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POLITICAL SCIENCE PROJECT MATERIAL SAMPLE

THE EFFECTS OF MILITANCY ON DEVELOPMENT OF THE NIGERIASTATE

THE EFFECTS OF MILITANCY ON DEVELOPMENT OF THE NIGERIASTATE

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ABSTRACT

For so many years, the Niger Delta Region has been oppressed by the Military and Civilian Government. This research work examines the effect of Militancy on the Development of the Nigeria states. It relied on secondary source such as books, journals, newspaper articles. It focuses on damage and the negativity as a result of the operation of the militant. Also attempt on how the crises can be solve. This is mainly by creating Jobs and equitable sharing of the resources. The research therefore recommends that the administration of YarAdua should as a matter of urgency create a welfare package people of Niger Delta by creating Jobs and building of industries in the region.

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Niger Delta struggle has never ceased to throw up all kinds of character. The agitation for better treatment of this oil – bearing region has yielded the likes of Harold Dappa Biriye, Adako Boro, Henry Okah, better known as Jomo Abomo (Ademola, 2009. 30).With the arrest of Henry Okah, while on a mission to buy fire arms in Angola, Government Edpoemupolo, alia Tompolo, is easily the most dreaded and influential warlord in the Niger Delta region today (Ademola 2009).

The fear of Tompolo is the beginning of wisdom and even governors deters to him in the interest of peace (Ademola,2009).The criminality that reign in the Niger Delta in form of oil theft, kidnapping of expatriate oil workers, fellow Nigerians and Sabotage of oil installations has made Angola to overtake Nigeria as Africa’s biggest oil producer. (Tokunbo, 2009. 34).In the Niger Delta Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Limited (SPDC) is the largest oil and gas; exploration and production in joint venture with Nigeria National Petroleum Co-operation holds 5%, Shell 30% and Agip 5%. The company, Shell Petroleum Development Company was granted an exploration license in1938, and discovered the first commercial oil field at Oloibiri in the Niger Delta in 1956 leading to the first export of oil in 1958. (Ogbe, 2006).

The Niger Deltans are people living in the coastal area of the country. This people are naturally blessed with mineral resources especially oil. The oil is supposedly to be blessing to the people in the region, but with what is happening now in the region, the reverse is the case. Violence and criminality in the Niger Delta has escalated since the country returned to democratic rule in 1999. Why because of marginalization.

The Niger Deltans are mostly farmers and fishermen. Since oil exploration began, damages have been done to the aquatic life of the plant, farm product and fish in the rivers as a result of oil spillages in the area. With this operation, the people of Niger Delta region mostly, those living in the creek have been affected and they are not finding it easy. Many of them are suffering from lack of food, no good road, no water even electricity, it was as a result of this that the people began to cry of “what is the meaning at this”? And marginalization in the Niger Delta areas, over 90% of the substance and revenue generation of the country is derived from the Niger Delta region (Adebanwi, 2001).

Unfortunately, many of them are living in abject poverty and cannot afford three square meals in a day. These issues of neglect have been on for decades, and this has put the Niger Delta region in depth crisis of monumental proportion. This crisis is manifested in various forms. Pipeline vandalization, killing and kidnapping.(Ademola 2009).Apparently, the issue of militancy in Niger Delta recently took serious effect since the inception of democratic rule since 1999. It was absolutely when the then government of Delta state started making emphasis on resource control; these actually opened the eyes of the boys. “That was the origin of the problem in Niger Delta” (Nwosu 2009).

The people of the Niger Delta are facing a lot of problems. The harm has been done with this entire concession thing, over the years, armed groups have emerged, a greater share of Nigeria oil wither for oil bearing communities in the region. Among the major groups is the Niger Delta people volunteer force (NDPVF) led by Alhaji Mujaahid Asari Dokunbo who was incarcerated and charged with treason under the administration of then president Olusegun Obasanjo (Nwosu, 2009)

1.1 Statement of Problems

The prevailing crises and war – like situation in the Niger Delta most especially in the creek has been so tensed that, one has to be very careful in analyzing the cause and effect. The militant operation in the Niger Delta has made thing not to be working out well and this has affected the nation economically, politically and socially (Ogbe, 2009).This observation remains

 

philosophy project material sample

THE EFFECT OF LONG TERM ADMINISTRATION OF ARTEMETHER/LUMENFANTRINE ON SEMEN QUALITY AND HISTOLOGY OF THE TESTIS IN ALBINO MICE

THE EFFECT OF LONG TERM ADMINISTRATION OF ARTEMETHER/LUMENFANTRINE ON SEMEN QUALITY AND HISTOLOGY OF THE TESTIS IN ALBINO MICE  

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                                                           ABSTRACT

This study was designed to investigate the effects of long term administration of Artmether/Lumenfantrine  on semen quality and histology of the testis  in albino mice. This study lasted for twenty-three (23) days, within which the mice were acclimatized, inoculated with Plasmodium  berghei  parasite, administered with Artemeter/Lumenfantrine and sacrificed. A total of twenty five (25) mice were used for the study and were grouped into five groups (n=5) with five mice per group. All the mice were fed with rat chow and clean drinking water, under regulated environmental factors such as temperature. Group ‘A’ mice were used as the control mice. Group ‘B’ mice were infected with malaria.  Group ‘C’ mice were infected with malaria and treated once with 56mg/kg of Artemether/Lumenfantrine. Group ‘D’ mice were infected with malaria and treated  twice with 56mg/kg of Artemether/Lumenfantrine. Group ‘E’ mice were infected with malaria and treated thrice with 112mg/kg of Artemether/Lumenfantrine. The drug was administered to the animals as solution using orgastric tube. The dosage was 56mg/kg Artemether/Lumenfantrine administered twice daily between an 8-hour interval for two days. This treatment of malaria was done on three occasions, which connoted the short-term, middle-term, and long-term administration of Artemether/Lumenfantrine. Upon sacrificing the mice,  to show the effect of long term administration of artemether/ lumenfantrine on semen quality and histology of the testis  the results were rendered using ± SEM and statistically analyzed using ANOVA with significant level (p<0.05). Comparing  the  results,  of a normal albino mice and infected malaria albino mice showed significant decrease (p<0.05) when compared to control group. However, it is noteworthy that long term administration can decrease the quality of semen and the histology of the testis.

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE      –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –    i

CERTIFICATION        –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –    ii

DEDICATION    –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –   iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT      –       –       –       –                –       –   iv

ABSTARCT        –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –    v

TABLE OF CONTENT –       –       –       –       –       –       –   vi

 

1.0    INTRODUCTION        –       –       –       –       –       –       –  1

1.1    Background of study –       –       –       –       –       –  1

1.2 Research problem        –       –       –       –       –       –       –  3

1.3 Scope of study     –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –  4

1.4 Aim and objectives of study –       –       –       –       –       –   5

1.5 Justification of study   –       –       –       –       –       –       –   5

1.6 Significance of study    –       –       –       –       –       –       –   6

CHAPTER TWO

2.0    LITERATURE REVIEW       –       –       –       –       –       –   7

2.1 Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System   –       –       –   7

2.1.0  Scrotum  –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –   7

2.1.1 Testes       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –   7

2.1.2  Epididymis      –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –   8

2.1.3  Spermatic Cords and Ductus Deferens      –       –       –   8

2.1.4  The ductus deferens         –       –       –       –       –       –   9

2.1.5  Seminal Vesicles      –       –       –       –       –       –       –   9

2.1.6  Ejaculatory Duct      –       –       –       –       –       –       –   9

2.1.7 Urethra    –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –  10

2.1.8  Prostate   –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –  10

2.2 Cowper’s Glands  –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –  10

 

2.2.1 Penis        –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –  11

2.2.2 The human semen    –       –       –       –       –       –       –  11

2.2.3 Physiology of the Male Reproductive System       –       –  15

2.2.3.1 Spermatogenesis    –       –       –       –       –       –       –  15

2.2.3.2 Testosterone  –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –  16

2.2.4 Fertilization      –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –  16

2.2.5 Male Infertility –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –  17

2.2.6 Medical causes –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –  17

2.2.7 Environmental causes       –       –       –       –       –       –  20

2.2.8 Radiation or X-rays.  –       –       –       –       –       –       –  21

2.2.8 Malaria     –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –  23

2.2.8.1 Symptoms of malaria     –       –       –       –       –       –  25

2.2.8.2 Causes of  malaria –       –       –       –       –       –  26

2.2.8.3 Preventing malaria –       –       –       –       –       –  27

2.2.8.4 Treating malaria     –       –       –       –       –       –       –  28

2.2.8.5 Complications of malaria        –       –       –       –       –  28

2.2.9  Malaria and the human immune system   –       –       –  29

2.3 Effects of Malaria on the Cardiovascular System   –  30

2.3.1 Effect of malaria on the renal system –       –       –  31

2.3.2 Chemical Balance     –       –       –       –       –       –       –  31

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Materials and Methods –       –       –       –       –       –  36
3.1.  Locations  –       –       –       –       –       –       –         –     –  36

3.2 Inoculation of Malaria Parasite     –       –       –       –       –  37

3.3 Determination of Parasitemia       –       –       –       –       –  37

3.4 Experimental Design    –       –       –       –       –       –       –  38

3.5 Animal Treatment        –       –       –       –       –       –       –  39  3.6 Drug Administration    –       –       –       –       –       –       –  39

3.6.1 Artemether/Lumefantrine –       –       –       –       –  39

3.7 Collection of Sample    –       –       –       –       –       –       –  40

3.8 Procedure for semen Analysis       –       –       –       –       –  40

3.9    Sperm Count   –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –  40

3.10  Sperm motility  –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –  41

3.11  Sperm morphology   –       –       –       –       –       –       –  41

3.12  Hormonal Assay        –       –       –       –       –       –       –  42

3.13  Preparation of Tissues for Histological Analysis           –  42

3.14      Photomicrography –    –      –     –      –      –      –     – 43

3.15      Analysis –      –   –    –    –     –     –       –      –      –    43

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0    RESULTS          –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –  44

4.1    The Effect of Artemether/Lumefantrine on

Sperm count of Malaria infected mice –       –       –  44

4.2    The effect of Artemether/Lumefantrine on percentage  47

of normal Sperm motility of Malaria infected mice

4.3    The Effect of Artemether/Lumefantrine on percentage 47

of normal Sperm morphology of Malaria infected mice.

 

 

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0    DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION      –         –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –  49

5.1    Discussion        –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –  49

5.2    Conclusion        –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –  51

  • Recommendation –       –       –       –       –       –       –  51

REFERENCES   –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –  52

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.0    INTRODUCTION

1.1    Background of study    

Malaria is a global disease that is predominant in the tropic and cause by the blood parasite, plasmodium oval, plasmodium falciparum, plasmodium malariae, and plasmodium vavix. Malaria has a great morbidity and mortality than any other infectious disease of the world (Hall 1998; WHO, 2000). Commonly, the disease is transmitted by a bite from an infected female Anopheles mosquito, which introduces the organisms from its saliva into a person’s circulatory system. In the blood, the parasites travel to the liver to mature and reproduce. Malaria causes symptoms that typically include fever and headache, which in severe cases can progress to coma or death. Survey show that 90℅ of the world cases of malaria occur in sub-Saharan Africa (WHO, 2005).Nine out of ten cases in this disease occur in this region and record over one million death (Smith, 1978). Malaria is typically diagnosed by the microscopic examination of blood using blood films, or with antigen-based rapid diagnostic tests. Modern techniques that use the polymerase chain reactionto detect the parasite’s DNAhave also been developed, but these are not widely used in malaria- endemicareas due to their cost and complexity.( Weinke et al., 1991)  Malaria in Nigeria is endemic and constitutes a major health problem. Despite the curable nature of the disease, malaria related death outcome account up to 11% 0f maternal mortality, 25% of infant mortality and 30% of under five year of mortality (WHO, 2012), resulting in about 300,000 childhood death annually. The vast majority of the death occur among children under five years of age and pregnant women (Philips, 2011), especially in remote rural area with poor access to health.  initial manifestations of the disease—common to all malaria species—are similar to flu-like symptoms, (Agbenyega and Zammarchi 2012) and can resemble other conditions such as septicemia, gastroenteritis, and viral diseases. The presentation may include headache, fever, shivering, joint pain, vomiting, hemolytic anemia, jaundice, hemoglobin in the urine, retinal damage, and convulsions (Beareet al.,2006).

  The combination artemether/lumefantrine is a fixed-dose combination artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) indicated for the treatment of acute uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria (Abdullaet al.,2008). is safe and well tolerated; majority of its adverse events are of mild or moderate severity mostly affecting gastrointestinal and nervous systems; however, most are typical of the symptomatology of malaria or concomitant infections (Abdulla et al., 2008; Gemperli et al., 1999Nothdurft et al., 2008; Falade et al., 2005). Although Artemether/lumefantrine possesses similar chemical structure with halofantrine which is known to cause cardiac arrhythmia and sudden death, safety studies have not shown lumefantrine to be cardiotoxic or to prolong QTc interval at therapeutic doses (Norvatis, 2008; Manyando et al., 2009).

Artemether/lumefantrine can cause anaphylactic reactions. The drug frequently causes headache, dizziness and anorexia, although mild forms in most cases. Other fairly common side effects (more than 3% of patients) include sleep disorder, tinnitus, tremor, palpitation, as well as unspecific reactions like vertigo, gastrointestinal disorders, itch and nasopharyngitis (Abdulla, 2008).

                                                                  

PSYCHOLOGY PROJECT MATERIAL SAMPLE

EFFECT OF GENDER AND LOCALITY ON ALTRUISTIC BEHAVIOR AMONG ADULTS

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CHAPTER ONE:  INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study –       –       –       –       –       –       1

Purpose of the Study       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       5

Statement of the Problem –       –       –       –       –       –       6

Operational Definition of Terms       –       –       –       –       –       7

 

CHAPTER TWO:  LITERATURE REVIEW

Theoretical Review   –       –       –       –       –       –       –       8

Empirical Review     –       –       –       –       –       –       –       14

Summary of the Review   –       –       –       –       –       –       26

Hypotheses      –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       27

CHAPTER THREE:   METHODOLOGY

Participants     –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       28

Instrument       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       29

Procedure –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       31

Design and Statistics       –       –       –       –       –       –       31

 

CHAPTER FOUR

Results    –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       32

 

CHAPTER FIVE

Discussion       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       35

Implications of the Findings        –       –       –       –       40

Limitations of the Study- –       –       –       –       –       –       41

Suggestions of Further Research     –       –       –       –       42

Summary and Conclusion           –           –           –           –           —          –           42       

Recommendations   –       –       –       –       –       –       –       43

References       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       44

Appendix I

Questionnaire on Altruistic Behavior   –       —      –

 

Appendix II

Calculation of spilt Half Reliability Coefficient

using pearson product moment correlation

coefficient based on data obtained from pilot study –

 

Appendix III

 Raw scores and squared scores of gender and

locality on Altruistic behavior among Adults   –       –

 

Appendix IV

Calculation on Two-Way ANOVA    –       –       –       –

 

LIST OF TABLES

Table I:    Summary table of mean on the effect of

gender and locality on altruistic behavior

among adults. 

 

Table II:   Summary table of two way-ANOVA on the

effect of gender and locality on altruistic

behavior among adults.  

 

ABSTRACT

This study investigated gender and locality on altruistic behavior among adults. A total of 100 participants comprising 50 males (25 rural and 25 urban), 50 females (25 rural and 25 urban) were used. The  participants who were within the age range of 25-55 years has a mean age of 41 years. A 15 tem questionnaire designed to measure-altruistic behavior was used. A 2 x 2 factorial design was adopted based on 2 levels of gender as factor; male/female, and 2 level of locality as a factor; Rural/Urban areas. Hence two-way ANOVA – F Test was applied as a statistical test to analyze the data. However, the findings showed no significant effect of gender on altruistic behavior [F (1,96) = 1.13, P>.05]. There was a significant effect of locality [F (1,96) = 67.95 <.01]. Those in the rural area were found to have higher level of altruism than those in the Urban areas. There was no interaction effect of gender and locality on altruistic behavior [F (1,96) = 34.92 >.05]. The findings were discussed in relation to the literature reviewed and recommendations were also made.

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

We have considered whether helping could be a genetically transmitted product of evolution. But perhaps helping ruin in families rather than through the whole human race.    Some individuals have a stronger genetically based prosperity to keep than do others. One of the classic puzzle about social behavior is why human perform action that keep society.

        In 1944, a young Swedish diplomat named Raoul Wallenberg was sent into Baudapest, Hungary, with instructions from the Nazis. Wallenberg was an imaginative young man whose heroes were Charlie Chaplin and Mark brothers. Wellenberg decided to collect assortment of official-cooking Hungarcain documents, such as driver’s license and tax receipts, and try to pass them off to the German as “Swedish” protective “passports”. In a typical act of creative heroism, he dimmed? On top of a moving train carrying hundreds of Jews to the death camps. He then ran along the roof, dropping the passport through the air vent.

        Finally, he ordered the train to stop and release all the “Swedish citizens”. Raoul eventually saved more than 100,000 women, men and children through creative but exceptionally risked actions as (Folge man 1944 Wellenberg, 1990). Another example of altruism is that of Suzu Valadez, the woman who bring food and supplies to people living near the mellican garbage dump.        Altruism is a voluntary help fullness that is motivated by concern about the responsibility of personal reward (Midlarsky Kahana 1944).

        Altruism as a prosocial behavior is voluntary action that benefits another person. Prosocial behavior can include; comforting, helping, rescuing sharing, and co-operating, (Elsenberg 1992). In general, prosocial children have parents who are nuturant and supportive, often providing a model of prosocial behavior Zahn and Smith (1992). For instance individual who were active in the civil right movement during the 1950’s and 1960’s were likely to have parents who had vigorously worked for social cases in previous decades (Elsenberg 1992). Batson (1995) aggress that altruism is often selfishly motivated. However, people are sometimes purely altruistic and not the least but selfish. Batson (1995) proposes that we often help other people because we experience empathy, which means that we feel the same pain, suffering, or other emotion that someone else feels for example, you may feel empathy for a friend who did not get the job he hoped for.

        We mentioned that altruism is often selfish motivated, specifically, we may help other people for two major selfish reasons:

  1. We want to avoid the personal pain of seeing someone suffer or else the guilt of not helping someone in distress.
  2. We want to share vicariously the joy that someone feels when his or her life improves.

Notice, then that these reasons represent two different kinds selfishness, the first avoids personal pain and the second seeks out personal pleasure. Batson primary contribution is the research in altruism is that he has demonstrated how people can be altruistic when their empathy is roused, even when neither the “avoiding personal pain” nor the “seeking vicarious joy hypothesis can operate.”

Altruistic people were likely to come from families who encourage their children to think how their own action would have consequences for other people. This focus seems likely to encourage compassion. The parents themselves also served as model of altruistic behaviors. They encourage their children to ignore social class, race, and religion in choosing their friends. As a result, these same children grew into adult who could appreciate the similarities that bind all humans to one another. They are less likely to emphasize the kind of boundaries that separate “as” from “them”

Finally, it is obvious that we can be altruistic for a variety of reasons, we can be altruistic because we want to avoid personal pain and guilty, we are sometimes be altruistic because we want to experience vicarious joy. However, we can also be altruistic when neither of these more selfish rationales is relevant. Instead we help other people because we feel a bond with them. Our empathy is aroused, we want to reduce their distress and improve their lives.

In view of the above, the researcher want to investigate whether such factors like gender and locality will affect altruistic behavior among adults.

 

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The aims of this study are as follows!

To determine whether gender will significantly influence altruistic behavior among Adults.

        To determine whether locality will significantly influence altruistic behavior among Adults.       

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Often times, it perturbs me why we should not be our brothers keeper. However, I noticed that some individuals find it difficult to render help to others while very few see it as a way of life. Whenever I travel to the village, I noticed high degree of love from rural dwellers which I find difficult to see in the Urban areas. This gives me worry in addition to this, there is always an argument that males renders  prosocial help more than female. In other to give answers to this opinion and also to know how much we help ourselves, the present study was born. It came to the pick when I asked why people find it difficult to help strangers, accident victims etc.

        Therefore, the following problems would be addressed in this study.    

 Will gender significantly influence altruistic behavior among Adults?

        Will locality significantly influence altruistic behavior among Adults.

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

Altruistic behavior – An act of help in which the person doesn’t look for reward or the  consequence. In this study participants who scores above 30 on altruistic behavior scale exhibits high altruistic behavior while score below 30 is a low altruistic behavior.

Gender: Being male or female.

Locality: Rural and Urban Areas.

 

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First Bank:
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
Account Name: 3059320631

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Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
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CHAPTER ONE

 

Introduction                                                                                      1

Background of the study                                                         1

1.1            Statement of problem                                                    5

1.2            Purpose of the Study                                                     6

1.3            Research Questions                                                       7

1.4            Significance of the study                                                         8

1.5            Delimitation of the study                                                         9

1.6            Definition of terms                                                                  10

CHAPTER TWO

Literature review                                                                     12

2.1            Perspective on Computer                                                        12

2.2            Computer and organizational output/productivity                  18

2.3            Computer and workload                                                         25

2.4            Computer and workers health                                       29

2.5            Computer and redundancy                                            30

2.6            Synthesis of literature                                                    39

CHAPTER THREE

Research methodology                                                            40

3.1            Area of Study                                                                40

3.2            Research design                                                             41

3.3            Population                                                                     41

3.4            Sample and sampling technique                                              42

3.5            Instrument for data collection                                        43

3.6            Method of gathering and Administering of data            43

3.7            Validation of research                                                    43

3.8            Method of data analysis                                                43

CHAPTER FOUR

Data presentation                                                                    44

CHAPTER FIVE

Summary of findings, conclusion,

And recommendation                                                              51

5.1            Summary of findings                                                     51

5.2            Conclusion                                                                     52

5.3            Recommendations                                                                   52

5.4            Suggestion topics for further research                                     54

5.5            Limitation                                                                      54

Bibliography                                                                           55

Questionnaire

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ABSTRACT

 

The degree to which computer is used in offices has been of serious concern to secretarial profession. This study investigated the impact of the introduction of the computer on the secretarial profession and how the secretarial react to the introduction of computer.

In order to arrive at a conclusive decision on the above objective, the researcher carried out a library research, interviews and questionnaires.

The populations of this study consisted of hundred secretaries in some selected banking institutions namely; First Bank of Nigeria Plc, Okpara Avenue, Union Bank of Nigeria Plc, Uwani and Abakpa Nike  Community Banking Limited. Questionnaire and Oral interview were used to collect data.

The statistical tools used are average and percentage. When the data was analyzed, it was found that secretaries do not react adversely to the introduction of computer in their offices, computer have created new skills for the secretary and have added some spices to their work. With the acquisition of such skills, secretaries are now seen as indispensable tool in the office, thus giving them good professional status. And it was recommended that secretaries should develop attitudes and learning skills that would enable them to take advantage of new opportunity.

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

 

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

 

Today, the business world  is  undergoing  far-reaching

Technological revolution due to  the  advancement  in  science. For all types of organizations to  succeed  in  today’s  rapidly  changing environment, they  need  to  be  able  to  be  process  data   and information  effectively.

latest project materials and topics

In conducting them  day  to day  operations  organization  use  information  for  functions  such  as  planning, controlling, directing,  organizing  and  diction  making.   Information therefore  is  unique actionably  a critical  resources  in  the  operations  of  all  organization  the  business men,  secretaries, students and  in  fact  everybody, would now readily see the indelible impact of modern technology on people lives.

 

In an organization, information moves from person, forms are completed, filed and received and individuals communicate variety of both simple and complex concepts. At the turn of the century most written information were complied by hand in pen and ink copies were made by hand and communicated was by letter, telegraph or in person.  Today most of the tedious functions related to information handling and processing are done through the computer.

For the secretaries, not only have their equipment changed, but also their administrative processes office routine management systems are similarly evolving into new forms.  Computers have replaced manual typewriters and electric typewriter while for machines replaced telex machines.  There are also different type of advanced communication gadget such as cellular phones, pager etc.  With this radical change, the secretaries are expected to change and be able to keep up with all these professional changes around them.  In accordance with the law of motion CHANGE is a constant phenomena.  If we look at the beginning of man to the present day, we would see that there had been tremendous change. If there had not occurred, man would have remained primitive hill today.  Change is a challenge and if we abide by change, it brings out the best in us thereby leading to erroneous progress.

The first office automatic machine were introduced 1930 and used paper rolls later paper tape as a form of memory.  BY the 1960s the international business machine (IBM) had introduced the selective go If ball typewriter which allows the typist to change the print element, the go If – ball to provide a different type font (character design and sign) another break through was the introduction of IBM’s magnetic tape selective typewriter.  This was followed by the introduction of a visual display unit (VDU) this allows the typist to see what I happening to the text as if being tyed amended and stored, but before it I being committed to paper or printed out.  In fact, electronic systems are now possible that they can sense absorbs store, categorize ponder, very high quantity.  Yet with greater accuracy, speed and reliability.  Coventry, (1981) indicated that Recent development of the micro processor, founded on the silicon chips has potentials likely to have a vast social repercussion through out financial industry, for a simple chip take over a high proportion of today’s office job P.21.  When we refer to computer system, we refer to information and communication system which are necessary for the functioning of the office.  We assume that data processing and word-processing play a large role and also that human system under lie these technical systems.  In an ideal situation therefore, the technology and the people function together harmoniously.

It is important to recognize that development and implementation of the computer is moving through several overlapping phases, each affecting differently.

In general, a distinction can be made between two classes of office workers.  The first are the information worker they are those who are involved in the routine entry, recording, storage and transmission of information, those who fall under this group of worker include – Typist, secretaries, clerks and data entry personal.

 

The second group are the knowledge works-this group aconite of those worker who create, interpret, analyze and utilize this information these knowledge worker can be divided into two (2) groups professional/technical employees and managers.

The main impact of the computer is simply to facilitate office operation as they are now being carried out.  For example the word professor replace the secretary’s type writers, the mini-computer replaces the clerk’s filing cabinets etc.  More recently professionals and secretaries have begun using personal computers and sophisticated calculators to speed up their work.  The timing of there development has largely been dictated by the emergence of the technology starting with the widespread introduction of word processor’s in the 1970’s, and it in the late 1970s and its legitimating as a business tool in 1981, with the introduction of the IBM P.C.

 

1.2            STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Up to the 190’s the use of the computer in this country was limited to very few multinational companies.  The secretary then had to contend with using manual and electric typewriters in performing her word processing function.

Furthermore storage and retrieval of information was by use of files, filing cabinets, index cards etc.  Accessing of other information had to be through telephone directories and other relevant specialized text meant for such purpose.

Many of the secretaries of the 80’s are still in employment. With the advent and widespread use of the computer are then wonders how these secretaries are adjusting to be new devices now prevalent in modern offices are they finding it easy or difficult?  Is the profession generally under threat by the introduction of the computer and the Internet?  What can be done to keep the secretary still relevant in to day’s modern business setting?  These and many more are what this research aims to find solutions for.

 

1.3            PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of this study is to thoroughly investigate on the impact of the introduction of the computer on the secretaries.

  1. How secretaries react or the attitude of secretaries towards the introduction of computers.
  2. To ascertain whether the introduction of computer has in any way improve the secretary’s work.
  3. To ascertain whether the introduction of computer has made it easy or difficult to adjust (especially the secretaries of the bank under investigation).
  4. To determine the problems encountered by secretaries in trying to adapt to changes in the nature of their work.
  5. To find out whether or not secretaries are involved in the planning and introduction of computers.

 

1.4            RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The research provided answers to the following research questions;

  1. How do secretaries react to the introduction of computer
  2. What problems are encountered by secretaries in trying to adapt to changes in the nature of their work.
  3. Are there orientation programmes in facilitating the adaptation to new changes of work
  4. Are secretaries involved in the planning and introduction of computers.

 

Banking And Finance Project MateriaLS PREVIEW

CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF FRAUD IN NIGERIAN FINANCIAL INSTITUTION

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CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF FRAUD IN NIGERIAN FINANCIAL INSTITUTION

 

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Chapter one
Introduction
1.1 Statement of problem
1.2 Rationale of study
1.3 Significant of study
1.4 Definition of the term

Chapter two
Review of related literature

Chapter three
3.1 Statement of hypothesis
3.2 Methodology of study
3.3 Source of data

Chapter four
4.1 Data presentation
4.2 Analysis of data

Chapter four
5.1 Summary
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Suggestion
CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
1.1 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Initially, fraud (ie deliberate effort to obtain financial advantage of a person unlawfully) was become the problematic term inhibiting the proper functioning or operation of bank. As scrutinized experience bank inspectors and auditors that totally implication or hazard impact of fraud in Nigeria economy is reduction on economic growth and development (Okechukwu 2004).

Furthermore, it had caused unimaginable distress to banks in Nigeria, especially to the new generation banks. This goes long way to affect bank performance negatively.

However, the critical implication of fraud on Nigerian banks which the researcher will investigate on, are its bad effects to these three concepts, liquidity sufficiency , profitability customer and banks relationship.

1.2 RATIONALE OF STUDY:
Financial distress is easily noticeable in the Nigerian institution, Amels (1993) was defined financial distress as “a condition when the banking system as a whole has negative capital and current profit are insufficient to cover losses to such an extent that the banking system’s unable to general internally positive capital”.

It has negative impact to the bank capital and its current profits are inadequate to cover losses as well as general