STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF STUDENT ATTITUDE TOWARDS THE USE OF HANDOUT ( A CASE STUDY OF INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY ENUGU)

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ABSTRACT

Due to the falling standard of education especially in our tertiary institution of learning the study was based on analysis on handout and generally student’s attitude towards them.

In view of this, primary data was used in the study to obtain data from the student by the use of questionnaires. The following methods of analysis are employed, chi-square lest, population proportion and percentage and analysis of variance (ANOVA)

The justification of this research less in the fact that handout should not be an alternative to lecture note, it should be a mean to the end and not the end itself. Also handout has a significant effect on the academic performance of student in the real sense, but the price of handout should not be made too exboitant by the lectures.

Based on these, it would be our belief that this research work will help in the control of the falling standard of education in Nigeria. as a whole.

THREE

Research Methodology

• Data collection
• Sampling frame
• Sampling technique
• Pilot survey
• Determination of sample size for pilot survey

CHAPTER FUR

The General Format Chi-Square Test Using contingency table

CHAPTER FIVE

Summary Of The Finding Conclusion And Recommendations

• Findings
• Conclusion
• Recommendation

References

Appendix

1. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

Safety on our road has become an important task in Enugu State because of higher density of traffic and high level of mortality on our roads. The road safety commission in Enugu state in charge with the responsibility for traffic control, regulation and prevention of road accident in the state and its conventional law enforcement tasks.

1. To examine the vote motorist violates road rule in Enugu State.
2. To examine the role of road safety commission in the management of road traffic and enforcement of driving codes.

METHOD OF COLLECTION OF DATA

This research is purely based on secondary data indicating the note and magnitude of road offenders recorded in Enugu State within a specified period.

• Specified period
• Offensive codes reports
• Library research
• Multiple bar chart

2. AIMS AND OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

The recent prescription order on the sale of handouts in an institution of higher learning of the government was greeted with mixed feeling. How was design to strengthen the willing performance of students and the falling standard of education in our country. However the direct benefactors (students) in this issue were indifferent to the decision of those that are in authority.

Consequently this research work is being designed to reveal among other thing.

1. To determine of handout have any significant effect on students performance.
2. To determine f student’s attitude to handout is independent of school and students perception of lecture note.
3. To determine the average amount is significantly different from school to school.
4. To determine student general reaction to the price f handout.
5. To find out the view of lecturer towards the sale and are of handouts in institution of higher learning.

METHOD OF COLLECTION DATA

1. Data were collected primarily from the original source through the use of questionnaires administered to sample from each school in the institution.
2. Sampling frame and Sampling technique

3. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
4. To determine whether the awareness depend on sex
5. To determine whether the level awareness is the same in all level of study
6. To determine the percentage proportion of students awareness about the existence of Aids
7. To suggest possible recommendation how to increase the level of awareness amongst student.

METHOD OF COLLECTION OF DATA

The data used in this project work is both primary and secondary data

(i)      Method of sampling

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The historical development of education in Nigeria shows much difference between the present mode and policies of education than the 1950’s and 1960’s.

These were few primary and secondary schools than as well as few institutions of higher learning’s. These were also few students than and this was the colonial administration eva in Nigerian. Lectures were very effective because of appropriate control in the few universities and polytechnics /teachers training colleges.

In addition, the textbooks were mainly foreign most of them were from the United Kingdom. They were cheap and easy to procuse. Most of the textbooks were ordered for and received on schedule for a particular subject.

Students were taught to be good ambassador of their various villages and taken, so as to be good representative of their areas of origins.

Qualitative education was being giving then, student craved for knowledge and not studying only to pass examinations in schools. Reading was under conducive environments.

The present stage can be termed as the quantitative type of education. Where there are quantitative backgrounds necessitated building in numberable primary schools, post primary schools as institution of higher learning both in towns and villages. Worse still is the creation of more states, which has increased the numbers of universities and polytechnics.

Numbers of student admitted into each department yearly are now too many for lecture to control and supervise. The classroom became inadequate to accommodated students who intend to receive lectures yet mega-phones were not used to magnify anchor for the benefit of innumerable students who struggle to listen to the lectures in the classroom.

In the process many students return from lecture center with many complain of not benefiting from lecture delivered. The final consequence is poor result in quizzes and examination which may not be the fault of the students.

As a result of this complains some of the wise lecture thought it necessary to put their lectures in printing form and distribute to student to read at home for proper understanding of the subject under study. They do this, by extracting facts from relevant works of exports.

This is the advert of handout into the educational system of Nigeria. This has become so popular for the institutional procedures and almost inevitable handout according to oxford English Dictionary is a prepared statement given eg leaflet, statements by politicians to news men etc. Given free of changes as a gift of food, money and other items. This means, that handout is supposed to be free gift from the lecturers to the students as aid to effective learning. Developing counties have experienced the benefit of distant education offered by the overseas universities to students by the use of handouts issued by raid examine and Nigeria exams success Yaba Lagos to students offering G.C.E in time past.

Handouts are quite handy and easy to glance through by the students. Easy assimilation and easily retentive. They are cheap to precuve and save the students from stressful search for textbooks, which are highly costly to but, especially at this current economic recession in Nigeria.

But in this present days, the basic aim of handout introduction into institution of higher learning is being abused. Handouts have become sources of wealth to many lectures, who had made it compulsory for students to buy at high prices without which the students want to fail, they resort to demanding higher expenses from their parents and guardian in order to meet up. Where parents cannot meet up demands, students are now forced to involve in social problems.

On the other hand, since buying of the handouts by students is criteria of passing the quizzes and examinations, students refuses to make research from textbooks and concentrate on handouts. This lead to poor quality turns out of graduates from universities and polytechnics.

In other words, instead of the student to exploit the benefits that is offered by handouts, some complain about being exploited by lectures through the issues handout  to them.

The main issued now is to find out the actual attitude of students towards the use of handouts in institution of higher learning in Nigeria. This is the main theme of this work

• STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The main aim of education is to acquire knowledge in institution of all dimensions. The effectiveness of the acquisition of knowledge institution is been measured by the level of passes in quizzes and examination. Qualitative and effective lecturer which is well understood by students makes the success in quizzes and examination easy. And study aids in which handouts feature prominently are essential to elevate the student’s success through quizzes and examinations. Introduction of handout has a very good intentions on students, but the high cost of the handouts is making students to have mixed feeling parents and guardians of student complain abut the exploitation of students by lecturers through handouts. On the other hand, lecturers have to cover the cost of material used in the production of the handouts. Our major issue now in this study is to know the cost-benefit analysis so as know the attitude of students towards the use of handout either justifiable or not justifiable.

• AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

The recent prescription order on the sales of handouts in institution of higher learning by the government was greeted with mixed feelings. How it was design to strengthen the dwinding performance of students and falling standard f education in our country. However the direct benefactor (students) in this issue was indifferent to the decision of those that are in authority.

Consequently this research work is been designed to reveal among others things

1. To determine if handouts have any significant effect on students performances.
2. To determine if student’s attitudes to handout is independent of school and students perception of lecture note.
3. To determine the average amount spent on handouts by students and to is significantly different from school to school
4. To determine student general reaction to the prices of handouts.
5. To find out the views of lecturers towards the sales and are of handouts in institution of higher learning.

• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study would be of a great help to the students, lectures and even the general public. It would serve as a guide to institutions of higher learning, for effective dynamic and smooth running of schools. However the research work is meant to:

• Fusnesh the best guide to the sale and use of handout.
• To justify the nation of sales of handout in schools.
• This survey is set out to meet these needs with a view to make a useful findings, conclusion and recommendations to students, school authorities researcher and government in particular as a guide to a god sound educational policy in Nigeria.

• LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This project was seriously constrained by a number of factors, the most pronounced of which were time and money.

TIME: Time was by far the most important hindrance to this work. Since we were tied down with serious studies for our examinations, this research was not given the most appropriate or enough treatment possible. So far this, the assertion that time is money, seems to have us in contemplation. We had to work seriously round the clock to make this work possible.

MONEY: We strongly believe that money makes things go easier. Limited funds at that particular time also posed some threats to the realisation and completion of this work.

Going to libraries for days, meeting and pleading with students to fill the questionnaires in time since they felt it was very close to examination period, it couldn’t take out time from their light schedule to do such.

The typesetting and binding the finding into booklet all demanded a lot in monetary terms.

• ASSUMPTION

We assume accurate and reliable data and figure and at the end of this study. We would be able to know the merit and demerit of the use of handout in our great institution f higher learning (I.M.T) and it using attitude from school to the others.

• DEFINITION OF TERMS

SAMPLING: This is the act of selecting some unit from a population for purpose of study.

Chi-square test: It is a use of contingency table in a classification of frequency data on the basis of two or more quantitative characteristics or attributes

Analysis of variance (ANOVA): A method used for partitioning the total variation of a set of observation into component due to specified factors.

Degree of dependent: This is the use of coefficient of contingency to measure the degree of association between two characteristics which are show to be independent.

Frame: The frame is a comprehensive listing of the entire unit in a population each unit having a unique identification number vangying saying from 1 to N

A contingency table: is a classification of all “n” items in a sample on the basis of the level of two cosmord attribute found on each item for instance student may be classified according to level of academic performance.

Observed frequency: In a particular sample a set of possible events E₁, E₂, E_{3, ………} E₄ are observed to occur with frequencies O₁, O_2, O₃…….. Ok is called observed frequencies

Expected frequency: according to probability virile when the expected value occur with frequencies e_1, e_2, e₃…..ek are called expected frequency

Pilot survey: A pilot survey otherwise know as pretest is a small-scale trial survey conducted before the actual main survey.

Sample size: Is the sampling distribution of many statistics which are approximately normal the approximation becoming better with increasing N, 1.e N >30 and also when sampling distribution of small statistics has become approximately normal, the approximation become worse with decreasing N. 1. e N>30

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

One might ask how handout got itself involved in the learning and academic pursuit of student in various tertiary institution of learning. Well, if not for a critical examination of the falling standard of education in Nigeria (student not living up-to expectation after graduating from higher institution of learning) so as to create confidence and reliability again in our educational system.

Handouts defined by oxford English Dictionary is a prepared statement giving by politician to news paper men, leaflet etc distributed free. So in this verification, handouts are supposed to be free gift from lecturer to student as to aid better leaving and understanding.

James Hastily expression that “it is a common practices in universities” teaching for lecturers to provide lecture handout to accompany their verbal exposition these handout varies in function and design-some such teaching aids are common there is as far as we can discover, little on their we and their effects and virtually no research no their design. He also stated that the little research that has been done show

• That student gets higher test score from lecturers accompanied by handout than from lecturers without them.
• The student appreciate handout
• That the design of the handout markedly affect students note taking practices.

Offorbuike Samuel Arinze in his project work (1990) stated that handout is a type- written material prepared by the lectures of I.M.T covering part of (or all) the course content for a particular class for the semester which the lecturer normally use for lecturing. The student in place of the lecture note. In his survey, he also discovered that about 4.43% of the variation in the proportion of student’s preference for type of student material (Handout, lecture notes textbook) may be attributed to difference in ages of students and that 42% of age group 15.19 year prefer handout as against 15% of the age group 30 years and above who manifest similar choice.

In this study also sex was found to have a zero effect or student preference to study material.

Eleyimi, Olufunke B. in her project work (December 1996) state that handout are section or summarized. Writing sold to student by their lecturers to ensure speedy coverage of the syllabus. In her work, she found out that there are significant differences:

1. In the average amount spent on handouts by students in the different schools.
2. Lecturers view varied greatly towards the use of handouts.
3. The ratio of student that have opinion that price of handout is high (0.66) to the overall population compared to those who paid that the price are moderate and low (0.28, and 0.06) respectively.

David Newsle and Robert Cannon in their book, pointed out the abuse of handouts can serve as number of useful purpose in your teaching, but this medium is frequently misused because the material is often simply distributed to student and then quickly forgotten that little though u given to the design and use of handout.

Romiszowki A. J in his view pointed on private median and their abuse he said printed material have been and continue to be, the single most common category of teaching material.  So printed materials with continue to be used and abused in instruction.

He felt it was abused by the ease with which they are being obtained reproduced and calculated leads to their often excessive or in appropriate use in the instructional process.

This literatures review was not only based on books and past project as:

The federal Radio Co-operation Enugu in her commentary on February 10^th, 2005. Said a lot of thing in affirmative in this commentary, it was stated that the “Sales of Handout” to student gained prominence. when it became increasingly difficult to produce the relevant textbooks for the various discipline”. The textbook were either not available locally or were too expensive for  student. Therefore there was justification, in the handing out of these copies of lecture which the students were to pay for.

It became evident that lecturer who said handout saw financial profits. They therefore decided to entered the sales of handout just for business intention and not really to help students in their studies. They make sure price that increases and students have to pay for them crying inwardly.

Most of the handouts are absolute in content apart from the high cost. This is because most of the handout was student and they make no move to update handouts.

Federal Radio Co-operation of Nigeria went further to point out that there is much to this issue of handout than all these said. They laid emphases on the fact that sales of handout encourage intellectual laciness both on the lectures and on the student too. Saying that in some cases, lecturers in most tertiary institutions, insist on student buying handout as a pre-condition to pass their course especially in quizzes sometimes the lectures even have register of student who have paid for their handout and their creates a great panic in the heart of the student.

Frankly speaking such an approach to teaching leads to the production of half-cooked graduate in our various institution of higher learning.

Since the federal ministry of education has new banned the sales of handout in tertiary institution in our country, there have been similes in the face of the students. The enters society is so concerned about the issue of handouts. Recently, the Enugu State Broadcast Station (ESBS) I’m Staves in new broadcast on commentary institution of February in tertiary 10, 2005 dwell on the topic “Handout” Scandal in tertiary institution.

It was noted first in the commentary that handout usually serve as supplement to textbook or as alternative to them.

The Enugu State ministry of information made a vigor’s research on handout scandal and the cause was traced t two reasons:

• The lack of textbook
• The irregularity in payment of lecture salaries and as a result of the as collecting cost living in the economy of the country.
• THE LACK OF TEXTBOOK: It is the utmost desire of every district and thoughtfully student to have textbook on the course he/she is studying in institution of higher learning but it is quit unfortunate that student cannot be able to afford the cost of textbook in the market. So they have no alternative, rather than handout student no longer go for textbooks, instead they go for substitution major which is handout.
• The irregularity in payment of lecture salaries and as a result of the escalating cost living in the economy of the country: Everyone knows that education has collapsed in Nigeria. That is no longer news. The schools are in shambles. The school system are updated. The state secretary of the Nigeria union of Teacher )NUT) Mr. Jamiu Idris told NAN recently that the protect had become inevitable following the shortfall of salary to the lecture and teachers, most lecturers are neglected and tracematized he can hardly pay his rent. He cannot afford basic medical care when he is sick in a country where minister go abroad to treat common affliction like malaria and that is what important. Some of them to starts selling handout to student

To meet up with these problem, the lecture are confronted with the challenges of continual survival, some compare themselves with fellows in other sectors of the economy, like the out companies workers who are millionaires the investigation carried out show that in most tertiary institution, lecture make sure that their handout are compulsory for student at exorbitant price.

It is quit obvious that the school management have tried to control the production and sales of handout in the school, a lot of communiqué have been issued out repeatedly to the institution of management and technology, Enugu.

In accordance to the above statement (ref:IMT/MM33/Vol. iv) dated new circular ref: IMT/RG/AB/22. at an emergency meeting of the academic bard held on 9^th August 2004/2005. The board deliberated and deplored the apparent disregard of it earlier decision on the sales of handouts in this institution.

The academic board later gave a serious warning discouraging the sale of handout in the institution (I.M.T) But in the process where the handout was essential to the student progress then it must be submitted lastly to the head of department for approval and then passed to the registrar for preparation costing and sales for the avoidance of doubt, any of such handout should have few pages.

MAJOR RECOMMENDATIONS ON HANDOUT AND TEXTBO0KS ETC BY THE BC FOR ADOPTION BY THE ACADEMIC BOARD

REF: IMT/AB/37/Vol iv/ dated 24 August 2004/2005. Which were on preparation and sales of handout and sales of handout respectively?

The business committee of the academic board in it meeting on 18^th and 24^th August, 2004/2005 considered the attached paper from the deputy rector and came out with some rules that will be beneficial to the institute. It was stated the price of handout should follow the below conditions

• All handout must have be clear and readable
• All handout must have to copies formally deposited with the director, who is turn leaves a copy with the deputy rector.
• The submission must be handouts in use must be done every semester is is to say that any new handout being used in a semester must go through this process to ensure proper monitoring by the various directors and
• Handouts are to sell at N2.5 per page not more than 70 pages.

During the orientation of new student. It was made known that handout does not determine student score that lectures were not allow to sell handout because it was being abused some year back.

Nowadays because of the fact that student have no seats and tables. While taking lecture notes and lecture rooms are usually congested, which make it difficult for student to learn when the lecturer is teaching? These coupled with many more reasons brought back the selling of handout to school. Nevertheless no lecture had is a must. The decision to buy or not to buy handout should be made by the student most importantly.

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APPLICATION OF QUALITY CONTROL IN NIGERIA INDUSTRIES

(A CASE STUDY OF MICHELIN PORT HARCOUrT)

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ABSTRACT

It is generally believed that Nigeria are not satisfied with goods made in their country but are rather attracted to foreign made products.  This state of affair attributed to the poor quality of products.  This study seek to examine the various method used by different manufacturing organizations and also assess the effectiveness of the applications.

To achieve this objectives, a survey of Michelin Nigeria Limited, one of the manufacturing organization in Port Harcourt was undertook.  A review of related literature was also undertaken.  A sample survey techniques was developed and administered to the various Michelin manufactured products.

From the analysis of data collected, it was found that the application of quality management techniques ensure high quality products and that the two Michelin products were under control.

The analysis is such that will construct the statistical quality control chart for the products, the production process should continue.

It also recommend the maintenance of the machine should be encouraged by the management of every department rather than allowing the machines to go bad before maintenance can be checked.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page                                                                                          ii

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction                                                                                                1

• Background of the study 1
• Statement of the problem                              7
• Scope and limitation 0f the study 8
• Justification of study 10
• Relevant of study 10
• Objectives of the study 11

CHAPTER TWO        

• Review of literature 12
• Responsibility for quality 14
• Customer responsibility 16
• Supplier responsibility 16
• The manufacturer 17
• Policies of quality 17
• Motivation for quality 20
• Quality circle 22
• Inspection 23
• Where to inspect 24
• How to inspect 25
• Acceptance sampling 26
• Attributes sampling plan 28
• Variable sampling plan 29

CHAPTER THREE

Research methodology                                                                      30

• Source of data 30
• Population of study 31
• Sampling procedure 31
• Systematic random sampling 32
• Data collection instrument 32
• Data analysis technique 33
• Presentation data 35
• Definition of terms 36

CHAPTER FOUR:      

Presentation and analysis of data                                                     37

• Introduction 37
• Examination of research sample data 38
• General analysis of sample data 38

CHAPTER FIVE

Findings recommendations and conclusion                                                45

• Introduction 45
• Findings 45
• Conclusions 46
• Recommendation 47

References                                                                               49

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

          In the production of goods and services, statistics is applied in the analysis and control of quality.  Most manufacturing firms in a bid to attain their primary objectives which include survival, efficiency and profitability, large market share etc, establishes quality control laboratories where the quality control officers are charged with the responsibility of advising the production department as well as the management on the current quality presents the products.

Since the task of control is to plan, organize and manage the use of available resources to accomplish specified, long-term goals.  It then follows that there exist the need for management to make quality decision that will enhance the attainment of these goals.

Quality is the concept which concerns how well and low long a product or service meets customers requirement, in these respect, the assessment of the customers is the most reliable indicator of product quality.

Quality costs money.  Wide (1980) says that with sufficient expenditure any product can be endured with high quality.  Quality goods and services are expected to be produced at a minimum cost so as to attract customers by non-exorbitant cost.  Manufacturers are thus not faced with the problem of producing them at a low cost.  There challenges have also been a intensified by the advances in technology changes in customers tastes and then stiff competition in the market place.

Competitions is continually intoning, the customer is having more knowledge about the goods he buys.  This has been greatly encouraged by different organization. Government policy on prices and incomes have sort of enlightened the customers more or how to spend his money.

Okwu Anyia (2005) says that statistics deals with figures 9including real and integer – valued quantities) the decision is friendly with statistical approach to the solution of most management, (quality management) and other related problems.  To this end, statistics involves the following.

1. Collection of data in figures
2. Organisation and presentation of data
3. Analysis of the data
4. Interpretation of the results (of the data); Analysis
5. Drawing conclusions on the results (or finding);
6. Making recommendations on the results and
7. Safety of the results conclusions and recommendations for immediate and future use.

Quality control and management in an organization should be a functional management discipline, responsible for defining and implementing developed programmes for quality improvement.  These programmes range from training new employees to inspecting current products and services, conducting quality, improvement, performing design review and assisting the finance department in calculating the cost of quality.

Woof E. (1986) defines an audit as a process whereby the accounts of business entities, including limited companies, trusts and professional firms, are subjected to scouting in such details as will enable the auditor form an opinion as to their accurancy, trust and fairness.  The application of statistical tool helps the auditor in arriving at t his opinion.

Quality management and control is also concerned with the establishments of standard on inputs and outputs.  The pre-requisites to effective and efficient quality control are freedom from deficiency and minimum cost.  These express management standard and attitude that non-conformance is not acceptable in order to reduce running cost.  These cost include repair, rework, waste, replacement, warranty and the cost of detailed inspection.  All these are expensive manufacturing problems that should not only be detected and resolved at the earliest time but if possible prevented.

Furthermore, to the established standard tolerance limits are set for every important quality.  Variable these tolerance are limits of variation beyond which the variable will not be accepted it most satisfy the requirement customers will impose on the finished goods (products) because the organization must determine what qualities are needed by the users.

Meeting these quality needs by the users is the collective responsibility of all the functions of the organization.  The market research will discover just what the needs are.  Product development will create designs which are responsible to there needs.  Subsequently, the planning decision of the organization will devise process which are capable of executing the product design in conjunction with the production decision which will regulate these processes to achieve the desired quality.

These inspection and testing section will prove the adequacy of the product, through stimulated use.  The marketing section will sell the products for the prosper application.  Finally, the customer service must follow the usage to remedy failure and discover opportunities for improvement.

All these sub-activities may collectively be seen as the quality function and so, the total management policy on quality is a collective efforts towards achieving a level of quality desired by both the organization and the customers.

2.1.1  HISTORY OF MICHELIN

          When Edward Michelin came on the scene, factory activity was called “The silent”, one day when a cyclist was visited the factory in search of tyre repair equipment, Edward had the idea that the tyre could really be easier to repair.  This is the beginning of a long story.

In 1889, a cyclist from the Auverregne region gets a flat tyre in Clermont Femand; unable to repair his English tyres, which are glued to the wheel rim, he enquires at the Michelin factory, already well known for its rubber products.  Edward Michelin does the repair personally shows work followed by 6 hours drying time.  He also discovers the incredible comfort offered by the pneumatic tyre.  His research leads to the patenting of removable tyre.  In 1894, the first horse draw carriage tyre appears.  In 95, a car “the Elan” was designed, built and equipped with pneumatic tyres by Michelin.

In 1898, birth of pudendum, the Michelin man.  He becomes the company’s unmistakable symbol and helps make Michelin known the world over.  In 1990, Michelin Red Guide was produced by Michelin, 1903, the first Michelin was produced while in 1905 the first using Michelin “solid” tyres came in.

From 1955 to 1969, Michelin undertook considerable industrial investment by having 15 factories in 15 yrs.  12 factories are built in Europe while 3 factories are built outside Europe in which one of them is in Port Harcourt (Nigeria) and it was invested in 1962.

Michelin continued its development, monthly in the Eastern and western countries until in 2000; Alliance with the Gurman group WOCO and creation of WOCO Michelin AVS (Anti Viberation System), specialized at automobile responding to the requirements for innovation and world wide accompanion of manufacturers in the field of suspension and raw holding system.

1.2     STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

          Although the success of every manufacturing organization depend greatly on the degree of its reputation for supplying quality products that will give customers satisfaction in the price range offered yet the realization of quality standard has been the search for a solution to this problem is the concern, which has led to a research of this nature.

It thus follows that for Nigerian manufacturing organizations to be successful, they must place great emphasis on the establishment, documentations and maintenance of quality policy of the company.  It requires that every section of production must have its quality related activities well defined documented and maintained.  The personnel responsible for quality function must be conversant with their activities.  In all, quality management system, requires that quality procedure for each section be followed in order to achieve acceptable quality.

However, it is now common that Nigeria market are flooded with many products among which are of low standard.  What immediately comes to mind is that these must be problem in the quality system of Nigeria manufacturers. What factors are responsible for this problem and what action must be taken to criminate or reduce their negative impact on the development of the characterized manufacturing section in Nigeria.

Today, manufacturing organization in Nigeria which are serious about increasing sale and profitability, have to analyze and understand every aspect of their business in terms of customers needs.  The improvements of the quality of products have become an important necessity in order for manufacturing companies to survive.

Besides, satisfying the needs of customers, planned quality improvement result to higher efficiency and productivity, lower costs and punctuality in delivery, but quality improvement is not something one can just attach to a product.

Quality is all embracing.  In order words, every stage of the production of any product from raw materials to the end product as well as the built on services up to the point of delivery has to be taken into consideration with regard to quality improvement.  This brings to focus the concepts of total quality management (TQM), Quality assurance or Quality control.  These concepts must be completely internalized by every segments of any organization before it can became effective.

In this study we will be concerned with the examination of the quality management application and techniques (procedures) in Michelin.  Nigeria Limited one of the manufacturing organization in Nigeria and their effectiveness in meeting the quality needs of the customers.

1.3     SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

          This research will concerned only the management of quality, its techniques and application within Michelin.  It concerns only products, manufactured in Michelin.

However, because of finance and time constraints materials and information that would have added more light were not realized.   Moreover, a research work of this sort cannot be error force because answers received from employees and company execution during interview might not be hundred percent (100%) correct.  They may be hiding facts as they may be afraid of exposing the company policies and producers.

Lastly, since the saidly is done in the company (Michelin) it is limited to the Michelin locality.

1.4     JUSTIFICATION OF STUDY

          This research on quality control will help in the examination of the quality management application in manufacturing organization in Nigeria and their effectiveness in meeting the quality needs of customers, for instance, in the case of Michelin, this study will help to whether its products are below standards and if so, adequate measure may be taken to improve on their quality.

Though the justification is that Michelin tyre has been considered long ago as the best tyre made in Nigeria.  It is also chosen for its proximity, familiarity and cost related consideration.

1.5     RELEVANT RESAERCH QUESTION

          To accomplish the purpose of this research, the following research questions will be answered to have solution to the problem which will led to the achievement of the objects of the study.

1. How are quality standard established?
2. What are the different techniques of quality management used in the organization?
3. Does the current techniques ensure high quality products?
4. What are the problems faced in the practice of quality management?
5. What are the prospects of solving the identified problem?

1.6     OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

          The following are the objectives of this research

1. To facilitate management decision making in the form of efficient allocation of resources using quality control techniques.
2. To construct statistical quality control chart for the products.
3. To help to know the skills and techniques of quality control in an manufacturing industries
4. To know whether the industry maintains quality standard.

CHAPTER TWO

2.1     REVIEW OF LITERATURE

          Human desire for quality goods and services had always exist since the dawn of history.  In Nworah (1991) primitive man was concerned with quality and he did so as a manufacture, that is, when he manufactured what he used.  He was responsible for carrying out his technological and managerial activities and was able to co-ordinate all these activities, ensuring that he produced item is of a quality acceptable by him.

Karmel and Polasuk (1989) discussed statistical quality control as the quality control as the quality of industrial products which can be measured in various ways but when one concerned with mass produced components, quality can generally be measured by a fairly simple character of the component under consideration.

Thirkettle (1980) discussed quality control as a method of estimating the quality of the whole from the quality of the sanities taken from the whele; the method is based upon the laws of chance.  Also Lawrence (1979) discussed quality control as the means to achieve true reliability.

According to encyclopedia (1996) quality control as a system of inspection analysis and action applied to a manufacturing operation so that by inspecting a small portion of the product currently produced, an estimate of the overall quality of the products currently produced, an estimate of the overall quality of the product can be made to determine what changes must be made in the operation in order to achieve or maintain the required level of quality control of manufacturing operations.

According to Akpenji 1996): It is customer focused performance enhancing tooth which can be applied to any type of organization.  It enhances the diverse element of business ie leadership, strategic planning human resources development management information system, external customer, employees and stakeholders and aligns them to achieve excellent business result/

Duncan (1974) insisted on a long period of training for apprentices and required that these evidence of their ability, such rules were in part, aimed at the maintenance of quality.  In more modern time focus, factory inspection and research, food and drugs activities of operational scientists have all aimed at ensuring the quality output.

2.2     RESPONSIBILITY FOR QUALITY

According to Sakee (2004) the survival of every company depends on the income it gets from selling its products and services and the ability to sell is based on fitness for use.  Hence, no single department is responsible for the broad quality function in an organization (Batuboo 200).  All department have a role to play.

According to Furan (1980) deciding what should be a quality objective for a particular company is always a tailor made job.  Since companies differ widely so do their level of performance in the various aspect of quality control.

According to Caplen (1972) the major activities through which fitness for use is achieved is known as the quality function.  It is a company under management responsibility these activities relates to each other in an organization (Ajie 1996).  Management is any organsiation considers quality primarily as a business problem or as a matter of marketability (Akyseiyi 1996).  The needs of the society are met by the goods and services. This goods and services are paid for through purchase prices, taxes, interests. Etc companies comment offering terms.  Also Nwachukwu (1980) said that with superior quality goods and service a company can secure higher share of the market, firmer prices, a higher percentage of successful bids, etc.  quality costs money to built control and pay for failures involved.  More so, higher quality of decegn means higher costs and higher value (Sakee 2000).  Design of goods means a variation in specification for the same functional use.  It could be variations in the life of product appearance, reliability factor of safety inter changeability, features, luxury features case of installation use, maintenance etc.

Quality of a product is a weapon of competition and can take manly forms.  Juran (1980) says that opportunities to exploits quality in competition are many.  He says that for these objectives to be accomplished every department msut participate fully because quality is a team work.  It requires the participation of all major department of the company to choose the design as higher quality design costs more but higher quality of performance usually cost less.

According to Databo (2000) quality control is an effective system of co-ordinating the efforts of various groups. In an organization to enable production to operate at the economic level and allow for full customer satisfaction.

2.3     CUSTOMER RESPONSIBILTY

          Great number of problem are cuased by the customer, Crosby (1982) claim that 80% of company’s problem are caused by non conforming purchase goods, also Ishikwa (1985) claim that at least 70% of the blame for this rests on the customers clearly, if the customer designs the products and issue drawing and specification to the supplier, the finished products may not work because of an unsatisfactory designs although argument may still develops over the attribution of responsibility.

2.4     SUPPLIER RESPONSIBILITY

          According to Weiss and Gersslion (1989) is a duty to ensure that every product leaving the factory is known to conform to specified requirements, it is more important to ask how is this to be achieved, but is inadequate merely to respond with a statement that supplier should organizer the design.

2.5     THE MANUFACTURER

          Bathbo (2000) define a manufacturer as a commercial scale using machinery, example in the manufacturing of tyre, plastic, electronics.   In contrast with industries which do not make products but rather provide services example consultancy.

2.6     POLICIES OF QUALITY

          The management sets the quality policies for the organization, always written, easily understood and the made available to everybody in the organization.

All objectives will be in line with the company polices and procedures.  The total management policy on quality is supportive efforts towards achieving a level of quality desired by both, the organization and its customers (David 1981).

According to David (1981), there are two approaches to quality, they are the reactive and the probabtively philosophies.  Top management decides whether it is to adopt a reactive approach to quality management.

Neiss and Gershon (1989), said that in the reactive or detection oriented approach its emphasis is on prevention of faulty work being passed on to subsequent scrap return or rejected products and non repeat business.  Inspection is a reactive tool of quality management.  This can be done only after a manufacturing task has been completed.  It will identify poor workmanships but its of lower quality due to human error it does nothing to prevent it from occurring again but corrective action will be taken to avoid the recurrence side by Weiss and Gershon (1989).  The objectives of this approach is to inspect completed work from part of the process to prevent faulty work from being passed on the neat stage of the process.  It is usually carried out by staff outside the operations.  Function and takes place between process stages or after a sequence of stages to filter out sub-standard work.  This is then either scrapped or reworked to bring it to standard.  Inspection stages are expensive and time consuming.  The preventive oriented approach aims to allocate resources as to make products right at first time or more of the times side by David (1981).  He said that this can be achieved by viewing the quality of both design and conformance in order to identify factors affecting these two quality.  Quality management is then designed around this analysis.

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