LOAN SYNDICATION A SOURCE OF BUSINESS FINANCING IN NIGERIA

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CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 PROBLEMS IDENTIFICATION 1
1.3 STATEMENT OF OBJECTIVES 4
1.4 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY 5
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 6
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY 6
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS 6

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW 8
2.1 LOAN SYNDICATION AS A SUBJECT 9
2.2 EVALUATION OF LOAN SYNDICATION 10
2.3 LOAN SYNDICATION AS A LIQUIDITY SQUEEZE11
2.4 EVALUATION OF SYNDICATION LOAN FINANCING13
2.5 FORMS OF SYNDICATED CREDIT FINANCING16
2.6 ELIGIBILITY ISSUE IN LOAN SYNDICATION 17
2.7 PROCEDURE FOR SYNDICATED LOAN 17
REFERENCES 19

CHAPTER THREE
3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN 20
3.2 TYPE OF DATA USED 20
3.3 LOCATION DATA 20
3.4 SOURCES OF DATA 21
REFERENCES 23

CHAPTER FOUR
FINDINGS 24
4.1 INTRODUCTION AND STATISTICAL METHODS 25
4.2 FINDINGS OF SYNDICATED LOAN FINANCING
REFERENCES 27

CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATION AND
CONCLUSIONS
5.1 SUMMARY OF RESEARCH FINDINGS 28
5.2 CONCLUSION 29
5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS 30
BIBLIOGRAPHY 33
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
The relative insufficiency of funds for capital investment is a common factor in every economy especially in developing countries of the ward, like Nigeria.
Finding a solution to these problems of providing funds for capital investment has been a major pre-occupation of financial institutions in Nigeria one of the solution that come up is syndicated loan, which h is aimed at spreading risks and weakening the impact of restricting laws and regulations lending by financial institutions.
Loan syndication is basically defined as an agreement between two or more lending financial institution to provide a borrower with credit facility using common roan documentation.
The spectacular growth of Loan syndication as source of financial instruments for business organization occurred as response to several economic factors in Nigeria. Notable among these were:
– Restrictions on credit expansion of government and monitoring authorities to minimize.
– The scraping of import licence requires which enables more users of imported equipment and machineries to source and warning some into the country.
– Deregulation of interest rates made Loan syndication attractive to both business organization and financial institutions.
In addition there are/certain legal and regulatory limitations on lending activities of commercial and merchant banks such as the statutory lending limit as provided in banking Act of 1969 section 13 (1), the liquidity requirements etc.
In order to surmount these legal and regulation, limitations on lending activities of commercial and merchant banks. Loan syndication has become an attractive credit delivery technique aimed at spending risks and reducing the impact of the restricting laws and regulations.
Currently, there exist a comprehensive enacted law on Loan syndication in the country as to regulate the activities of the financial, institution who lead and participate in the syndication.
What is not the rapid growth of financial institution involved in Loan syndication but their activities, which have been quite remarkable over the years.

1.2 PROBLEMS IDENTIFICATION
There are conflicting views as to whether business organization shold be financed by syndicate loan or not. The opposition to theuse of alternative and involve much administrative work
Also, there is need to point out in very clear terms the advantages inherent in syndicate loan as medium and long-term financing.

1.3 STATEMENT OF OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study includes:
– To examine the general terms of the various issue involved in Loan syndication
– To find out whether Loan syndication is really a new approach to or another Loan syndication can help in industrial development of the country.
– To examine the extent of penetration of syndicated loan

CONTENDING THE RATE OF FRAUD IN THE
BANKING INDUSTRY

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ABSTRACT
Much thought and research are increasingly being directed at the tudy of causes of fraud in banks, because of it’s effects on banks and finance industry generally.
No reliable statistics exist (in any public report so far) on the value of successful and frustrated fraud in the banking industry.
The facts presented in this research are the first of their kind on the study on how the rate of fraud on the banking industry is to be contended the research delved into different issues on sources of fraud, types of fraud, causes of fraud, effects of fraud on the business of banking and the effectiveness of fraud preventive measures.
The detection and prevention of frauds should be elaborative effect between banks, their customers and the government frauds in the banking system should as much as possible be eliminated as it kills the bank and destroys the economy of a nation.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 1
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM2
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 3
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 4
1.5 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY 4

CHAPTER TWO
2.0 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 7
2.1 DEFINITION OF FRAUD 7
2.2 SOURCES OF FRAUD 8
2.3 TYPES OF FRAUD 10
2.4 CAUSES OF FRAUD 13
2.5 EFFECTS OF FRAUD ON BANKS 15
2.6 DETECTIVE, PREVENTIVE AND
CONTROLLING MEASURES FOR FRAUD IN THE BANKING INDUSTRY 16

CHAPTER THREE
3.0 RESEARCH MYTHOLOGY AND DESIGN 22
3.1 SOURCES OF DATA (SECONDARY ONLY) 22
3.2 LOCATION OF DATA 23
3.3 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION 23

CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 FINDINGS 25
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION 27
SUGGESTION FOR FURTHER RESEARCH 29
BIBLIOGRAPHY 31
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY:
Banks are institutions known to operate on the center pin of public confidence. Today that concept no longer holds as bankers themselves either initiate fraud or partakes deeply on fraudulent activities against their banks (employees).
According to Nigeria Deposit Insurance Corporation (NDIC) Annual Reports (2001) most banks were run a ground by a few greedy directors and officials who perpetuated frauds and all kinds of unethical practices against their institutions. This is an aberration that continues to erode public confidence in banks.
This scenand has contributed to the liquidation of many banks.
Since it is observed that one cannot avoid considering the fact that the distress in the banking industry was occasioned by fraud, the need therefore arises to find out problems associated with fraud, it’s effect on the economy and how there problems are to tackled.

1.2 STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
Though the banking industry is one of the most profitable institutions within the economy, higher performance could be attained in terms of their private returns and obligations to the society.
This must be so if the banking industry is to perform a leading role on reactivating the economy.
The suboptimal performance of the Banking Industry is due to

THE IMPACT OF FEDERAL GOVERNMENT TAX
POLICIES ON NIGERIAN ECONOMY 1995-2003.

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ABSTRACT

The purpose of writing this research works. The impact of federal government tax policies on the Nigerian Economy, is determine whether the federal government tax policies in Nigeria has contributed immensely to the overall growth of the economy. It also seeks to investigation on the extent the polices of federal government tax has helped in revenue generation and allocation.

The literature review gave a background and in depth in the country and also the various policies banking them.
The decision made on this work was derived based on the test conducted. The chi-square was used in testing the hypothesis while frequency tables and percentage were used in analyzing the data. The decisions were that the federal government tax policies is actually a regulatory frame work of revenue generation in Nigeria. While the other one is that the federal government tax policies has contributed to the growth of the economy.

Based on the above decision, some findings were made which necessitated recommendations and finally conclusions.

TABLE OF CONTENT PAGE

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM AND OBJECTIVES……………
1.2 RATIONAL OF STUDY………………………………………..
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY……………………………..
1.4 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY …………………………….
1.5 DEFINITION OF TERMS ………………………………………

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 THEORITICAL REVIEW
2.2 EMPRICAL REVIEW
CHAPTER THREE
HYPOTHESIS, METHODOLOGY, SOURCES OF DATA LIMITATION OF THE STUDY.
3.1 HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY
3.2 METHODOLOGY OF STUDY
3.3 SOURCES OF DATA
3.4 LIMITATION OF STUDY

CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PROSENTATION, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF RESULT.
4.1 DATA PRESENTATION
4.2 ANANLYSIS OF DATA
4.3 DISCISSION OF THE RESULT

CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 SUMMARY OF THE ENTIRE WORK
5.2 CONCLUSION
5.3 RECOMMENDATION
5.4 SUGGESTION FOR FURTHER RESEARCH
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION AND PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The burden of tax falls heaviest on those with smallest income earning (odoh, 1998). An accurate record of business transaction and income tax becomes difficult. Some tax collection and assessors are dishonest.

There are cases of bribery and corruptions and also the cases of tax collections being prosecuted for misappropriations of funds collected from taxpayers.

Sometimes tax collectors went into the remote villages to collect tax but the problem of transportation might increase the difficultly. Also there is a languge barrier in the tax collection to raise money. Taxes are imposed to raise revenue for government for it to satisfy the peoples wants.

There is need for government to raise money for the provision of essential services such as the maintenance of law and order, the construction of roads and railways and the provision of health services, social and educational facilities. It is important because it is used to stimulate recovery from trade depression when unemployment is usually high, so to fight these ills there may be an increase in taxation.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The Nigerian government has realized the need for revenue generation through imposition of tax on citizen so there are different objective for imposing tax in the country.
To detect the extent, the federal government tax policies have helped in revenue generation and allocation in Nigeria.

ACCOUNTING SYSTEM IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT

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ABSTRACT
This project on the Accounting system in local government is an evaluation of accounting as a tool to keep the local government concerned learn how to keep proper accounting statements in local government.
The main objective of the project are to enable the business organization appreciate the standard requirement for making financial statement at large to have full understanding of accounting standard in local government.
To achieve these objective, the project was divided into five chapter and preliminary pages and for clarification.
Chapter one dealt with the introduction, establishing the objectives of the study, short historical background of the study. It also looked at statement of problem and significant of the study. Internal control and definition of terms.
Chapter two dealt with literature review. It is divided into section for clarity. It consist of extract from textbook, journals and other periodicals.
Chapter three discussed the steps by the researcher in the other in which they were carried out, highlighting the basic research design, sources of data and data collected were analyzed and quantitative techniques used.
Chapter four dealt with summary of findings and discussion of finding. Chapter five including the recommendation and conclusion.

TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
1.5 DEFINITION OF TERMS
CHAPTER TWO
2.1 DEFINITION
2.2 ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLE
2.3 WORKING PAPER
2.4 PREPARATION OF VOUCHERS
2.5 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF TREASURY DEPT
2.6 TREASURY FINAL ACCOUNT
2.7 THE RECONCILIATION UNIT
2.8 HISTORY OF GOVERNMENT A/C IN NIGERIA
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
3.1 SOURCES OF DATA
3.2 LOCATION OF DATA
3.3 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
4.2 DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY.
Accounting is defined as the art and science of recording business transaction in a systematic manner so as to show the true state of affairs of a business during a specific period usually called accounting period.
Financial accounting is concerned with the qualification of economic events or it is aimed at measuring economic activities with a view to provide information for policy making.
Accounting is a discipline, which based on accounting principle concepts and conversion and legal requirements
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
This study entitled ACCOUNTING SYSTEM IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT attempts to determine the problem involved in establishing and applying standard accounting system in local government with practical application to Uzo- Uwani local government.
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The purpose of this study are:
1. Identify the problem inherent in accounting of the local government.
2. Enable business organiza

AN EVALUATION OF THE IMPACT OF MANAGEMENT CRISIS IN NIGERIA FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS.

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ABSTRACT
Sequel to the growing rare of economic activities and the consequent need to meet up with the expanding roles of financial institutions, the equally increased rate of management crisis has equally generated an alarming level of disturbance to the global financial world. The issue of increased level of production and the resultant nationalization of the economy gave room for the level of management crisis being experienced today in our financial institutions.
The promise under which these factors are persuasive are examined by the investigation. These inherent crisis will no doubt continue to contribute to management crisis in our financial institution if not checked.
The second premise is that of technological advancement, which came with it, computer, electronic transfer and so on.
The fraudulent premise, which is an age-long system of grand, still contributed substantially to the level of management crisis in financial institutions in Nigeria.
It is however the opinion of the investigator that the understanding of the dynamics of the crisis is lacking in the financial institutions system the obvious discovery of this research is that the authorities and managers of financial institutions including the stake holders in this sector are involved in the management of crisis rather than being involved in crisis management.
With the increasing rate of closure of banks and financial institutions in Nigeria, I continue that there is no effective tool and machinery for crisis management in financial institution system.
In this direction, the excessive involvement in rivalry, competition instead of comprehensive total growth of all financial institution in Nigeria make their engage in smatter ways of out wetting the others.
This is very unhealthy to the sustainable growth of the institutions.
Moreover a careful study of that the NDIC (Nigeria Deposit and Insurance Corporation) has done were X-rayed and the discovery recommended for better financial institutions system.
United Bank of Africa (UBA) as a fiancial institution has been chosen as a proper representation of financial institutions administration in the country as this is case study of this investigation.
Most outstanding crisis situations will be identified by this research and those are peculiar to UBA in addition to all other general situations in the financial institutions will be identified what has led to the discontinuity and constant instability in the banking sector in Nigeria is not unconnected with the spate management crisis and fraudulent crisis in this important sector.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background of the study
1.2 Statement of the problem
1.3 Objective of the study
1.4 Research question
1.5 Statement of hypothesis
1.6 Significance of study
1.7 Scope of the study
1.8 Limitation of the study
1.9 Definition of terms
References
2.1 CHAPTER TWO
2.2 Review of related literature
The consequences of management crisis in Nigeria Financial Institutions.
2.3 Remote and manifest causes of management crisis in Nigeria Financial Institution.
Reference
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research design
3.2 Date Types
3.3 Date Location
3.4 Population size
3.5 Sample size
3.6 Method of data presentation
3.7 Data analysis
References
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
4.0 Introduction
Reference
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Finding
5.2 Recommendation
5.3 Conclusion
Bibliography
Appendix
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION.
Management crisis characterize the Nigeria banking including, Many financial development institutions the imperativeness of management crisis in the Nigeria development financial institutions cannot be therefore be over emphasized. Suffice this to say that the enormity of growth in this sector and the need to meet up with the changing roles of financial institutions have made the development rapid.
Management crisis are bound to be experienced when one examines the changing roles like banking operations and processes, commercial banking, corporate banking, public sector, consumer banking, treasury and financial institutions, credit risks management and so on.
Due to the heavy loss being experienced in most financial institutions a study of the management crisis is apt. Some notable banks have had their license withdrawn, savanna bank plc. Being the most recent. The 2002 annual financial report of one of the biggest banks first bank plc narrated the loss of over 10 million naira. These and more are management crisis dangerously affecting the Nigerian development of financial institutions through the prevalence of management crisis.
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Financial institutions play pivotal roles in the evaluating of sustainable development anywhere in the world. The need for the study of the subject matter becomes more imperative in the banking industry in Nigeria for as the cheese that lays the golden eggs, economic growth and development of the nation rest squarely on it.
Banks account dominantly for financial institution in Nigeria as a result, a review of the forum of management crisis vehemently exist in banks in Nigeria include the following.
Industrial relations
Poor management techniques
Shortage of equipment
Staff in adequacy
Industrial unrest
Fraud
Ignorance of modern information technology management of change in information technology.
These factors had been the development of financial institutions in Nigeria.
In this era, when the banking industry is undergoing transformation driven by the changing political climate deregulation, the economy use of technology Local and Foreign Competition and increasing customer sophistication. A banking whose ones would characterize these factors had to be selected ie UBA PLC. This choice is informed by old nature if incorporation on Feb 23 1961 with the introduction of mobile banking services in 1963. The bank introduced UBA GARD with 234 branches in Nigeria and America. It has trained 3832 numbers of staff in Local and international courses. This investigation requires such a bank that has continued to restructure the earning assets with a selective reduction in aggregate credit volumes and on the liability side have secured a good share of the public sector deposits. The research requires bank whole total assets in 2001 stood at N188 billion. The bank equally won the Euro Money best Domestic Bank in Nigeria. The bank which in 2002 was also named by the new fork based global finance magazine as the best trade finance bank in Nigeria for the second year running, one of the only two banks that won the award in Africa the issues of management crisis in Nigeria financial institutions development are believed by experts to be the people in the organization. Any business organization boost of the people in that organization as it’s greatest assets in out fit. It equally follows that on organization especially a financial institution can only be as good as the people you employs
Therefore, the institution should appreciation the individuals that make it up and recognize and appreciate the value of their participation. It is ironic however, that some institutions lack this giving rooms to possible fraud and unleashing vendetta on the institution by her employees who nevertheless are agitated by such state of affairs.
Its noted by (Ene 1984) “As the organization grows, its human resources must also be seen to grow with it and develop to their maximum capacity”. The issue of uncreative remuneration as been ignored by financial institutions and the collapse of some of them. This gave rise to the sudden realization by new financial institutions develops who now place a very high premium in remuneration making the Nigeria financial institutions highly very attractive recently. The sudden upsurge of emergence of financial institutions in Nigeria is yet to witness a corresponding failure rate of such banks. (Financial Institution) the lack of attractive incentive does not promote the efficiency of employees in the bank because when people are trained, they become efficient on the Job thereby increasing their productivity and that of the financial institution. Such efforts should receive corresponding lucrative remuneration (Double 1999) “It will be pertinent to state categorically that crisis in the banks and other financial institutions have become the order of the day in the past and research has proved that in spite of the increase in the number of banks and institutions lucrative remuneration seem to have stemmed the tide institutions lucrative remuneration seem to have stemmed the tide of such occurrences to a minimal level to the surprise of skeptics”.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
The evaluation effect of management crisis in Nigeria financial institution development is highly may negative in that it has also made this sector highly vulnerable to the problems.
1. There now exists a high rate of instability in the banking sector as threats of liquidation face the strong ones ordinary would not think of such negative development.
2. Another problem associated with it is discontinuity in the banking industry ranging from i