A CASE STUDY OF ENUGU METROPOLIS

ABSTRACT

          The aim of this research work is to find out the effects of Billboard Advertising on product promotion in Enugu Metropolis. To do this, we used survey research method to elicit the desired information from the sample produce.  In this work we started the research problem, set the objective and significance of the study, communicated the research questionnaire, reviewed some relevant literature, defined some terms, and hypothesis in the work, the whole of the give-tested hypotheses was empirically supported.

From on finding, we concluded that:

1. Billboard create awareness of product existence, more especially on newly introduced goods, and increase the sales.
2. Billboard advertising is more likely to convey the advertising messages to the target audience  than other forms of advertising.
3. Billboard advertising, appeal more to advertisement than other forms of advertising, and position goods and services quicker in people’s mind than any other media.
4. Billboard generally influences consumers decision.
5. Billboard advertising do complement other means of advertising, thereby carrying the same message on product and services with radio, TV and other media.

After analysis our findings and drawing our conclusion, we made some recommendations.

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction                                                                   1

1.1            Background of the study                                               1

1.2            Statement of research problem                                      7

1.3            Objective of the study                                          8

1.4            Research questions                                               8

1.5            Significance of the study                                                9

1.6            Hypothesis                                                                    9

1.7            Definition of terms                                               11

1.8            Assumptions                                                        12

1.9            Limitation of the study                                         12

CHAPTER TWO

Literature review                                                            15

2.1            Introduction                                                         15

2.2            Source of literature                                               15

2.3            Contemporary mass media theories related to

effects of billboard advertising                                       16

2.4            Historical development of advertising                           18

2.5            Billboard messages                                              23

2.6            Society’s uses and attitude to advertising            27

2.7            The advertising media                                          28

2.8            Media selection                                                    29

2.9            Summary                                                             31

2.10       Reference                                                              33

CHAPTER THREE

Research methodology                                                   34

3.1            Population of study                                             35

3.2            Sampling procedure                                             35

3.3            Sample size                                                                    36

3.4            Measuring instrument                                          36

3.5            Data collection                                                     36

3.6            Data analysis                                                       37

3.7            Expected results                                                   37

CHAPTER FOUR

Data analysis and results                                                        39

4.1            Introduction of data analysis                               39

4.2            Analysis of hypothesis                                         41

4.3            Discussion                                                            48

CHAPTER FIVE

Summary of finding recommendation and conclusion

5.1            Summary and Recommendation                          50

5.2            Recommendation                                                 52

Bibliography                                                        54

Appendix                                                             58

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1            BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Advertising has grown increasingly popular as an object of academic inquiry, a field of professional practice and an index of modern business it has come to assume the centre of modern marketing and it is one of the major forms of promotion in product and service marketing. Billboard advertising has assumed a wider and prominent position in product promotion in recent times in Nigeria. Despite electronic media, billboard advertising got product promotion on the increase.

This new discovery in product promotion has not only given liwse to advertising agencies, that specialized only in billboard advertising, and also a strong association of billboard advertising in Nigeria which is recognized by advertisers as a subsidiary of the advertising practitioner. Council of Nigeria APCON. But as bas been articulated by Adeyein (1969), the constitutional provision on freedom of expression can be said to amount only to an ordered freedom of which can not be used as a license to spread communication that debased public morality. However, many of these ethical principles have in the course of time grown to become statutory regulation condified laws. Decree 55 of 1988 among other provision provides that APCON show regular and control the practice of advertising in all its aspects and ramifications. It is in excise of this immense and wide power conferred on it, that APCON developed a code of ethic to guide and regulates the practice of advertising in Nigeria.

The evidence increase in billboard advertising under sources the effectiveness of billboard in project promotion. Billboard ensure frequent and repeated exposure to the advertisement billboard are usually rotated at points with higher vehicular and human traffic.

Consequently, users of such points are regularly exposed to the advertisement in the board. Secondly, billboard, also offer a high degree of vocational flexibility. In other words, the boards can be placed where the advertisers actually intended then to be. In addition, they tend it have lower cost per thousand than most of the other media. They are usually more cost efficient, especially for the advertisers with a small budget. Billboard offers the advantages of very good colour reproduction and at the sometime it is an effective reminder medium offer servicing as a catalyst for buyers who buy in impulse. The greatest problems encountered by advertisers and their agencies with regard to billboard is site monitoring is usually defiant and so when posters get torn or washed out, of takes a while to discover and repost. This is because the site are usually scattered around very far geographic locations.

The posters used on the boards are usually tedious to print and post especially when the number of sites to be covered are too many. In other words, boards make intense creative demands on the agency. Because they are usually seen in a fleeting second, they have to be powerfully executed so as to intrude on the passers – by’s consciousness. In this case they tend to function better as reminder media and there cannot serve well as the print ary and sole medium for an advertising campaign. Aside its cost efficient contributes to environmental aesthetic and enduing feature of lands cape of towns, in the country. Although the voice of the street vendor in Nigeria grows fainter with each passing year, it is still possible to her the mournful call and thinking bell for the old clothes and junk man, the call of the intinerant fruit peddler with his pushcart, or the street come vendors of hot chestnuts. And what will a football game be without the kids hwking peanut and soft drinks? Much the same calls in a different language, echoed in the streets.

Again if you will glance town the length of the street in Enugu metropolis, you will notice that the storekeeper around the town have taken some pains to make sure they are not unobserved just as the market keeper did in Ogbete main market so you can see that broadcast advertising (billboard) have all been around for a long time. But is wasn’t until the middle ages, with the world shaking advert of the printing press and moveable type, that advertising began to take the firm  most familiar to as today.

Winstan fletche (1979), identifies the following determinant of the strength of a billboard advertising, such as, the number of posters put in any given area the size of the poster, the specific sitting of the poster and the length of the campaign. Because of the problem of the more boards in a given area, he greater the problem of dotter, many authorities regulate the sitting of boards as to prevent their indiscriminate location poster come in standard sizes referred to as sheets, the dimensions of a single sheet are usually expressed in inches for easy handling and processing. A single limit of sheet is usually 20 inches wide by 30 inches deep. The most commonly available poster format are 16 – sheets, 32 sheets and 48 sheets.

In addition, there is the painted board or bulletin boards, which are hand painted (in stead of printed posters) and typical sizes are 14 feet by 48 feet posters sited at busy locations or junctions with high human and vehicular traffics are often more effective than those at less endorsed locations. Furthermore, the longer the duration of a campaign the more impact it tend to have.

Outdoor advertising has become a major advertising firms in Enugu metropolis and an indispensable source of revenue for Enugu state government while advertisers buys space in newspaper and magazines, for outdoor he went sites. In Enugu metropolis, renting a site centres on an advertiser the right of having his poster displayed on the site. To do this, advertise or his agency will retain an outdoor advertising company. The advertising companies will have to usually built and acquire a particular site it wants or chooses from the one’s the billboard company supplies. It pays the outdoor agency for the production of the poster as well as rental fee for the sites. Its media and client service monitor the posting, to ensure that all the sites are constantly and clearly posted throughout the duration of the campaign.

For all the media enumerated, management of the advertising operation is very delicate task, since in most cases, advertising represents a significance source of corporate profitability. For billboard companies particularly, the key task will entail keeping a Table of content on advertising agencies and salutation so that they can use the billboard firm for their campaign. Other task include monitoring of sites to ensure that poster are in good order and property posted, invoicing agencies for sites created and posted, ensuring prompt payments, and prompt payment of rental charges to the state government via local authority in executive this research, the research will try to identify why billboard advertising seems to be more popular than other means of advertising in terms of product promotion in Enugu metropolis. Also this study will try to find out the acceptability of billboard advertising in the society. Among other things, this study also hopes to establish the contribution of billboards to product promotion and consumption.

1.2            STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEMS

There as been an appreciable growth in product and services promotion activities by marketers in Nigeria, especially through advertising. Recently, below, the line advertising especially billboard has gained tremendous popularity. Going hand the major loads and street in Enugu metropolis particularly strategic location will reveal the degree of usage and number of colourful billboard of various sizes carrying advertisement promotion products of various manufactures.

They are located in strategic traffic points. Also rural areas are not spread of this billboard gavone why his sudden increase in the use of billboard? Could it be that billboard has acquired new potency for product promotion? This and many were ignited the researcher, to look into the effect of billboard in product promotion with specially emphasis on Enugu metropolis as a case study.

1.3            OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

This study has among other objective the followings:

1. To find out it billboard advertising is increasing in Enugu metropolis.
2. To determine the effectiveness of billboard advertising in product promotion.
3. To determine why it appeals to prospect product consumers.
4. To find out whether it carried or reinforces the same message a other medium in the same product.
5. To find out the contribution to environmental beauty or otherwise.

1.4            RESEARCH QUESTIONS

For this study, the following questions are raised.

1. Is billboard advertising on the increase in Enugu metropolis.
2. Do Nigerian advertisers patronize billboard advertising?
3. Do billboard advertising influence consumers in Enugu metropolis
4. Does billboard advertisement message reinforce electronic and print media message?
5. Does billboard advertising contribute to environmental beauty?

1.5            SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study brings to our knowledge the degree of influence other product promotion activities and advertising exerts on billboard advertising.

The study will also serve as a guide to manufactures and advertisers in their day to day management of product promotion via the billboard advertising on the other hand, this study will serve as literature /good feasibity study for prospective investors in billboard advertising sub-sectors.

1.6            HYPOTHESES

Note: our case study can be changed to suit your desire location . we are here for your success.

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THE ROLE OF COMMUNITY PUBLIC IN CONFLICT MANAGEMENT

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE

DEDICATION

ABSTRACT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CAHPTER ONE

1.0     Introduction

1.1     The Background of the study

• Government Involvement in the oil Industry and the birth of (the NNPC (Nigeria National Petroleum Corporation)
• History of shell in Nigeria
• Public Relations Practice in Rot Harcourt The hing Company Limited (PHRC) and shell Development Company of Nigeria

• Statement of Research Problems
• The Purpose (Objective) of the Study
• Significance of the Study
• Research Questions
• Research hypothesis
• Definition of Terms
• Assumptions
• Scope and Limitations of the study

References

CHAPTER TWO

• Literature Review

2.1     Sources of Literature

• The Review
  • Community Relations
  • Crisis Management and Resolution
  • Issues Management
  • Planning and Prevention of crisis

References

CHAPTER THREE

• Methodology

3.1     Research Design

• Research Design
• Research Sample
• Measuring Instrument
• Data Collection
• Analysis of Data

CHAPTER FOUR

4.O    Data Analysis and Result Presentation

• An overview
• Analysis of Responses of the staff of Public Relation Department
• Analysis of Responses of the public
• Hypothesis Testing
• Discussions of findings

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0     Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation

• Summary of the Study
• Conclusion
• The commendations

BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPENDICES

Appendix   I – Questionnaire for staff

Appendix   II – Questionnaire for the Pubic

ABSTRACT

This Project work was based on the role of public Relation is conflict management between oil producing communities and oil companies. The study was however contained to two major oil companies namely, the shall petroleum Development Company (SPDC) and the part.

Harcourt Returing Company (PHRC). In addition, Eleme Local Government Area Ikwere Local Government Area all in Rivers State which are lost communities to both shell and PHRC were used as case study.

To ensure that the aim is achieved, the work was divided into five chapters, while chapter one deals with the introduction to the Project, Including the theory base, research problems and hypothesis as well as scope and objectives and assumptions of the study, chapter Two involved literature Review. The research methodology in chapter three included the research design, sample instrument, data collection and analysis, procedure, while the expected results were also outlined.

The data collected in respect of the project were analysed in chapter four and elaborate discussions on the topic made. While in chapter five, the study was summarized, conclusion drawn and recommendation made.

CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION

1.1     THE BACKGOUND OF THE STUDY

The Importance of petroleum to Nigeria can only be fully appreciated when one realizes the dominant role it plays in our economy. Petroleum production and export is the anchor of the Nigerian economy providing almost 90 percent of our export earnings. The communities where these oil producing companies were sited are not left out from being beneficiaries.

Moreover, oil prospecting began in Nigeria as far back as 1908, when a German Company, the Nigeria Bitumen corporation started exploration in the Araromi area west of Nigeria, now Undo State. Their pioneering efforts, however ended with the outbreak of the first world war in 1914. In 1937, oil prospecting resumed in Nigeria, shell D’ Arey ( The foreunner of the present shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria) was awarded the sole concessionary rights covering the whole territory of Nigeria. Their activities were again interrupted by the second world war, but resumed in 1947, however, it was not until 1956 that oil was discovered in commercial quantities at Oloibiri in the Niger Delta after several years of search and an investment of over N30 Million. Shell started oil production and export from its Oloibiri field in 1958.

By 1961, other companies such as Mobil, Agip, Safrip, Texaco (Now Total thira) had be an exploration activities for oil are of Nigeria. The exploration which had formerly been grant to shell alone, was no extend to the newcomers in line with the Government’s policy of increasing the face of exploration in the country through which more communities came to be beneficiaries.

The main objective of oil companies today is the exploration and production of oil and other hydrocarbons.

Today, oil revenue from the mainstay of the economy, unlike the early tities and sixties, agriculture was the traditional economic blessing of the country. With the little or non-functioning of agricultural production, oil companies are therefore, expected to labour harder to achieve the expectation and objectives of this beloved country known as the produced of the “black gold”. The communities also have increased in their pronounced need for compensation from oil spillage. This was how public relations machinery came into the surface to be the middleman to dialogue between the communities and the companies existing within their premises.

It was in this process in 1969 that the Federal government backed up the business of oil exploration and exploitation with the instrument of law, thereby making hydrocarbons discovery in the country an exclusive property of the Federal Government. The oil prospecting decree was promulgated in 1969.

AN ANALYSIS OF NEWSPAPER READERSHIP PATTERN AMONG THE YOUTHS (A CASE STUDY OF I.M.T STUDENTS)

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ABSTRACT

This study was carried out to determine the Newspaper Readership pattern among the youth. This arose because it was thought that the youths did not read newspapers and their use of other media was minimal.

Against the background of seemingly lack of readership among the youths, questionnaires were drawn and administered to ascertain the extent of reading habit formed by this group.

The students of the Institute of management and Technology Enugu were used as case study. This was good sample as they represent the youths found all over the country.

They all experienced similar socio-economic dilemma. They are also faced with financial crisis as well as education problems.

250 respondents were sampled randomly and data analysed and presented as percentages in frequency distribution tables.

The work traced the reading habits found among the youths. Research questions and hypotheses were used as guides for analysis and conclusions respectively.

The work reviewed other literature on the topic and found out what their results were. The conclusions drawn were based both on other related works of literature and the results gathered form the questionnaire.

The result showed that there were indeed readership patterns among the youths. They showed that students read newspapers and they also buy them on regular basis. The majority of the respondents bought and read when they found convenient. Only a small group hardly bought or read.

Results also showed that students who bought were both more financially and academically favoured than others that had lower reading habit.

It was also found out that sex was on barrier to who read and what was read. The female students read more than the male students, but they both reads the same contents in their favourite newspapers.

Male youths read entertainment news in equal proportion with the female youths. There was also equal reading proportion in contents that have to do with features politics, world news, etc.

At the end of the study, recommendations were made about activities that will help the youth to develop their readership pattern for the newspaper and other media.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
• PROBLEM STATEMENT
• OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
• RESEARCH QUESTIONS
• DEFINITION OF TERMS
• ASSUMPTIONS
• LIMITATIONS OF STUDY
• SUMMARY

REFERENCES

CHAPTER TWO

• LITERATURE REVIEW
• SUMMARY

REFERENCES

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

• RESEARCH METHOD
• RESEARCH DESIGN
• RESEARCH SAMPLE
• DATA COLLECTION
• METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS
• SUMMARY

REFERENCES

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

• INTRODUCTION OF DATA ANALYSIS
• RESEARCH QUESTION
• DISCUSSION

REFERENCES

CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

• CONCLUSION
• RECOMMENDATIONS
• APPENDIXES

BIBLIOGRAPHY

QUESTIONNAIRE

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUND OF STUDY

The explosion of youth in the population of Nigeria generally has been a cause of interest to the economists as they study consumerism.

This branch of economics helps to determine the consumer patterns and behaviours

Communication is very vital to the growth and development of the psycho-social make-up of a man. This in turn equips the total man in fitting into healthy patterns modeled for definite objectives in national polity.

The background against which this study is being set up includes issues like literary level, the role of the newspapers (interest for the development of man). Other primary concerns are the factors that influence the purchase of the Newspapers, factors that influence the Newspapers, factors that influence the choice/preference of news content.

Sex dependent variables among the study of age brackets, etc. It is in view of this that a remote understanding of the history, mechanics and principles of communication is deemed vital to this study.

Since the existence of man varies, the other forms of communication have been invented to include intra/inter-personal, group, public and mass communication with each characterized by peculiar and specific channel of information dissemination. These channels have further been modified and divided into radio. Television, satellite and the Newspaper, magazine, books. The newspaper being one modified channel of information dissemination, present the element of research for this study.

Because of its important role in the development of the man. Since its invention in the neighbourhood of the 17^th century, it has undergone changes in both content and form. These aspects are worthy of note as they are structured to the readership pattern of the cross section of the society.

The mechanics of communication, which include pictures, cartoons and literate information, become a remote but powerful factor in creating an interest – pool from which a semi-pattern consequently emerges.

The principle of communication in the sense used in this work speak only of the laws of good communication, some of which are good grammar and syntax appropriate use of literary devices that are not hackneyed etc.

THE ROLE OF THIRD WORLD NEWS AGENCIES IN GLOBAL DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION (A CASE STUDY OF NEWS AGENCY OF NIGERIA (NAN)

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ABSTRACT

The man objective of this study is to investigate the roles of third world news Agencies in the Global Dissemination of Information. The News Agency of Nigeria (NAN) was used as a case study.

A survey research method was used in the study and a sample of one hundred (1000 persons were selected and administered with questionnaire).

Five hypotheses were formulated and tested for the study. The chi-square was used in the analysis of the data collected from the respondents. Simple percentage was also used in data analysis.

The result of the study was that the third world News Agencies played great roles in the global dissemination of information.

The researcher also made a number of recommendations to guide further studies in the related are of study.

CHAPTER ONE

1.1    Background of the study:

This study sets out to investigate the role of third world News Agencies in the global dissemination of information using News Agency of Nigeria (NAN) as a case study.

News agencies are the bodies responsible for the dissemination are the bodies responsible for the dissemination of world information. They have correspondents who play the role of carrying news across borders.

Some correspondents such as those working for television and Newspaper report back to media in their own countries and they approach the news from the view points of specific readers and viewers. Others report to agencies which distribute their news nationally or internationally circulated magazines and they attempt to achieve a more universal outlook including details of interest to readers from many countries.

News agencies are sometimes called wire services. This is because their offices are literally lived to their clients by wires and cables over which news and pictures flow. Some sophisticated system also employ satellite networks.

News agencies gather, write edit and send news stories features, analyses and other materials to clients mostly newspaper magazines, radio and television stations. The service is also available to commercial houses and individuals seeking news such as those wishing market information. The clients depend on the agencies for the news or information that they cannot gather on their own for economic or other factors.

There are three categories of news agencies. The first category comprises of those agencies known world wide and often referred to as trans-national news agencies or world news agencies. The world news agencies include, Associated press (AP) United press International (UPI) felegraphorin Agenstro Sovets Kavo Soiuza (FASKS) Agency France Press (AFP) and Renters.

The second category includes new agencies that have clients and correspondents in many countries but whose services are not spread to every part of the globe like those of the world news agencies. For example, India Press Trust (INPT) pan African news agencies of individual countries of developing countries. These news agencies are found in African Latin American and Asian Countries.

The news agency of Nigeria (NAN) belongs to the third would news agencies. The third world National news agencies act as gate keepers in determining what information from the global flow gets their national media in some cases, deciding what internal news gets into the international system as well.

They are as varied as the third world itself. Some news agencies still exist mostly on papers and emphasis on development of national agencies by UNESCO and the I PDC quickly out dates printed summaries.

A report to the MAC Bride commission based on data from the India 1970’s claimed that about 120 national had news agencies but that about not, including 24 with population in excess of one million people. A more recent (SUSSMAN 1982) survey counted 104 third world agencies, there quarters of them operating under three quarters of them operating under some form of government control.

NAN was founded as a state enterprise and began operations for about 8 years ago like most news organizations, its charter callers for it to report news and opinion in a professional and objective manner.

Influence of Television Violence on the Behaviour of Children (A Study on Awka Metropolis, Anambra State)

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Abstract

This study is conceived to investigate the influence of television violence on children; a focus on Awka metropolis, Anambra state. The aim is to know the extent to which violence on television influences aggressive behavior in children and sort to enlighten parents on the need to monitor the content of programmes their children watch or tune to. The survey research method was employed in carrying out this work. The researcher drew up questionnaire items and prepared interview questions with which she went to the field. With those measuring instruments for data collection, the researcher was able to come back with satisfactory data that revealed that programmes on television and other related medium do have strong negative influence on children more than the positive. Television also makes the children see the world as a mean dangerous place to be. The researcher recommends that parents should watch and evaluate programmes before allowing their children to watch them. The researcher concludes that television affects both adults and children in subtle ways and that television violence was identified as an effective tool in stimulating learning with a strong impact for change.

 Chapter One

Introduction

• Background of the Study

Television has been regarded as the most effective spontaneous electronic message carrier of our time since its inception.

It was the early motion pictures that first inspired questions on the impact of the entertainment media on society. They debate on whether media portrayal of violence and newspapers pages are tools for influencing violence. According to Encyclopedia Britannia, the word “Television” was derived from a Greek world “Viedre” meaning “to see”, television has the power to bring into focus pictures and sounds of events form around the world to millions of homes. Concern about television violence on television began in the earliest days of the medium in the late 1940’s and its explosive growth in the 50’s families with children were among the first to acquire television sets and children tended to watch a lot of television programmes like cartoons and comedies which contains violent scenes.

According to Oladapo (1992), television is the most powerful means in which most children get influenced by what they watch on it. Most children try to imitate what they see on television, violence is shown on television everyday and this violence should therefore be minimized. In Nigeria, most children witness lots of television violence without control or being controlled. Television violence on Nigeria television station can come also in form of foreign action movies, local television programmes etc. Television violence exposes children to violence in real life; therefore it is usually condemned as bad influence in the society.

Parents become worried that their children would imitate and adopt some of the violent programmes they watch, besides cartoons and adult programmes. Children were watching more violence films than their parents had experienced in their youths.

However, broadcast become sensitive to the issue when in 1951 the first television code was enacted in America which had a paragraph or violence in the section of children programmes. It asserted that “television programmes were glorifying violence and had long been encouraging aggressive behaviour on children. The general viewing pattern is one of the steady rises in the number of hours viewed from early childhood through preadolescence and then a sharp drop in viewing during adolescent years. The nature of violent scenes differed (ie. contextual differences could vary) and as such, the content viewed is considered more important than the number of viewing.

Television violence that is glamorized, sanitized and trivialized, teaches that violence is a solution to problems as a result of this, children now tend to be violent, aggressive and disrespectful to any body. However, the concern about violence as well as the way men and women are portrayed, and also how ethic minorities are portrayed and various concerns about advertising and other content issue have continued to this day but our major concern here is television violence and its influence.