or organize rather than failure and shame”. Again he state of tension resulting from observing unexpected events. (Toulinin,1960).
Planning and Forecasting present efforts to reduce surprise caused by such events by giving practicable accounts of how they come about.”

WHAT IS PLANNING AND FORECASTING?
Forecasting is preparing of an organizational future objectives and its current material and personnel inventory, the general or departmental manager makes an estimate of the current material and human resources that will be able to do in the future and how many more human and material resources the organization must hire to meet its goals (Needle 1999:178).
Any business organization without element of forecasting in like driving a car blind- folded and being directed by a man looking out through the back window. Furthermore, forecasting is prediction; it is an effort by enterprises to know what the future holds for it. Henry Fayol speaks of prevalence as the essence of management.
According to Fayol “this looking ahead include both assessing the future and making provision for it.
Modern business management has become a complex activity and so there is the need for adequate forecasting, the need for adequate forecasting is apparent from the hey role it plays in planning Koontz et al stated that “as influence in plans of the entire environment outside the enterprises has come to be increasingly recognizes forecasting of the environment has risen in importance”.
The role of forecasting in business organization is so important that it must be adapted by managers. The making of forecasting and their review by manager compel thinking ahead looking to the future and providing for it. Also, the very act of forecasting may disclose areas where necessary control is lacking.
PLANNING:
Andreas Faludi state “Man’s understanding of this world and his ability to act in it depends on his constructing an imaginary in his own mind this applies equally well to the planner’s understanding of himself and his appreciation”. Planning in its simplest meaning is the determination of anything in advance of action. Planning is defined by Koontz O. Donneil as, “deciding in advance what to do who is to do it, when to do it and why it should be done”.
Planning bridges the gap from where we are to where we want to go planning can also be defined as “ a predetermined cause of action that helps to provide purpose and direction for members of an enterprise.
In designing an environment for effective performance of individual working together in groups, the most essential task is to see that purpose and objective and methods of attaining them are clearly understood. Planning is the first function of a manager. It is necessary if anything or activities is to reach the denied goal. Through planning a manager can approach pre-determined objective rationally. All the work of an executive whether he know it or not, is some way connected with the unfolding of a plan. In identifying the role of planning in business organization, Koontz et al State that, “we are in an economic technological social and political era in which planning like other function of managers has become requisite for enterprise survival”.
Planning is unique in that it established the objective necessary for all group efforts.
Planning and Forecasting are important tools of company management and decision- making as they assist in the appraisal of investment project in the analysis measurement and improvement of current marketing strategy and manpower planning and in the identification and development of new products and new market further they promote and facilitate the proper functioning of the many aspects of company’s activities.
Planning and Forecasting are compliment in that for a good result both go together they could be regarded as independent parts that make a specified whole writing also in the concept, Koontz O’ Donneil states that forecasting especially where participated throughout the organization may help to unify and co-ordinate plans. By focusing attention on the future, it assists in bringing a singleness of purpose to planning”.

1.2     BACKGROUND OF THE SUBJECT MATTER
The popular super market called Eastern Shop was established in May 28, 1960 almost five (5) Months after the independence of this country, this took place at Ogui Road Enugu then Anambra State now Enugu State which is formerly known as the headquarters of Eastern Nigeria.
The supermarket is situated opposite Nnamdi Azikiwe Stadium and around it were other big shops like Bubble’s, ABC Transport etc. the amazing thing concerns this shop is that the manager or the sole proprietor is a family man that had engage in other business and finally settle in opening a big supermarket. He entered into the business with little or no experience in the field of supermarket business.
Originally the name of managing director of the supermarket is Chief M.O. Okoli, Ozo Zulu Agulu 1 of Agulu in Aniocha Local Government Area of (old and new) Anambra State. He is one of the pioneer members of Enugu State association of supermarket this was to enable him to curb some of the problems that he is passing and planning in business. The supermarket has other branches in Lagos, and Onitsha. In the establishment, he employed general operation manager (GOM) who sees to the running of the business. The company also has shop manager who direct the affairs of cashier, store manager and restaurant department and report to the GOM. Eastern shop is made up of five (5) departments/ units.

1. Accounting department
2. Cashier   department
3. Store department
4. Restaurant department
5. Cold room department

Eastern shop deals mostly on consumer’s goods like cosmetics, wears, candy foods, baby wears and toys. The problem of proper planning and forecasting is among the major problem that limits the more expansion of the business these can be clearly seen from an adage that says “ that business is full of risks”.
Besides, the researchers were able to note the sum of N500 Naira was used as initial capital of the business and today the property of the business is on millions and it have more than twenty people as employees, this simply means that it is no longer small- scale business as the law required. But as a result of inadequate application role of good understanding in the techniques of forecasting and planning integration in business; he cannot make good pricing quality and quantity of product sales.
Since improper planning is as good as not planning at all based on the above promising and manifesting problem, these calls for the researchers to investigate the project topic to help the present situation that is facing the business.

STRATEGIES OF PROMOTING PRODUCTIVITY IN CIVIL SERVICE

(A CASE STUDY OF  STATE CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION)

 

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ABSTRACT
This study is a research of the Enugu State Civil Service Commission the purpose of the study includes:

1. To find out whether civil servant actually perform below standard.
2. To find out whether productivity is really declining in the civil services.
3. To find out what the causes are in the civil services.
4. To find out the measures to be taken in order to arrest the situation.

While carrying out the research, the data collection method adopted was the questionnaires, the statistical tool used was chi-square.  A total of one hundred questionnaires were distributed out of which twenty was returned.  The finding from the research questions show that.

1. Adequate knowledge of job requirement of motivation and the use of official working hours in the civil service.   At the end, the research made recommendations, some of them include
2. Management should improve on the working conditions for the staff so that the organization will achieve its desired goals and without good working condition the staff will not be comfortable to work thereby reducing the effectiveness of their work.
3. They should try and have a communication link between them because communication is one of the tools that lead to effective management, furthermore employ or recruit skilled people in order to have increased out put and to achieve their objectives.
4. Management should also motivate their worker by paying them their salaries when due.

TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

1. 1. Background of the study
   2. Statement of the problem
   3. Purpose of the study
   4. Significance of the study
   5. Research questions
   6. Research hypothesis
   7. Scope of the study
   8. Limitations of the study
   9. Definition of term

References

CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

1. 1. Literature review
   2. Entrepreneurial traits
   3. Objectives of entrepreneurship in business
   4. Role of entrepreneur in business
   5. Limitations of entrepreneurial development
   6. Remedies to the limitations
   7. Development of entrepreneurship
   8.   Impact for entrepreneurship in the nation economy

References
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH DESIGN AND MYTHOLOGY

1. 1. Research Design
   2. Area of the study
   3. Population of the study
   4. Sample and sampling procedure
   5. Instrument for Data collection
   6. Validation for the instrument
   7. Reliability for the instrument
   8. Method of data Analysis

Reference

CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

1. 1. Presentation
   2. Summary of results

Reference

CHAPTER FIVE
DISCUSSION OF RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSIONS

1. 1. Discussion of result / findings
   2. Conclusions
   3. Implication of the research finding
   4. Recommendation
   5. Suggestions for further research

Bibliography

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1     BACK GROUND OF THE STUDY
Productivity has been defined as the volume of good and service produced per worker within some specified unit of the year, now there have been consistent public outer about continuous decline of productivity in the civil service. It is for this reason that this work is being carried out in the view to finding the cause of low productivity how to eliminate these cause and these by bring about recommendation, that will promote productivity in the civil service in general to achieve a successful result in the programme. I have decided to carry out a case study of Enugu state civil service commission.

However the historical back ground of the civil service commission was dated back to the end of colonial masters and post independence period.

After the second world war, there were about 14 British Administration in the secretarial 70 Nigerians support staff and one Europe stenography. The head quarter of most technical department which was in Ebutemetta. (Lagos). The head quarter of the mine was in jos, while the agriculture and forestry was in Ibadan, field administration was co-ordinate from two center, kaduna for north and Lagos laster Enugu for the south.

In 1939, southern Nigeria was split into two region respectively. The Richard constitution in 1914 further divided the country into three region namely the northern western and Eastern regions. The macpherson constitution of 1951, introduced the appointment of ministers for the region and at the center of the civil service between the politician in office and the authorities of the lugardera, the duties of all administrative office. Were juct that of maintaining law and order in the district placed under the immediate administrative control. It was only at the end of World War II that effort were made to achieve some social and economic benefit for Nigerians. It was at that time
Such office like the department of marketing and export were established. The rapid Nigerianisation of civil service and the executive council brought about new conception of the role of the civil service
For example, in the western Nigerians civil service were told that policy making was the exclusive function of the legislature. So, the civil servant were to do. In the eastern state civil servants were to give sound advice to the political leaders, control the traditional aspect of government activities and were also to be efficient executive who could manage and threat all the complex operation of the made state.

In the northern Nigerian, the duties of administrative office include to assist to give training to people as regard building up an efficient institution of local government and finally to facilitate the emergence of an intelligent and responsible public opinion. The system of administration that emerged on was also English language that was used as a medium of communication in the conduct of government business the country fought the civil war six year after independence and this was quickly followed about six year of oil boom which brought about extreme materialism. The give rise to great indiscipline, corruption and a total contemplation order, honour and excellence within the whole society including the civil service. Having discussed the historical background of the civil service and its roles before and after independence it is necessary at this stage to define the term “productivity which is the main object of the research.

1. 1. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

There has been consistent low productivity in the civil service since Nigeria independence of Igbo. This study set out to asses the knowledge of job motivation and use of office work hour in the civil service in order to promote productivity.

THE PROBLEMS OF HOSTEL ACCOMMODATION IN HIGHER INSTITUTION

(A CASE STUDY OF IMT, ENUGU STATE)

 

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CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
General background to the subject matter
Problem associated with subject matter
Problem that the study will be concerned with
The Importance of the study
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
The Origin of the study
The school of thought within the subject matter
The School of thought relevant to the problem of study
Different method of studying the problem
Summary
Reference
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Conclusion
Data Presentation
Analysis of the data
Summary of finding
Recommendation
Conclusion
Reference
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
A hostel by definition is a building in which cheap food and lodging and provided for students but unfortunately in festivity institution in Nigeria. The research on this issue this research, though on higher institutions, has a special reference on the institutions, has a special references on the institute of management and technology (IMT) Enugu. It has been established that the inadequacy of hostel accommodation as an adverse effect on the actualization of qualitative and standard education in Nigeria Universities and Polytechnic, that is why we have taken it upon ourselves to find out the lapses and problems that has heralded to this problems of inadequate accommodation.

Moreso, there are other problems which prompted us to research on the topic this includes – Students involvement in armed robbery Students involvement in armed prostitution High rate of disobedience by student as a result of not living in an academic environment. In IMT for instance, students go about looking for accommodation while there are vacancy rooms in the hostel which are wasting.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS
This study will be concerned with the problems posed by poor hostel accommodation, as if affects the analytic of education in higher institution with particular reference to the institute of management and technology (IMT) Enugu and these are as follows: -The students lack concentration on studies as a result of deprivation of privacy. Students pay less attention to studies and spend much of their time trying to make money, as the money they have, has bee spent on transportation. Cultism is about to take over the academic activities that are supposed to be going on in the school, as most of students vow stay off campus now mix with undesirable elements and this get involved in corrupt practice. The dual campus system, makes the students to be worn out before reaching their lecture base. Administrative lapse has hindered the implementation of policies that could enhance the quality of life of the students in the hostels. The fact that apart from the hostel fee, student who stay in the hostels spend a lot of money on feeding and acquisition of other recreational facilities. Student say they bribe officials before rooms be allocate to them. Why school authorities fail to provide accommodation for students, lest alone saying that it is inadequate. The last but not the least here is for us to find out, what the management is doing about the insufficient rooms of accommodation in IMT for instance a some of the rooms that that were meant to accommodate student are now being used as offices.  Above all is that this problem of inadequate infrastructure, posed by over population of student end staff will lead to great fall in academic, if not checked.

CAREER OPPORTUNITIES FOR ADULT EDUCATION GRADUATES IN ENUGU STATE NIGERIA.

 

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ABSTRACT

This study aims at identifying the career opportunities open to adult education graduates in Enugu State.
As a guide to the study, some research question is posed based on the following.  Identifying people’s awareness of these adult education graduates and their job potentials.
Whether they are embracing this new programme in the field of learning with enthusiasm.  And if they are aware of job opportunities available for them.  Whether the employers of labour are also aware of these people content in this regard. Questionnaires items are used to obtain data from four groups of people, who are: employers of labour, adult educators, adult education undergraduates and adult education graduates.
The data collected are analyzed using chi-square statistical formula to analyze them.
The following among other things are:-

1. The graduates (adults) are not aware of their job potentials and even where they can find such job other than teaching.
2. People are aware of these people’s potentials including the employers of labour.
3. That people embraces the programme with enthusiasm.

Based on the above findings the following recommendations were made:
That NUCAE should be involved in creating awareness to people and the employers.
There should be oneness in teaching sector to avoid non-indigene syndrome.
Companies should send their staff for further training to take jobs that are storage to them.
There should be constant review of teaching style in these instructions to match the even increasing change of today’s affairs.  And many others.

CHAPTER ONE

1. 1. Introduction
   2. Background of the study
   3. Statement of the study
   4. Purpose of the study
   5. Scope of the study
   6. Research questions
   7. Research hypothesis
   8. Significance of the study
   9. Definition of terms

References

CHAPTER TWO

1. Literature review

2.1     Adult and adult education

1. 1. Career guidance/education
   2. Career within an organization
   3. Career dilemma and career plateau
   4. Adult literacy and career motive

References

CHAPTER THREE

1. Research design and methodology

3.1     Research design
3.2     Area of the study
3.3     Population of the study
3.4     Sample and sampling procedure technique
3.5     Instrument of data collection
3.6     Validation of the instrument
3.7     Reliability of data study
3.8     Method of data collection
3.9     Method of data analysis

CHAPTER FOUR
4.0     Data presentation and analysis

1. 1. Presentation and analysis of data
   2. Testing of hypothesis
   3. Summary and results

References

CHAPTER FIVE
5.0     Discussion, recommendation and conclusion

1. 1. Discussion and result/findings
   2. Implication of the research findings
   3. Conclusion
   4. Recommendations
   5. Suggestion for further research

Reference
Bibliography
Appendix
CHAPTER ONE

1. 1. INTRODUCTION

Education as a hallmark in this writing has to be originally talked about before conceptual purpose with which the researcher wants to write about Education.
Education in the broad science means more than intellectual aspect of it.  A.B Fafunwa (1991) knowledgeable states that in the beginning of the world, Adam saw the animals first before he named them therefore, no study of history of education particularly in Africa is complete without adequate knowledge of the traditional or indigenous educational system prevalent in Africa before the important religion which have influenced Nigeria education in no small measure are of recent development compared with the indigenous system of education which is as old as man himself in Africa.
Dr P. Eya (1993) on the same note said that, every society, simple or complex has it’s own system for training and educating it’s youth, and education for the good life has been one of the most persistent concerns of men.
Based on this acceleration, the period between 1976-1980 witnessed an unprecedented growth at the level of education – primary, secondary and tertiary institutions in Nigeria, which in the same vein witnessed the emergency of adult education in this different learning sector.
Adult education is such a relatively new field of social practices that is still in the process of forming new identity.  Adult education describes the process of adult learning in its broadest sense.  It encompasses practically all experiences of matured men and women by which they acquire new knowledge, understanding, skills, attitudes, interests of values.  It is a process used by adults on their self development, both alone and with others which is also used by institutions of all kinds for the growth and development of their employees, members and clients.
Adult education when compared with other discipline within the field of education has just emerged unlike older disciplines which have enjoyed systematic research and training.
This exercise is tackled individually based on orientation, environment, motives, privileges etc.  It could even occur as restraining in an organization or even for some other motives irrespectively.

Adult education is also a concept.  The acquisition of reading and writing skills which are to be applied for the development of the community.  Adult education is concerned with social welfare of agricultural extension and community development.  Adult education can be seen to contribute immensely to the growth and development of a society.  It is a lucrative profession that extends in many directions and not only in teaching profession, hence listing of job potentialities of adult educators.

Based on the above knowledge of adult education worldwide which is newly spreading up like a wide fire, the state is not left out in this educational exuberance, it is on this that in the year 1973 emerged the ABC university of the air with a view to be co-operating with the Institute of Management and Technology Enugu and University of Nigeria Nsukka Programme respectively.  The name is popularly known as School of Staff Development and Distance Education (SDDE) UNIAIR.  Then, it has time table and courses for the students.

1. 1. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The UNIAIR, in other words, Staff Development and Distance Education (SDDE) of adult education unit of Institution of Management and Technology (IMT) Enugu, and being the unit on an integral point considered among others in Enugu Metropolis for the purpose of the writing.
This sector of the discipline started in 1978, (SDDE IMT) in conjunction with University Nigeria Nsukka with a view to have combined programme.  Their aim is to achieve the following objectives:-

1. To include academic, political, scientific, social religion and economic knowledge in students in particular and the public in general.
2. To create a general desire for knowledge
3. To aid teachers in schools
4. To supplement the work of teachers in the class
5.  To create an awareness of acceptable life goals and values
6. To provide extra opportunity for learning
7. To explain National Educational policies to people who might benefit from them.
8. To provide a form of education for educational planners to know what people think about their plans.

However, it was in paramount effort to achieve the sixth objectives above that then Anambra Broadcasting Corporation Institute as (SDDE) department.
The school has presently the following ND/OND certificate to offer with lecturers in the diverse course in the department.

1. ND/HND Uru Mr Business Administration and Management (BAM)
2. ND/HND UNIAIR Accountancy
3. ND/HND UNIAIR Secretarial Administration
4. ND Man Power Development
5. ND UNIAIR Mass Communication

They also other the same number of courses with their counterparts in the full time programme in the above listed certificate programme.
The school has risen the inception, turns out barges of graduates.  All these departments are under the school of continuing education IMT Enugu which adult literacy was the conceptual aim with which it was established.
This acceleration period of 1976-1980 unprecedented growth in education of both junior and adult education, included the school of continuing education SDDE, UNIAIR Programme in IMT etc.  This growth is witnessed by other institutions of higher learning who indulge in the same adult education programme exercise OKO Polytechnic, UNN, Esut, etc are all in the game.

See:   Diagram of Departmental Heads

 

                                                                   HOD
HOD SDDE                                                PRELIM               HOD Part-time

 

BAM          Accountancy                                               Accountancy
Extra Moral         Evening programmes
Studies

          Sec. Administration

Mass                                        Manpower                               Basic studies
Comm.                                    Development

JAMB POLY

1. 1. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

In the recent past, the Federal Government of Nigeria launched education for all by the year 2000.  To this gesture, Adult education exercise prompted up in many institutions of higher learning in Nigeria but the main aim with which this was launched, is still lingering.  These adult education graduation graduates who are opportune to gain from they still find it difficult to make career opportunities in the fields.
They, in most cases do not even know on identify the possible employment opportunity options available to them other than teaching career.  These graduates also complained that the employers are ignorant of the purpose and content of the adult education programme, thereby refusing to employ them in other jobs they are qualified for.
This overwhelming ignorance which embrace the whole aspect of the sector of education is also due to lack of efficient and effective guiding principle by the adult educators who in their own ignorance do not know even how to start to blend the education of adult and the subsequent awareness to the masses so that the participants in the programme and employers themselves will be well aware of these people’s ability in handling jobs and to avoid reluctance in participation by these adults.
In the light of the above facts, this study is designed to investigate career opportunities available to the adult education graduates in Enugu State.