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THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF AGRICULTURE TO RURAL DEVELOPMENT

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THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF AGRICULTURE TO RURAL DEVELOPMENT

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abstract

For the purpose of this research work, an opinion survey was made using oral interview and author – constructed questionnaire to examine “the contributions of agriculture to rural development” using Udi Local Government Area of Enugu as a case study. The researchers relied on data collected from seventy-five (75) respondents who were agricultural concerned persons. To guide the research, the above opinions were gathered and analysed/interpreted, analysis of data revealed agriculture is the main stay of the rural dwellers, that proper awareness has not been created about agriculture by those concerned and that these rural dwellers are aware of the contributions of agriculture to rural development. However further analysis of data received courtesy opinions of respondents revealed that the government has not done so much as it supposed for agricultural development in rural areas, more to this that most of the factors hindering the effective advancement of agriculture are not natural but man-made, hence could be solved. However, it is suggested that further and more indepth research on this study should be done as to as to ascertain factors impending or militating against the contributions of agriculture to rural development, also on ways these contributions could be fully utilized to effectively develop rural areas.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY:

Agriculture according to Anyanwu, A. C. (1975) can be defined as “a cultivation of the land for the purpose of producing food for man and animals and also fibre or raw materials for our industries”.  It also includes the processing and marketing of crops.

Another definition from V. O. Akinyosoye O. (1976) states that agriculture is concerned basically with the husbandry of crops and animals for food and other purpose.

Agriculture has been the main stay of man right from the earliest times.  It is the oldest occupation and the entire world depends mostly on it for food requirements.  In the olden days, man practiced crude method of farming which involved local tool such as stones, sticks and other related equipment.

Today, agriculture is being looked upon as a basic necessity of life.  Food is an essential thing among the human needs. It is believed that without food, nobody can survive.  This is as a result of the benefits of agriculture.  Today also, private individuals, communities, states and federal government have geared every effort towards bringing agriculture to the door step of their citizens.

The development of agriculture started when the ancient hunters who depended on fruits and vegetables as well as animals as their food found out that some of the seeds.  From the fruits they dropped, as they moved along germinated and grew on their own.  They started nursing some of these economics fruit crops as their own.  In his quest for food and shelter, man has adopted many agricultural practices through the ages and his technical skills and material resources grew.  The four major types are hunting and gathering, pure subsistence agriculture, mixed subsistence with some cash crops production and pure commercial agriculture.

Agriculture sector is the leading non-oil sector in Nigeria economy.  About 70 of the total population engaged in agriculture while about 30 of the total working population are taking part in white colar jobs and others in commercial activities.  This is the reason why demand is greater than supply in Nigeria market, today concerning food production.

Since 1960, most people in the rural areas have been migrating to the urban areas in search of employment which offers a good living condition and because of this, agriculture is neglected.

There are also other problems that face agriculture already.  These problems lies in the traditional and subsistence system of agriculture.  Production techniques are poor and there are few applications of fertilizers and insecticides.

Many efforts and contributions have been made to improve agriculture and the production of agricultural products in this country particularly in Udi Local Government Area.  As part of its contribution in finding solutions to the problems of Nigeria Agriculture, the Societe General Bank of Nigeria Limited organized three symposia in October 1984.  The symposia served as forums for bringing together participants from the public and private sectors including farmers, industrialists, government officials and researcher.

This was held at the International Institute for Tropical Agriculture Ibadan on 16th and 17th October, 1984, while the second symposium took place at Durabar Hotel Kaduna on 22nd and 23rd October 1984.  The third symposium was held in Lagos at the Nigeria Institute of International Affairs on 25th and 26th October 1984.

The Ministry of Agriculture also arranged for effecting the collecting of agrometerological data to ensure successful timing of agricultural activities.  The ministry established Young Farmers Club (YFC) to encourage youths under twenty five years to farm in their localities.

Other programmes had been mapped out towards achieving self sufficiency in food production, such programmes included the Operation Feed Nation (OFN), Green Revolution, Agricultural Development Project (ADP), MOSA etc.  Again, the introduction of Better Life for rural women from rural to urban centres in search of white collar jobs.  Again in the introduction of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 1960, agriculture was responsible for 63% of it.  The major components of GDP being agriculture, mining, electricity, manufacturing etc.

All these efforts by the Ministry has made agriculture to be very important for the provision of most human needs.

For clarity purpose, it will be important to give a vivid description of the geographical background of the study area Udi.

Udi is a Local Government Area in Enugu States.  It is bounded by some local government areas such as Ezeagu, Oji River, Nkanu, Enugu North and Awgu.  It is a very populous local government area made up of about 19 towns.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM:

One of the major problems facing rural areas, both in Nigeria and other underdeveloped countries of the world, is the rural to urban migration.  As young and energetic men and women migrate to the urban areas, the rural areas instead of developing tend to slide more and more into underdevelopment.  Various government and agencies have been endeavouring in one way or the other to develop the rural areas of Nigeria, especially Udi Local Government Area which is the focus of this research.  These include the provision of electricity, pipe borne water supply, access roads, etc.  However, these measures have not fully stemmed the rural urban migration and the continuing decline of rural areas.

One of the major areas which I feel the government has not fully explored is the function which agriculture can play in enhancing rural development.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:

The objective of this research is to assess or weigh the contribution which agriculture has provided to the development of Udi Local Government Area of Enugu State.  Again to assess that the greatest problem facing many nations and developing states is hunger and poverty especially in the rural areas.

Furthermore, to change many negative attitude towards the introduction of some scientific equipment and method of farming.

A:    To enable the country to achieve self sufficiency in the supply of foods by local production of adequate quantities of  high quality foods to keep pace with the food demand of the production.

B:    To provide raw material for local and foreign agrobased industries.

C:    To provide employment opportunities for able bodied people and to satisfy the market demand for locally manufactured products.

DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY:

The researcher intends to find out the contributions of agriculture to rural development in Udi L.G.A. of Enugu State.  Agriculture has contributed much since many rural areas use it as their main occupation and source of food to their family.  The researcher intend to find or rather concentrate on the gain of agriculture to rural areas especially Udi Local Government Area.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY:

The study of the contributions of agriculture to the rural development of Udi Local Government Area is considered vital because it is believed that the result will help us to know the contributions which agriculture has provided to the local government area.

The findings will also alert government of Enugu State on some problems that hinder the contributions so that appropriate measures will be taken for improvement.

It is hoped that the findings will serve as a guide to the agricultural planners when adopting any programme.

The findings will further influence the habits and attitudes of the people who think that agriculture is meant for the illiterate and poor people.  And by knowing the contributions and agriculture in the state, it will increase peoples incentives and will therefore, make way for more increase in the capacity of food production in Udi Local Government Area.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS:

  1. What are the contributions of agriculture to rural development?
  2. Does the contributions change the attitude of farmers towards agriculture?
  3. Does it make life better to dwellers of Udi Local Government Area or worst for them.

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THE PROBLEM OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

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THE PROBLEM OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN ENUGU METROPOLIS

A CASE STUDY IN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY (I.M.T) CAMPUS III ENUGU

Abstract

This research work is aim at examining the practices and problems solid waste management with particular reference to IMT Campus III.

The research choose the random sampling Technique based on the population concentration from three (3) location within  the study area.

The data obtained were analysed using percentage statistics method. From the analysis of data and discussion the practices in the use include open dumps and open burning which indicate poor management.

To ensure proper management the researcher recommended that government should device new and appropriate strategies in solid waste management that involves on the spot separation for possible recycling, through supervision of authorities involved in the waste management and grass roof campaign to ensure strict adherence to the rules guiding waste management. With the above recommendation waste and the health implication of improper management becomes a thing of the past.

Table of contents

CHAPTER ONE

1.1            Introduction

1.2            Statement of the Problem

1.3            Purpose of the Study

1.4            Research Question I

1.5            Hypothesis

1.6            Significance of the Study

1.7            Scope of the Study

1.8            Limitation of the Study

CHAPTER TWO

2.1            Literature Review

2.1.1     Concept of Solid Waste

2.1.2     Source and Types of Solid Waste

2.1.3     Waste Minimization and Treatment

2.4            Solid Waste Management Practices

2.5            Resources Recovery

2.6            Disposal Techniques

CHAPTER THREE:    RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1            Introduction

3.2            Research Design

3.3            Population Sample

3.4            Refused Site Selection

3.5            Sources of Data

3.6            Instrument for Data Collection

3.7            Validity and Reliability of Instrument

3.8            Method of Data Analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1            Analysis of Management and Fiscal Problems of Waste Management

4.2            Solutions to Above Problems

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1            Discussion and Findings

5.2            Implications for Environmental Management

5.3            Recommendation

5.4            Conclusions

Bibliography

Chapter one

 

Introduction

Background of the study

Refuse generation started with the history of man and gained more attention when man began to live in communities. During the 1st century with industrial revolution rapid population growth in the develop world and the volume of waste produce was relatively small. Today in developing nations, like, Nigeria, solid waste accumulate in every city causing serious health and environmental hazard.

The practice of dumping waste on streets, roads, streets and unapproved sites lead to breeding to rats, flies and out break of plagues as well as ecological impacts, such as water and air pollution. This is because the capacity of nature to dilute, disperse or absorb or dispose of its unwanted residues in the atmosphere, water way and land is limited. It is against this background that the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) was established in 1988 manage and protect the environment. The decree establishing the agency also provided for the establishment of State Environment Protection Agencies (SEPA) in all the States of Federation.

However, the prevailing economic condition in the country coupled with negative attitude of the citizens made it difficult for proper solid waste management and environmental protection solid waste consists of biodegradable (that is substance that can be broken down by bacteria) and non biodegradable (that is substance that cannot be broken by bacteria) materials and these are usually deposited at refuse dumps and other unapproved sites. They pile up in heaps blocking road and drainage, road, network thereby consisting environmental hazards. The inhabitants of the neighborhood sometimes set the heaps of refuse ablaze in an attempt to reduce the size. This practice further deteriorate the environment since people are exposed to danger of air pollution.

1.2            STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 

Changes in Technology brings about changes in the consumption habit of the citizenry and therefore the composition of waste materials.

Thus a lot of non-biodegradable waste (that is substance that cannot be broken by bacteria) are generated and since non-biodegradable are not easily absorbed or diluted naturally such waste accumulate in heaps along major streets. The stinking odour and blackish liquid effluence emanating from such heaps especially during the rainy season constitute environmental hazards and degrade the aesthetic values of our environment.

They as well encourage breeding of mosquitoes and communicable diseases. Therefore the rate of generation of solid waste is not matched with the rate of evacuation as a result of problems ranging from lack of funds and professional experience staffs of bureaucracy and redtapism.

1.3            PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of this study is to

(i)                To determine the composition of solid waste in campus III

(ii)             To examine the different management strategies being adopted in solid waste management by the institution as well as ENSEPA. Enugu State environmental Protection Agencies.

(iii)           To identify problem militating against solid waste management in campus III IMT Enugu Institute of Management and Technology.

(iv)           To suggest appropriate and effective measures that will ensure efficient solid waste management in campus III IMT Institute of Management and Technology Enugu.

1.4            RESEARCH QUESTIONS

In an attempt to identify the approaches and problems of solid waste management in campus III IMT with a view of finding appropriate management strategies, the following research questions were formulated:

(i)                What are the major components of solid waste generated in campus III IMT.

(ii)             To what extent does the composition of waste influence  the management practices?

(iii)           What are the reasons for the inadequate as well as inefficient collection and disposal of solid waste by (ENSEPA).

(iv)           What measure are likely to improve the existing situation constraints or management techniques.

(v)             What is the level of public awareness of poor solid waste management.

1.5            HYPOTHESIS

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ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF COURSE OF STUDY ON STUDENTS ATTITUDES TOWARDS ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA

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ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF COURSE OF STUDY ON STUDENTS ATTITUDES TOWARDS ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA

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ABSTRACT.

The study is an empirical work that attempted to investigate the background of analysis of impact of students disposition in business attitudes within the context of their educational endeavour and personal behaviours are explored within the individual concept of interest. The study analyzed and compared the differences in entrepreneurial potential and perception about entrepreneurship by graduating students of Kaduna Polytechnic. Scholars were consulted to determine their contributions to the body of knowledge within the confines of research study. The total research population was 3804 with a sample size of 370 as the respondents using stratified research design to achieve the objectives of the study and primary data collected by means of closed-ended questionnaire as instrument. The statement of hypothesis to be tested: H1: An individual student’s course of study has significant positive impact on students’ tendency to be an entrepreneur; H0: An individual course of study has no significant impact on a students’ choice of being an entrepreneur. Frequency distribution tables were used for the analysis of data collected while the hypothesis was tested using the Chi-square (X2) and the effect of each variable on the sample subjects. The study revealed that entrepreneurship practice is never restricted to one particular descriptive but applies to all aspects of human endeavour and also contributes to human and economic development of a nation. Recommendations as to the roles of individual and stakeholders were put forward particularly that the governments at all levels need to cerate a favourable business climate to boost entrepreneurial development in Nigeria.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        i

Declaration –      –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        ii

Approval   –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        iii

Dedication          –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        iv

Acknowledgement      –        –        –        –        –        –        –        v-vii

Abstract    –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        viii

Table of Contents       –        –        –        –        –        –        –        ix-xi

CHAPTER ONE:

1.0    Introduction       –        –        –        –        –        –        –        1-2

1.1    Background of the study     –        –        –        –        –        2-5

1.2    Statement of the problem   –        –        –        –        –        5-6

1.3    Objectives of the study        –        –        –        –        –        7

1.4    Significance of the study     –        –        –        –        –        7-8

1.5    Research questions    –        –        –        –        –        –        8-9

1.6    Statement of hypothesis     –        –        –        –        –        9

1.7    Delimitation / scope of the study –        –        –        –        9-10

1.8    Definition of terms     –        –        –        –        –        –        10-12

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0    Introduction       –        –        –        –        –        –        –        13

2.1    Historical perspective of research area         –        –        –        13-15

2.2    Conceptual definition of entrepreneurship  –        –        15-18

2.3    Concept of entrepreneurship and entrepreneur   –        18-20

2.4    The process of entrepreneurship          –        –        –        –        20-22

2.5    Concept of development      –        –        –        –        –        23-24

2.6    Meaning of entrepreneurship development –        –        24

2.7    Factors influencing entrepreneurship development in the 21st century –        –          –        –        –        –        –        25-30

2.8    Characteristics and skills of an entrepreneur       –        31

2.8.1 Entrepreneurial characteristics  –        –        –        –        31-34

2.8.2 Entrepreneurial skills         –        –        –        –        –        –        34-35

2.8.3 What is entrepreneurial spirit    –        –        –        –        35-36

2.9    Dynamics of the brain as the seat of entrepreneurial empowerment      –        –          –        –        –        –        –        36-37

2.10  Functions of entrepreneurship   –        –        –        –        37-39

2.11  Benefits of entrepreneurship      –        –        –        –        40-42

2.12  Factors determining the extent of entrepreneurship     42-43

2.13  Factors influencing the development of the individual entrepreneur     –        –          –        –        –        –        –        44-46

2.14  The role of marketing in entrepreneurship development in Nigeria       –        –          –        –        –        –        –        –        46-48

2.15   Challenges of entrepreneurship development in Nigeria        46-48

2.16  The role of entrepreneurship in the development of enterprises    –        –        –          –        –        –        –        50-51

2.17  The role of government towards entrepreneurship development in Nigeria   –          –        –        –        –        51-56

2.18  The role of entrepreneurship in economic development         56-59

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.0    Introduction       –        –        –        –        –        –        –        60

3.1    Area of study     –        –        –        –        –        –        –        60

3.2    Research design         –        –        –        –        –        –        –        60

3.3    Justification for its adoption        –        –        –        –        60

3.4    Population of the study       –        –        –        –        –        61

3.5    Sample size and sampling techniques –        –        –        61

3.6    Justification for sampling section        –        –        –        –        61-62

3.7    Methods of data collection –        –        –        –        –        62

3.8    Instruments used in data collection    –        –        –        62

3.9    Method used in presentation and analysis of data collected (Data analysis techniques)        –        –        –        –        –        63

3.10  Limitations        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        63

CHAPTER FOUR: PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

4.0    Introduction       –        –        –        –        –        –        –        64

4.1    Respondents characteristics and classification     –        64

4.2    Presentation and analysis of data       –        –        –        65-72

4.3    Answer to research questions and or test hypothesis   72-76

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.0    Introduction       –        –        –        –        –        –        –        77

5.1    Summary  –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        77-78

5.2    Conclusion         –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        79-80

5.3    Recommendations      –        –        –        –        –        –        80-82

Bibliography

Appendixes

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.0    INTRODUCTION

The rate of unemployment among school graduates is quite alarming in Nigeria. As part of measures to ameliorate the growing ugly situation, government at all levels (federal, state and local) are putting in place measures to encourage self-reliance, creativity and innovation drive through entrepreneurship development in Nigeria.

To understand entrepreneurship and development is to discover why Nigeria is described as a developing economy. Developing economy explains the extent by which men and women should contribute to develop workable ways or strategies in order to achieve economic growth and development. It revitalizes the dominant potentialities of every youth in providing job employment for others rather than seeking out for employment. It also assists to underscore the responsibilities of the government in fostering an environment of growth for entrepreneurial initiatives. It further opens avenues for the government to develop the right strategies especially in addressing poverty in the country (Erlinda D, 2011).

1.1  BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

It is envisaged that government at all levels will have to put in place all necessary infrastructures to promote the growth and development of small and medium scale enterprises (SME) in the country to enable Nigeria attain the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) target set by the United Nations by the year 2012 and Nigeria vision 20-20-20. A vibrant SMSE sector is critical in the realization of MDGs objective.

Experts have observed that Nigeria may not likely meet the MDGs target by reducing poverty by 50% by the year 2015 considering the present status of SMSE operations in Nigeria.

It is universally accepted that Micro (Small) and Medium Scale Enterprises are the engine of development of any nation. A nation’s rate of development is determined by the number of SMEs in the country.

Statistical studies have shown that 40 – 50% SMEs in most advanced countries of the world are owned by graduates or those who passed through Colleges. Given this facts in Nigeria, the opposite seems to be the case (Business Day Newspaper 9th Jan., 2007, pg. 13).

Scholars have divergent views on who is an entrepreneur and who is not. While the first school of through is of the opinion the entrepreneurs can be made (taught through formal classes) the other group however are of the opinion that entrepreneurs are born (an inheritance). They argued further that entrepreneurs possess special qualities and must have the right attitude and disposition towards entrepreneurship.

This development is likely to inculcate in students the right aptitude and attitudes to starting their won business and by implicating making them a better entrepreneur. Considering the fact that the key factors that give rise to enterprise are personal, sociological and environmental factors. For quite some time now by statistical analysis, over 3 millions Nigerians in a given year become qualified to form the labour market largely from both Universities and Polytechnics but, regrettably, not more than 10% of this population are likely to gain employment to join the formal sector. The International Labour Organization collaborated this very poor level graduates, employment yearly (Bugaje, Hamalai & Indabawa, 2002).

Indeed, it is obvious that with the level of development and attendant threats in Nigeria, the possibility of government having the capability of leveraging poverty and meeting the United Nation target on MDGs 2012 is remote.

Inspite of the Federal Government of Nigeria’s effort towards setting up institutions such as National Poverty Alleviation Programme (NAPEP), Small and Medium Scale Enterprises Development Agency (SMEDAN), National Directorate of Employment (NDE), National Economic Reconstruction Fund (NERFUND) and other relevant programmes with other world bodies and NGOs, the piece of entrepreneurship development is still low when compared with other developing countries with developed nation taking the lead.

Thus, this research work is an attempt to investigate the individual characteristics of graduating students with a view to understand whether some students are more likely to take to entrepreneurship than others irrespective of their course of study. Attempt will be therefore be made to understand the possible influence of a students course of study in their desire to start a business of their own.

1.2    STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Substantially, governments of Nigeria (federal, state and local) are making effort to promote the development of small and medium scale enterprises and other related programmes in support but then, much is still desired interms of commitment of funds, mobilization, minimization of corruption and performance evaluation mechanisms and above all leveraging on the macro environmental operations variables (Mawoli, M.A. and Aliyu, A.N, 2010).

Nigeria still falls far short of the economic and social progress required to impact the well being of average Nigerian given that over half of the population lives on less than one dollar a day (Otah, Erlinda, 2011). Nigeria is also one of the top three countries in the world that has the largest population of poor people. Nigeria remains off-track on achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) including the goal of having the number of people who live in extreme poverty. The enormity of the challenge is corroborated by Nigeria’s low score on the Human Development Index (HDI), an index that means the average achievement of a country in terms of the welfare and quality of life of its people. It was reported that Nigeria is one that has the highest infant mortality rate in Africa and indeed worse than those of Ghana, Burkina Faso and Benin.

In education, the quality of schooling is adversely affected by large class sizes, lack of teaching materials and equipment, and lack of qualified teachers, etc. Doing business in Nigeria is hampered by poor access to infrastructure and insecurity of lives and property, political instability in some quarters. The supply of electricity is often unreliable thereby distorting business climate. According to World Bank / IFC business ranking 2008, Nigeria ranked an aggregate 125 out of the 183 economies assessed (Erlinda D. 2011).

1.3    OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The research work is designed to achieve the following specific objectives:

i)       To reveal the impact of course of study on students attitudes towards entrepreneurship development.

ii)      To identify the reasons for the slow pace of entrepreneurship growth and development in Nigeria.

iii)     To identify the environmental factors influencing individual entrepreneurial spirit.

iv)     To reveal the extent to which government is contributing to entrepreneurship development.

v)      To identify the roles of entrepreneurship towards the development of Nigerian economy.

1.4    SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This research work serves as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Award of Higher National Diploma in Marketing by Kaduna Polytechnic.

Secondly, the research study would serve as a reference library to so many students of marketing in their quest for further investigation on the subject matter.

Thirdly, the study reveals the inherent prepositions or benefits of being self employed as against being an employee throughout one’s life.

This is so because the concept ideally promotes creativity and drivers of innovation thereby bringing to bear informed decisions and generation of great investment potentials.

Fourthly, the general public stands to benefit from the study as an emerging field but critical to socio-economic development of any nation and host of others.

Statistic project topics and material preview

APPLICATION OF QUEEING MODELS TO CUSTOMERS MANAGEMENT IN THE BANKING SYSTEM

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APPLICATION OF QUEING MODELS TO CUSTOMERS MANAGEMENT IN THE BANKING SYSTEM

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ABSTRACT

Queues are common sight in banks these days especially on Mondays and on Fridays. Hence queuing theory which is the mathematical study of waiting lines or queue is suitable to be applied in the banking sector since it is associated with queue and waiting line where customers who cannot be served immediately have to queue(wait) for service. The aim of this project is to determine the average time customers spend on queue and the actual time of service delivery, thereby examining the impact of time wasting and cost associated with it. The primary data were collected from the UBA branch at Okpara Avenue, Enugu, the data were collected based on the arrival pattern and service pattern of customers. The methodology employed followed the birth and death Markovian process. We further used the chi-square test to test the arrival pattern to determine if it follows a Poisson distribution and also tested the service pattern to determine if it follows an exponential distribution. The results obtained from the chi-square test showed that the arrival pattern follows a Poisson distribution and that the service pattern follows an exponential distribution, hence it can be analyzed using Markovian birth and death process. The results obtained showed that service rate is 0.1521 and arrival rate is 0.2157, the probability that servers are idle is 0.2786 and the cost incurred from waiting is N938.597. We were now forced to recommend based on the analysis, that the Bank management should increase the number of servers to three so as to help reduce the time customers spend on queue and also reduce cost incurred from waiting. We now concluded that the objective of this project was achieved.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

  • BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Queue is a common sight in banks especially on Mondays and Fridays. The

word queue comes via French and the Latin Cauda.Customersmeani waiting in line to receive services in any service system is inevitable and that is why queue management has been where the manager faces huge challenge. Hence, queuing theory is suitable to be applied in the banking system. Since it is associated with queue or waiting line where customers who cannot be served immediately have to queue (wait) for service for a long time and time being a resource ought to be managed effectively and efficiently because time is money. Queuing theory as the mathematical study of waiting lines or queues. It is generally considered a branch of operations research because the results are often used when making business decisions about the resources needed to provide service (Wikipedia, 2008).

Queuing theory is also known as the theory of overcrowding; it is the branch of operational research that explores the relationship between the demand on a service system and the delays suffered by the users of that system (A.K. Sharma, 2013)

Queuing theory is a major topic for applied mathematics that deals with phenomenon of waiting and arises from the use of powerful mathematical analysis to describe production processes (M. Masurdi, 2011).

The study of queues deals with quantifying the phenomenon of waiting in lines using representative measures of performance, such as average queue length, average waiting time in queue and average facility utilization (H.A. Taha 2002)

Queueing theory can also be applied to a variety of operational situations where it is not possible to accurately predict the arrival rate (or time) of customers and service rate (or time)) of service facility of facilities. Queuing theory permits the derivation and calculation of several performance measures including the average waiting time in the queue or the system, the expected number waiting or receiving service and the probability of encountering the system in certain states, such as empty, full or having an available server or having to wait a certain time to be served.(Biju, M.K (2011)

queuing models provide the analyst with a powerful tool for evaluating the performance of queuing systems( Bank, Carson, Nelson & Nicol, 2001)

  • STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

This study is required to investigate the expected waiting time of customers and the actual waiting time in banks, where the gap between the actual and expected

waiting time can be analyzed to know how to improve on the efficiency and

effectiveness of their bank. Such problems are

  • How poor service facilities has affected the overall bank performance.
  • How poor service pattern affects queue discipline.
  • How service facilities has affected the time of customers
  • How poor service delivery impacts on time.
  • How poor   service’s   delivery   has   aff
  • AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The aim of this study is to determine the amount of average time customers spend on a queue and actual time of service delivery. Therefore the objectives of this study are as follows:-

  • To examine the impact of time wasting on the weak performance.
  • To improve on the efficiency and effectiveness of their operations.
  • To help bank mangers improve custo management.
  • To improve on time management which is a resource.
  • SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

This study when completed will be significant to many people and organisations especially banks in Nigeria. First of all, it will add to the literature on queuing theory and management which will be accessed by lecturers and scholars.

Most importantly, Bank Managers will benefit a lot from this study as they will apply this theory in their various banks, thereby reducing the amount of time

spent on queues which mightandimproveleadon to their overall efficiency and effectiveness.

1.5.  RESEARCH QUESTIONS

In terms of the analysis of queuing situations, the type of questions in which we are interested in are typically concerned with measures of system performance which includes

  • To what extent does the service time differ from the actual time that customers have to wait before being served?
  • To what extent does poor service pattern affect queue discipline?
  • To what   extent   do   service   facilitie
  • To what extent does the average service time affect the overall performance of the bank?
  • How does   poor   service   delivery   affe
  • SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF STUDY

In this paper, we will be studying one bank and our concern is the single queue multiple service point because of lack of time and resources to embark on large scale study on majority of banks. One bank to our mind is fair judgement. The queue discipline is first in first out (FIFO) and the arrival is strictly random.

We also consider a Poisson distributed arrival times and exponentially distributed service times.

1.6.1  PROBLEM DEFINITION

Single-channel queuing system with multi where S>1) are operated by banks with the hope of giving customers maximum satisfaction and also make their profit, the problem arises when these objectives are not reached.

  • DEFINITIONS OF TERMS ASSOCIATED WITH QUEUING MODELS

We now look at the definition of terms associated with queuing theory Queue –A queue can be defined as an aggregation of items waiting for a service function. Queuing theory –This is the construction of mathematical model of varying forms of queuing systems. Arrival –This element is concerned with the rate of entry by customers into the system.

Queuing discipline –This element is concerned with what goes on between the arrival time of a customer and when service is rendered to him/her.

Server –An operation fed by a queue

Phase –A queue and its connected servers, or router to a server.

Arrival pattern –This is the manner in which customers arrive in the system for service.

Service pattern –This is the rate in which the service channel renders service to a customer.

Balking –This is the refusal of a customer to join the queue if the queue is long.

Reneging –This is the withdrawal of a customer from the queue because of the length of the waiting line.

Jockeying –When a customer withdraws from a queue to join another one because the new queue is shorter.

Arrivalmeanratenumber of(λ):arrivalper unit time.

Service rate (µ): Mean number of customers that can be served at 100% utilization by each individual server per unit time (usually per hour a day)

  • QUEUING MODEL NOMENCLATURE

In queuing theory, a standard terminology is employed. It is often called the

Kendall’s                           notation.

Kendall’s                           notation   for   specifyingere   que

V indicates the arrival pattern. W denotes the service pattern.

X signifies the number of available servers.

Y      represents   the   system’s   capacity.

Z designates the queue discipline.

But we majorly restrict ourselves to the first three notations on the assumption that customers leave the system immediately…

Statistic project topics and material preview

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE NUMBER OF BABIES ADMITTED IN THE MOTHERLESS BABY HOME

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STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE NUMBER OF BABIES ADMITTED IN THE MOTHERLESS BABY HOME ( A CASE STUDY OF MOTHERLESS BABIES HOME.)

                                             ABSTRACT

This project work was designed to investigate the admission of babies into the motherless baby’s home and cause of child abandonment.

Chapter one described the background of the study and research hypothesis. The chapter discuses the plight of motherless babies in the society at large.

Chapter two discussed about the literature review on the study.

Chapter deals with the three major ways of obtaining the data, this was of drawn through or directly from secondary method of data collection and the method of statistical analysis.

Chapter four explain about the analysis and interpretation of data.

In conclusion chapter five deal with the summary and recommendations from the writer are presented.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction                                                                                      1

1.1     Background of the study                                                                   1

1.2     Aim and Objective                                                                            2

1.3     Scope and Coverage                                                                3

1.4     Historical Background of Motherless Babies Home                         3

1.5     The Societal Problems of the Motherless Babies                     5

1.6     Statement of the Project                                                          6

CHAPTER TWO
Literature Review                                                                              7
2.1     The cause of Child Abuse and Neglect                                    10
CHAPTER THREE
Research Methodology                                                                     15
3.1     Method of Data Collection                                                      15
3.2     Problems Encountered During the Study                                16
3.3     Method of Statistical Analysis                                                          17
CHAPTER FOUR
Analysis and interpretation of Data                                                  20
CHAPTER FIVE
Summary and Conclusion                                                                 28

5.1     Recommendations                                                                             30

References                                                                               31
Bibliography                                                                           32

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Motherless babies home refers to a place or a home whereby infant baby who has no female parent. While Orphan is one who loss both parents prematurely either through natural death or disaster.

Motherless is a situation whereby a baby or person lacks a female parent. Also motherless Babies home could define as an Institution where infant baby is kept whose mother is dead, abandoned or missing is received and look after them by a charitable organisation or individual, within any physical incident that took place in a while or in a specific period of time like war earthguare accidents etc render a number of children motherless, fatherless.

In most Africa’s for a example, a motherless baby is regarded as a servant or slave to others and they are treated merely without regard. Those whose parents is alive, since they don’t have any one back or rescue them out of their challenges.

In some other societies like America the motherless babies home and orphanages.

The main objective in this project has to do with the statistical analysis on the number of babies admitted in the motherless baby home in Enugu. That is why it is necessary to check critically into the extent to which the number of babies absorbs in the motherless baby homes within the Holy child motherless babies home Enugu.

1.2     AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

  1. To find out whether the length of time it female babies to bread up is less than male child
  2. To compare the proportion of female in the home to that of male.
  3. To make recommendation on the abandonment of babies based on my findings.
  4. To findout the number of reported case of on sex.
  5. To verity some of the possible cases of child abandonment.

1.3     SCOPE AND COVERAGE

This project covers the admission of inmates motherless babies home Enugu for a period of fen year (1995 – 2004).

1.4     HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF MOTHERLESS BABIES HOME IN ENUGU

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