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ABSTRACT

The aim of this project is to analyze the appraisal of road traffic accident rate on Enugu – Onitsha Express Road.

The data on the number of recorded road traffic accident rate on Enugu – Onitsha Express road from 1995 – 2002 was collected and organized on quarters.

The trend equation was calculated from the date, which follows linear trend with the trend values, the seasonal indexes for the four seasons of the year was calculated.

Projection of the value and forecasting with the trend value equations and seasonal index was not left out.

Finally, some recommendation was made on the following observations and conclusions that drawn from the analysis.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Approval page

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Abstract

Table of contents

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction
Background Of Information
Aims And Objectives
Scope And Limitation

CHAPTER TWO

2.1 Literature Review

CHAPTER THREE

Research Methodology
Method Of Data Collection
Problems Encountered

CHAPTER FOUR

Approach To Time Series Analysis
Element Of Time Series

Secular t rend

Seasonal variation

Cyclical variation

Irregular variation

Trend Analysis
Finding The Linear Trend By Least Squares Method
Measurement Of Seasonal Variation By Moving Average Method
Estimation Of Seasonal Variation By Least Squares Method
Adjustment Of Seasonal Variation Interpretation
Forecasting Forecast Values For 2007
Estimation Of Seasonal Index

CHAPTER FIVE

Finding And Conclusion
Recommendation
References

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

According to Oxford Learners Dictionary accident is defined as something that happens without a cause that can been seen at once, usually something unfortunate and undesirable. This means that accident can happen at anytime, anywhere and any moment. In most cases accident result from carelessness or recklessness.

Road accident may be said to occur when many vehicles do not meet the safety requirement of the traffic operation. Road accident have become a major problem in the country, many people both old young have lost their lives as a result of road accident.

The rate of accident in this state varies from time to time and increase during the end of the year and decreases at the beginning of the year and also the number of cars double for the fact that during this period, the number of not or vehicle are more than doubled, odes not mean that the roads becomes less safer. Why then is it that the rate of road accident in Enugu – Onitsha Express Road is not stable as other roads in the state?

The answer is that first, we lack sufficient collective will to put an end once and for all, to the perils caused us by road accident.

Second, our understanding of the situation is low because of the fragment nature of its occurrence (is not how many people or families are affected at a time and this has made people to slow down, I don’t care to behaviaour it). It does happen because we cannot predict its period of occurrence.

If we have the good will, we should find the way, for we cannot assume the number of accident rate are beyond a number that man could. Solue, once they have been identified. Some people are non chalant because they are not directly affected. Perhaps they are not divers or carousers, that not withstanding they are affected somehow its effects on the public migration are not cumulative another reason why we cannot reduce the rate of accident in Enugu – Onitsha Express Road to its lowest rate of occurrence is that from the point of view of the government and financial cost of an integrated road transport system represent one of one many cells on the national income there by a time they forget about and road transport system. By this I mean that the decision is essential government by consideration of a political nature.

In principle, the number of casualties on the road could be reduced to any required level, provided there was sufficient investment of economic and social effort that could minimize or reduce it.

In view of what has been said about appraisal of accident rate in Enugu – Onitsha Express Road, it may be said to occur when many vehicle do not meet the safety requirement of the traffic role as it can always be seen.

Road accident is normally a failure of the control system the starting point in how to prevent accident along Enugu – Onitsha Express Road should be understood. What is required of many vehicles?

There are factors that lead to road accident.

Unsafe Driver: Unsafe driver is a driver that drives under the influence of alcohol or drugs feeling sleepy, carelessly distracted, pot whole, driving with uncorrected vision or hearing.

Hazardous Driving Condition: Hazardous driving condition is driving under stormy weather. Sleeping road surface, darkness, narrow roads.

Unsafe Driving Practices: This is driving above the speed limit, turning without signaling, following the car ahead too closely.

Unsafe condition with an automobile: Brakes failure, unsafe steering gear, worn-out tires, over loading and driver without light at night is also one of the major features of road accident is a high proportion of severe multiple injuries, gotten. However motor accident rate may constitute a growing problem in our society, perhaps scrunching of traffic regulation equipment facilities shall be improved the state.

1.2 BACKGROUND INFORMATION

In the past, in the time of our fore father the rate of road accident was very small because they were uncivilized; there was very few motor vehicles, good road etc.

In this modern time, there is hardly a day without accident, go to road safety office, and see the number of people that is being hospitalized, mainly the value of goods lost by Enugu – Onitsha Express accident victims, not to talk of those that have lost their limes because of accident that occur on this road.

At this juncture, one may ask at what season of the year or month people normally have accident, and what factors influence the road accident and how many people may be admitted into the hospital or the value of crude deaths rate will it not increase from day to day on this road in future.

Awareness of all these things may make the government to know how much to budget for maintain of these road or maintenance of road facilities, provision of emergency services and how best to control road accident and suppress it to the lowest rate of occurring.

Nowadays, it appears that the tendency of accident occurring is greater than it was in the previous decades.

New invention is the main factors that attribute to it many people are miss using it. Also illiteracy of the drivers. Lack of vehicle maintenance, bad roads, one way traffic inexperience etc.

Against this background, I decided to carry out a study on the value of accident rate in Enugu – Onitsha Express Road in order to investigate some of the above maintained issues.

1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

The aims and objectives of this project is to carry out statistical appraisal of accident rate in Enugu – Onitsha Express Road for a period of eight years (1995 – 2002).

To ascertain the rate at which accident occur, whether the accident rate has been increased as years go by or its varies from month or being at decrease and at what season of the year do we have higher rate of accident at Enugu – Onitsha Express Road.

Moreover, this project will help to predict the value of road accident or number of the road accident in Enugu – Onitsha Express Road that will occure in future will regard to the past records.

This scientific knowledge will help the government in their planning and also on how best to control or reduce road accident in Enugu – Onitsha Express Road to its minimum of occurrence in the state.

Finally, the recommendation made I this work will help individuals to know the rate of accident in Enugu – Onitsha Express Road so as not to be the next victim.

1.4 SCOPE AND LIMITATION

The researchers decided to limit the scope of the topic, the appraisal of accident rate in Enugu – Onitsha Express Road, so as to collect accurate data during the limited period of research to do more accident work in future.

CHAPTER TWO

2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW

According to Prof. Cohens the author of “Causes and Prevention of road accident.

To be successful the entire rules of road safety must be subjected to fundamental reexamination. I must stop thinking of drive and vehicle as separate unit, a man in full control of him self, in charge of a passive mechanism is a diver. The modern driver is a vacuum but not in movement of a continuously changing traffic contest. A man at the wheel under – go complex changes.

Self regulation of movement wholly or partly opens the doors to undesirable risk, and hazard. Question of speed vigilance communication and propaganda must therefore be considered afresh.

Mrs. Barbana Preston also one of the authors of “causes and prevention of road accident” places her emphasis on more purely empirical aspects she argues that legislation has worked in the past and that what we need is more of it, better enforced and more speeding of its operation. Intensive study of accident data. She suggests the measures that can be taken immediately.

With reference to guardian in April 1962, A formed. Minister of transport (Mr. Marples) when in agurating the National Road Training year campaign of the of the royal society for the prevention of accident deaf and that every body on the road should drive as if other drivers were a complete food.

In an investigation conducted by I Cohen Language of the road (Head Light July 1966). We make use of traffic signals and this resulted in a very muddled and unsatisfactory state of affairs.

No wonder one driver is often unable to interpret the signal of another, or to anticipate on what he is going to do. If one of them could indicate to the other precisely what he had in mind, some accident might be prevented.

Many motorist consider that road improvement is the main, the only means for stopping road accident, the facts do not support this simple view, road improvement often reduce congestion and journey time, but they may or may not reduce accident rate.

The road laboratory “Research on Road traffic, London (1965) before and after studies have shown that when there is a resurfacing of a slippery reduced accident by 45 percent and reconstruction on a new line reduce injury accident by 95 percent major resurfacing improvement on non-shipping by 65 percent and reconstruction of length of road on the same line increase accident by 123 percent, obviously, the impacts one may or the other, on road safely depends on how the road are improved.

According to Stephan Black “man and motor car (1966) unconsciously there was not tear of accident, wearing safety harness was dismissed as cissy and the greatest danger on the roads was through the show driver. The subject stressed the significance of “freedom” associate with car ownership and the feeling of power and the sense of superiority. He quotes one subject as saying “they is a lot of accident nowadays. Some people expect accident to happen to other people of course and one person interviewed said “I can’t pretend, I really mind when we see a car accident” in a funmy way, it makes the journey interesting.

According to F. Garwood and R.L. Moore Pedestrian accident” to consider the problems of pedestrian as derivation from the problems of motorist.

This is a major problem everyday on average of eight or nine pedestrian are killed over 90% of the pedestrian casualties occur in built up areas and about 5 percent of these injured pedestrians are on foot paths.

The main problem however is crossing the road. Active young and adult manage to cross the road fairly successfully especially females the young and old often do not.

A STATISTICAL STUDY ON ENROLMENT OF PUPILS FROM PRIMARY TO POST PRIMARY SCHOOL IN OJI-RIVER LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA

A STATISTICAL STUDY ON ENROLMENT OF PUPILS FROM PRIMARY TO POST PRIMARY SCHOOL IN OJI-RIVER LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA

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ABSTRACT

This work has the enrolment of pupils from primary to secondary school in Oji-River Local Government Area.

This pupils interest to enroll their sex. Also, this project was used to ascertain if parents/guardians occupation and level of education influences the pupils interest to further their education to secondary school level.

The enrollment of pupils from primary to post primary school was considered and number of children is creasing.

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction 1
Aims and objectives 3
Need for the study 4

CHAPTER TWO

Literature Review 5

CHAPTER THREE

Data Collection

Sources of data 10
Sampling frame 10
Sampling techniques 11
Pilot survey 12
Sample size 14
Limitations 14
Scope of survey 15

CHAPTER FOUR

Analysis

Test involving the use of chi-square interest 16
To test whether the pupils interests to 16

enroll in jss i depends on their sex

To test whether parents/guardians occupations affects 18

the pupil’s interest to entroll in jss i

To test whether parents/guardians level of 19

education is associated with their interest in

sending their ward to post primary school

Yearly enrolment of students in junior secondary 22

school one in oji river local government area

CHAPTER FIVE

Finding and conclusion

Findings 23
Conclusion 24
Recommendation 24

Appendices 25

Definition of terms 28

Bibliography 29

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION

The education industry is certainly one of the most important social sectors in the development and progress of any country. Among such importance include a strong and self – reliant nation, a great and dynamic economy, a land of bright and full opportunities for all citizens, a just and egalitarian society. It is therefore unfortunate that in spite of the importance of education industry, it has been facing a steady and serious decline for some years now.

Examining education from the primary school level which is supposed to be the foundation in which the educational structure should be built. How sound is this foundation today? Indeed, many well meaning Nigerians are sad and very much worried that our primary school today no longer provides the right foundation on which the secondary and tertiary education should be built.

Paradoxically, when one looks at the whole scenario concerning education in Nigeria today, one would be tempted to conclude that education has completely crashed. For one thing, education has become very expensive at all levels that it is now becoming increasingly inaccessible to majority of Nigerians.

The question is what education is and who is likely to be seen there? The advanced learners, dictionary of current English, definition of education are the systematic training and instruction. It goes further to add that it is knowledge and abilities, development of character and mental powers resulting from such training. One school of taught, Thomson defined education as the influence of environment upon the individual to produce a permanent change in his habits of behaviour, of though and of attitude. A renewed educationist Dr. John Dewey 1963 interprets education as the scientific method by means of which man studies the world, acquires cumulative knowledge of meanings and values generally, the layman’s view on educational concept includes schooling which is the formation or education that takes place in a formal setting, in a specialized place (school0 with a systematic body of knowledge experience and directed by a specialist known as the teacher.

The every form of education is primary school, primary schools are for junior pupils usually between the ages five to eleven years. The goals of primary school education include:

To prepare must children for life while a few talented ones must be given the opportunity to proceed to secondary schools for the development of manpower’s needs.

To help the child to wards self – realization and to relate others through mutual understanding/

The aims of secondary education include

To think effectively and to communicate thought clearly

To develop economic efficiency both as a consumer and as a producer of goods

To recognize the dignity of labour

To understand the word outside his environment

To live and act as a well integrated individual.

1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

To ascertain if there is increase or decrease in children enrolment in junior secondary school one (JSS I)
To test whether the pupils interest to enroll in JSS I depends on their sex
To find out whether parent/guardian occupation affects the people interest to enroll in JSS I
To find out whether parents/guardian level of education is associated with their interest in sending their ward to post primary school.
To make recommendation

1.3 NEED FOR THE STUDY

Since education is a pre-requisite for a technological advancement, the future of our society cargely depends on how well our educational institutions are managed.

Having observed the recent behaviour of the youths and the craze for their per suit of wealth and having gone through may journals it has been observed that there is a continuous fall in the number of youths going into secondary education especially the males.

The researcher was therefore motivated by this trend of events to investigate into this issue and know how true this observation are, by subjecting them to statistical analysis.

CHAPTER TWO

2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW

The history of education in Nigeria was in timely bound u with the history of western education in Europe. The church saw that it could not do its own work effectively unless adherents were able to read and write. Babs A. Fatunwa (1974) remark that the Catholics, through the influence of the Portuguese traders were the first missionaries to set foot on Nigerian soil.

The earliest Christian missionary school in Nigeria was without any doubt an adjunct of the church.

Consequently, Kenneth Black Move and Brain Cooksey (1974) maintained that the missionaries continued spreading and establishing schools in all ramifications down the East of the Niger. This he said spread to most parts of Igbo-land. It could be noticed that the oldest school in Oji-River Local Government Area (Western part of Enugu State) is Christ Church School Isikwe – Achi which belonged to the Church of Missionary Society (CMS). Some years later, the Roman Catholic mission (RCM) built their own school called St. Mary’s Catholic School, Achi.

The place of education in any nation is highly indispensable. The Federal Military Government (FMG) adverted to its central position which it stated in the Second National Development Plan (1970 – 1974) that “one major focus of education policy I Nigeria has been the ultimate provision of formal education to every child of school going age to at least primary school level in the ground that universal education is very vital in improving peoples receptiveness to new idea. Another objective is to create adequate stack of skills needed in the process of social and economic development”. The Federal Government Report to the International Conference on education (1973) emphasized that the rate of enrolment has not been a fast one”. To encourage enrolment, education should be made universally compulsory and free throughout the length and breath of country now.

Secondary education is yet to be within the reach of average primary school learners in Nigeria.

G.C. Nduka and F.N.J. Eresimadu emphasized that many brilliant children who wish to go to secondary schools do not find themselves there because they were not able to afford the fees. In the East. School fees and levies were paid by students before they could be allowed to remain in school.

Segun Ogunsaju and Segun Adesina (1984) remarked that in 1977, the Federal Military Government introduced free education from primary to post primary school secondary education in Nigeria is an enormous venture particularly in the post military era when the number of secondary schools and students enrolments has increased at a multiple rate. The old Anambra State was a good case where enrolments have increased 118% between 1979-1980 and have remained the fastest growing sector in Nigerian education.

Today Nigeria has entered into the second tier secondary education system. The 6-3-3-4 education system (the national policy on education) was enunciated in 1977 by the Federal Government of Nigeria and came into effect is September 1982.

The gave rise to the four components of educational system the primary school the junior secondary school, the senior secondary school and the Higher institution. Nigeria change from the age-long grammar and literally based education system to a science and technically oriented one. This was a broad based education with emphasizes on the attainment of lasting and functional literacy and effective communication skills.

Currently, schools have been to the State Government. School fees, educational levies etc have been introduced. All these increased the burden of training a ward in school. This tends to be pulling down the enrolment rate in schools. In trying to understand the differences and common element in traditional and modern primary education it is sometime helpful to look for analogies.

Thus we may take a typical example or an aptsmile or make a diagrammatic representation. These analogies may be called models because they put in concrete form what is believed to be the essence of a principle. The Garden of Eden, platos’ cave Animal farm and Lord of the flies may be considered instances of this. The purpose of the model is to get to the heart of the matter. Jesus used this parables for this purpose, and Socrates took his models from the everybody life of the Cobbler, the mule – driver, the cook.

A teacher, like a guardian in relation to a ward, who is mindful of children’s interest, is not necessarily exercised about what they actually want or are interest in, or their hobbies, he (orshe) is concerned about protecting them in what he thinks they have a right to pursue to with ensuring that they pursue what is both worthwhile and suitable for them, ie beneficial for them. He therefore has to consider not only what is in general worthwhile but also what the potentialities and capacities are of the particular children for whom he is responsible.

Finally something must be said about the ceremonial or ritualistic side of imitation professor Peters treats this as incidental but nevertheless important, thus he says.

Lessons are obviously not quite the same as initiation ceremonies. But they are certainly most effective when they share some of their atmosphere.

CHAPTER THREE

DATA COLLECTION

3.1 SOURCES OF DATA

This survey was carried out in Oji-River Local Government Area only.

The primary data used were collected from selected primary school pupils by means of questionnaire. Another set of questionnaire were administered to the parent/guardians of the pupil residing within Oji – River Local Government.

In addition, total for yearly enrolment from selected post primary school for a period of eleven years (1988 – 1999) academic sessions

3.2 SAMPLING FRAME

The sampling frame for secondary school study is the list of all the eleven secondary school in Oji-River Local Government Area. This sampling frame is made up of five boy’s secondary schools, five girl’s secondary school and one mixed school; (co-education).

The frame for primary school study is the primary school in the towns that made up Oji-River Local Government Area. The towns are Achi, Akpugoeze, Awlaw, Inyi and Ugwuoba. Also, the parents/guardians were equally covered under this scope.

3.3 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

Sample random sampling was used in selecting the secondary school that were used in the study. Simple random sampling was chosen because it is a procedure in which all the individuals secondary schools in the defined population (finite) have an equal and independent chance of being selected as a member of the sample so as to be the representative of the population from which they are drawn.

All the names of each of the boys secondary schools were written on sheet of paper and wrapped. The researcher then closed his eyes and picked out one of the balloting papers and the secondary school picked noted. These he did three good times in order to pick out three boy’s secondary school. The various school picked were the selected school. Enrolment for the first year students each academic section were taken with respect to the schools selected. This method of simple random sampling applied to the boy’s secondary schools was equally applied to that of the girls secondary schools.

The enrolment for the girls schools for only the first year student each academic session were taken with respect to the schools selected.

The same simple random sampling technique was used in selecting the primary schools that were used in the study. There the major towns Achi, picked. The primary schools in the selected towns were Achi, Akpugoeze, Awlaw, Inyi and Ugwuoba were used either. Three towns were picked.

The questionnaires were administered to both pupils and parents/guardians.

Also systematic sampling was used to administer questionnaires to the individuals.

3.4 PILOT SURVEY

Pilot survey was carried out primarily to test the adequacy of the questionnaire. It assists to dictate problems that the correspondent will encounter in the process of filling the questionnaire. The pilot survey helped the researcher to have a glimnse of the main survey. It equally helped to determine the volume of labo expected in the main project.

Below is a table for the distribution of the questionnaires and valid returns from the pilot survey.

Towns

Parents/

Guardians

Valid returns

% Returns

Pupils

Valid Returns

% Returns

Achi

Inyi

Anlaw

87%

80%

93%

67%

80%

93%

Total

Out of the questionnaires distributed for the pilot survey, questionnaires were received as valid returns from the parents/guardians. It shows the valid returns of 87% were made from the pilot survey while invalid returns were made.

And for the pupils, 80% valid returns were credited which in effect showed that only invalid returns were recorded from the questionnaires administered from the pilot survey.

3.5 SAMPLE SIZE

The sample size for this survey was determined separately for pupils and parents/guardians.

The sample size for the pupils were determined based on the cost function and volume of labour required. Though 45 questionnaires were administered but a sample sixe4 of 36 was used to carry out the study similarly, 45 questionnaires were administered to parents/guardians and a sample size of 39 was used either this was based on the volume of work and cost in carrying out the project.

The various sample size were used because the cost of carrying out one unit is higher than the cost of more units. It could be noted that higher the sample size. The more precise the result is expected to be.

3.6 LIMITATION

These are the problems the research hers encountered during data collection. The records of students enrolment in JSS I are not well kept. One has to read strongly between lines before he extracts t he data. Moreso, some primary school pupils did not know the importance of questionnaires and as

ANALYSIS OF CRIME IN ENUGU STATE FROM THE YEAR 1996 – 2003 (A CASE STUDY OF CENTRAL POLICE STATION ENUGU)

ANALYSIS OF CRIME IN ENUGU STATE FROM THE YEAR 1996 – 2003 (A CASE STUDY OF CENTRAL POLICE STATION ENUGU)

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ABSTRACT

The aim of this project work is to analyze the reported cases of crime in Enugu State. And the project is made up of five chapters:

Chapter one is the introductions of the study with aim and objectives, and classification of crime.

Chapter two covers the related literature review. Chapter three is the research methodology which shows the statistical tools used in the data collection and analyses.

Chapter four deals with analysis of data finally the chapter five comprises of findings, conclusion and recommendations.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page ii

Dedication iii

Acknowledgements iv

Abstract v

Table of content vi

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction 1

Statement of the problem 2
Aim and Objectives 2
Classification of crime 2
Significance of the study 3
Scope and coverage of the study 3
Limitations of the study 3
Definition of terms 4

CHAPTER TWO

Review of related literature 5

Social view on crime 5
Political view on crime 6

CHAPTER THREE

Research methodology 9

Sources of data 9
Method of data collection 9
Method of data analysis 9
Data presentation and analysis 13

CHAPTER FOUR

Analysis of data 22

The least square method of estimating the trend 22
The estimation sum of squares 28
Analysis of Anova table 31
Spear man rank correlation table 32

CHAPTER FIVE

Findings, conclusion and recommendations 38

Findings 38
Conclusion 38
Recommendations 39

Bibliography 40

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Crime is any act that is contrary to the law, which can lead one to punish accordingly.

Nigeria is a country where things work on a reversible order. Some crimes are punishable by law, depend on the country. In our state (Enugu) to be precisely, some offences like cheating, rigging of election, stealing, advance free frauds (419), and many more are tend to be in reverse other.

Any citizen that fall under crime may be punish depend on how the state used to punish their offenders, due to neglection. The rate of crime in Nigeria is a nagging one, such that it will be difficult to known the real criminals. However the word crime compasses the acts which are contrary to the law and the principle of National Justice, since the society has streamline crime to only armed robbery.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

It is the reported case of crime committed in the country, recorded. This is a research work which seeks to convey out an analysis of reported cases of crime from the year 1996 to 2003.

AIM AND OBJECTIVES

To critically examine whether the crime in Enugu state exhibit or display a trend.
To compare the rate of crime between one class of crime and another.
To find out whether the class of crime is independent or dependent of sex.
To ascertain if seasons contributed to number of crime committed.

CLASSIFICATION OF CRIME

FELONY (Crime against person)
MISDEAMOUR (Offence against properties)
SIMPLE OFFENCE(FELONY NOR MISDEAMOUR)

FELONY- can be defined as a serious breaking of law, which may be sentence that lead to death. Example murder.

MISDEAMOUR – can be defined as an unlawful act, which is not serious in nature it is punishable for more than six months (that’s penalty for a committee). Example Arson.

SIMPLE OFFENCE – This neither felony nor misdeamour, it is punishable by imprisonment for less than six months, examples: forgery and unlawful possession.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study would be great vital to the general public, the government, the Nigeria police and other agencies of crime concerned.

THE SCOPE AND COVERAGE OF THE STUDY

Aim of this study and basis of the availability of data, where attention is given to the Enugu state central police station as a unit study. It is choosing as consequent of my interest in the study of crime in Enugu urban areas. The research work covers the analysis of cases of reported crime for period of eight year from January 1996 to December 2003.

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

The study was designed formally to cover more year is restricted to 8 years due to financial and constraints of time.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

CASE – is a set of events, which demand action.

OFFENCE – is any unlawful act.

IMPRISONMENT – This is the act of putting some one into prison for a period of time.

PRISON is building that made for lawbreakers.

CONSTITUTIONS are laws upon which government of a state or country is build up law are rules made by government of a nation.

BRIBE – this is a process by which thing offered to influence a person to act in the favour of the giver.

ARSON – It is unlawful setting up against one’s properties eg setting on fire of some one’s building or car.

MURDER – It is the illegal deliberated of killing human beings. It is seriously law breaking which is under felony.

KIDNAPPING – this occur when there is problem between two parties and one of them decied to target where the other party is and take the party away for Assign, so that he/she can step down for him.

Forgery is a crime that can emphasis where by a person is claiming what is not his belong by force. Instance, you can see where people of Ngwo is claiming a land from Nike people.

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ON CRIME

SOCIO – ECONOMIC REVIEW ON CRIME

This is a study by Howard Freeman of university of London reveal in the year 199, that people of all apparently ages commit all types of crime, while the age group of young adults are marked by super furious rate of crime.

He stated that the challenges of youths in Nigeria have never been as it is now. Also he gave support that the rate of criminal behaviour among youths are not only in the personal development offender and temperature, but lack of occupational and social opportunities, and the community fail to integrate him into the social structure.

According to text, that the prevention of crime and guilty was advocated by Allan Coffey who instances that most people conceive crime as law violation which is not crime, he classified deviance as one such, in which he later defined as the act that do not follow the expectations and norms of a particular state. In this issue deviance may be positively sanctioned when rewarded or negatively sanctioned when it is punishable.

POLITICAL REVIEW ON CRIME

In this, the consulted materials related on how different writer and power had studied different reviews and concluded on the disease that had afflicted the country or state

The military regimes that ruled the country Nigeria had been noless guilt as Chief F. S. Giwa Osaigwe opened that General Babangida regime was the regime that brought corruption in our country today, before Abacha’s dictorship was founded on corruption also and his regime nearly legitimatized or justified corruption in Nigeria,

Abdusalemi Abubaka regime was where corruption became the master of our country and then after came to Chief Olusegun Obasanjo’s regime which is democracy where stealing, Arson and advance free frauds (Nig) were known as climate, Ignored felony which the most serious law breaking. In his regime any body that commit felony are not punishing as the law stated, rather will lock and release, mysteriously by bribe.

ANAMBRA CRISIS

This is still under political reviews on crime through the first tenure of Chief Olusegun Obasanjo, the traveled all over the world to re-integrate Nigeria into the comity of civilized nations and to attacks the much needed for foreign investment to the economy. The president reportedly claimed that the investors are waiting for the outcome of the April 200 election when they will be convinced, the democracy has come to stay and that we can successfully manage a civilian to civilian transition.

But the 2003 April election took place also in the state and was allegedly marred by wide spread irregularities that almost resulted in civil unrest, and the losers’ claimed that there was no election but not knowing that it is a mockery to the democracy it was when George Mogharlu, one of the gubernatorial candidates in Anambra state was asked some one, that his honestly impressed of the gubernatorial elections in the state, in later likened himself to an unway passenger who entered armed robbery vehicle and lost all he has except his life and said that for a decent man to run for a post of public officer is a dangerous enterprises.

Talk of Chief Chris Uba and Chris Ngige, the current running popular political opera. The Anambra crisis has provided the much needed to convince themselves that the April elections were massively rigged with the active convince and participation of the state institutions including the army, police, INEC and the security agencies. What Chris Uba and his cohort Anambra was to set the clock of their much needed foreign investments back to another four years and to reduce the four years of presidential travels into sight seeing.

Nevertheless, Governor Chris Ngige was kidnapped by people (his enemies) from the state to some where, forced him to agreed that he will be given them forty percent of what the state will be earning. Ngige disagreed on their suggestion due to it is a compulsory acquisition been the forty percent of what state is earning, then forced to sign that he is no more the Governor f the state and burnt his car. Before all these happened a writer, Chinua Achebe posited that we as citizens of Nigerians rarely registered into political parties, but it was few percentages of citizens that participated in the politics.

While a Lieutenant general and Chief of Army staff Salihu Ibrahim said that unless the politicians are allow making mistakes and learning from the mistakes, that our political development would continue to be embaryonic state for a long period to come. That unless the military learns now to keep their land off politics in our country, our political development will continue to be at of rudiment for future generations.

ANALYSIS OF THE RATE OF INFANT MORTALITY FROM I MONTH TO 1 YEAR (A CASE STUDY OF PARK-LANE GENERAL HOSPITAL ENUGU 2001 – 2010)

ANALYSIS OF THE RATE OF INFANT MORTALITY FROM I MONTH TO 1 YEAR (A CASE STUDY OF PARK-LANE GENERAL HOSPITAL ENUGU 2001 – 2010)

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Continue reading ANALYSIS OF THE RATE OF INFANT MORTALITY FROM I MONTH TO 1 YEAR (A CASE STUDY OF PARK-LANE GENERAL HOSPITAL ENUGU 2001 – 2010) →

ABSTRACT

The rate of death of our children attracts concern from every Nigerian.

It is clear that the only way to wipe out a race is to cut its means of future reproduction which is the children and this children are believed to be our future presidents, governors etc and the ensure older generation of a better tomorrow. Infant morality have a considerable significance on demography.

The level of death rate in early life has been described as a crucial test of the health service and special progress of a country.The young child’s life is wholly dependent on the care of mothers. It is base on this that the government through the ministry of health fights to ensure that all the preventable childhood disease that leads to infant deaths the reduced to most minimal level.

This gave way to the introduction of Expanded programme on immunization (EPI) and ORAL Dehydration Therapy (ORT). These programmes are aimed at teaching parents on how to make salt, sugar, water as oral drip to cure diarrhea and to immunize poliomyelitis, small pox, chicken pox, whooping cough and tuberculosis.

Ever since the introduction of these programmes, great lots have been achieved by reducing the number of infants death. This instigated my writing this project.With the data I collected from park-lane general hospital, Enugu on the number of infants death and sex distribution.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

Aims and objectives
Limitations of the study
Definition of terms

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Method of data collections/source
Problems encountered during the study
Methods of analysis
Estimation of population ratio
Demographic data
Chi-square
The wilcoxon rank-sum test
Data on births
Data on death

CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS

Estimation of population ratio
Demographic data analysis
Chi-square analysis
Wilcoxon rank-sum test analysis

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS,

CONCLUSIONS AND

RECOMMENDATION

5.1 findings and conclusion

Conclusion
Recommendation

Bibliography

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Infant mortality is mostly caused by diseases and these diseases are due to the prevalence of parasite hosts in certain areas. It is believed that year, thousands of children are born in this country and thousands of these children die from diseases such as diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, poliomyelitis, measles and childhood tuberculosis.

This is stated in a pamphlet on Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) published by the Federal Epidemiological unit, Federal Ministry of Health, Lagos, 1981.

Children’s development and survival are influenced by a number of factors which include environmental sanitation, most of all nutrition and parents lack of awareness some children are malnourished due to the fact that their parents do not know what constitutes a balanced diet for.

They lack the knowledge of what helps the children to grow normally and build up strong immunity against such diseases that emanate from under – nourished diet. Some parents are illiterate and ignorant, that is why in some remote areas of the country children die out of carelessness and parent ignorance.

Ignorance, in the sense that some parents do not know or observe the programme introduced by the ministry of Health to ward – off those six killer diseases which is Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI), presently, the government of Nigeria has carried out a national expanded programme on immunization (EPI) to control these six childhood diseases throughout the federation.

Although, Nigeria has been declared small pox free surveillance against the disease is still being maintained. Government should be commended on their efforts to create awareness on the side of the parent and their effort to ward off these diseases, thereby reducing the infant deaths in the country.

More can be done also by educating the parents o how to maintain good environmental hygiene ad nutritional standard of their diet so as to rear healthy children.

Actually, the rate of infant mortality motivated me to carry out a research on this project topic and also suggest ways which can reduce the rate of infant mortality.

1.1 AIMS AND OBEJCTIVES

The aims and objectives of this project are as following

To determine the ratio of males to females death, among infants less than 1 year.
To determine whether infant mortality is greater tan the standard range for infant, mortality which is (10-55) deaths per every 1000.
To determine if mortality is independent of sex of a child.
To determine if the mean mortality for male and female infants are the same.
To suggest possible preventive measures to reduce the number of infant deaths that occur.

1.2 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

This study is limited in scope and coverage area to the park-lane hospital, Enugu. The age interval considered in this project is from 1 month to 1 year, because from the definition of the term, “infant mortality” the most ideal age is under 1 month to 1 year.

1.3 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Demography: This is define as the study of statistics of human population, it helps in studying how the population growth had behaved in the past and how it is going to behave in future.
Morbidity Rates: Morbidity in statistics involves illnesses, injures, hospitalization, and incapacitation applicable definitions of sickness in an area.

This term refer to diseases or injury at an appropriate level of measurement. The general intention is that the terms used should cover the whole course of one disease or injury in one person as far as the course is relevant to the particular enquiry concerned.

Morbidity data are collected through specific reports, examples are;

Notification of infection diseases
Notification of congenital abnormalities and it is also being collected form special disease register like cancer register, coronary register.

iii. Infant Mortality: Mortality rate is the index of death over the index of birth for a given period and infant morality is being defined by considering the term used in their project work as infant under 1 month to 1 year.

According to Puffer R.R. Serrand in his book mortality in childhood 1978, described it as the number of death under one year over the number of the birth multiplied by 1000.

It can be represented mathematically as:

Number of death under 1 year x 100

Number of life birth

Infant mortality rates vary from country to country

Diseases: This is sickness or disorder caused by infections. There are lots of diseases that brings about death of children. These diseases include;
Tuberculosis
Measles

Whooping cough

Diphtheria
Tetanus
Small pox

Poliomyelitis
Kwashiorkor

Tuberclosis

Tuberclosis is a common acute or chronic disease which can cause disability and death.

It usually affects the respiratory system, bones, joints and nervous systems.

Skins and lymphatics the tubercle bacillus may enter the body of inhalation infection or direct inoculation. Inhalation of bacillus spread in droplet formed by coughing or sneezing.

Signs and symptoms: fever, weight loss and chest pains.

Preventive measures: the health education of the public and necessary isolation of the known cases, then administration of BCG vaccination against the disease.

Measles

This is a communicable childhood disease. The virus is spread largely by the droplet spray from the nose, throat and mouth of persons in the early stage of the most readily transmitted communicable diseases.

Signs and symptoms: fever, headache, rashes all over the body,

Preventive measures: includes immunizing the children against the disease, isolation of the cases of measles from susceptible children until 5 days after appearance of rash.

Whooping cough

Whooping cough is an acute bacterial disease it is a very serious disease and one of the major killers among the children. The disease is transmitted by droplet spread and by direct or indirect contact with discharge from respiratory mucos membrances of infected persons.

Signs and symptoms: irritative cough and slight fever.

Preventive measures are:

Isolation of known cases
Health education of the public and particularly parents.

Immunization against whooping cough

Diphtheria

This is an infectious disease characterized by the formulation of a fibrous pseudo – membranes on the mucosa usually that of respiratory tract. It is transmitted by droplets from the respiratory tract of a carrier or a patient.

The only effective control is by active immunization with diphtheria toxtoid.

Tetanus

This is a disease induced by a toxin of the tetanus bacillus growing anaerobically at the site of an injury.

In new born, transmission may occur by contamination of the umbilical cord, the risk of tetanus is universal, it is particularly high in developing countries.

Effective and durable protection against tetanus can be obtained only by active immunization preferably with absorbed to toid which is generally afforded in infancy or early childhood.

Smallpox

This is a very serious disease which spreads rapidly from person to person and it kills children, disfigures and gives rise to blindness.

It is caused by germs spread through coughing and sneezing and can be as well prevented by isolating the infected person and vaccination.

Signs and symptoms: high fever, headache, backache and rashes like pimples

Poliomyelitis

This is a viral disease with seventy ranging from in apparent infection to non paralyte diseas. The causative agent belongs to the enteromous family.

Polionmses exist as 3 (three) immunologic strains associated with epidermics. Besides, man, chimpanzee and monkeys are also susceptible.

Poliovirus are spread primarily by direct contact and by carriers. The virus is present in the secretion of the throat and the intestinal excretion and it enhances spread of the infection especially where there is poor sanitation.

Signs and symptoms: 3 (three) clinical forms of poliomyelitis are recognized abortive, paralytic and non-paralytic forms, they have common sign and symptoms which are fever, headache, sore-throat and stiff neck.

Preventive measures – active immunization of all susceptible persons against 3 types of polio viruses.

Isolation of patient for more than 7 days.
Vaccination for all families and other close contact.

Health education to the public on the importance of sanitation.

Kwashiorkor

This is malnutrition and it is common in children who are not well fed with the appropriate nutrient required for good health.

Signs and symptoms: weakness, growth retardation, anaemia, may have swollen feet, fever and protruded stomach. It could be prevented by giving the children adequate meals that have the required good nutritional values.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF STUDENT ATTITUDE TOWARDS THE USE OF HANDOUT ( A CASE STUDY OF INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY ENUGU)

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF STUDENT ATTITUDE TOWARDS THE USE OF HANDOUT ( A CASE STUDY OF INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY ENUGU)

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