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THE NEGATIVE IMPACT OF WOMEN AND CHILD TRAFFICKING

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THE NEGATIVE IMPACT OF WOMEN AND CHILD TRAFFICKING

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Abstract

The negative impact of women and child trafficking is a project work written by Faith Amarachi Igbokwe, in partial fulfillment in statistics from Nuhu Bamali polytechnic Zaria.

The project aimed at observing the level of child and women being trafficking on the society. Chapter one gives the historical background of Nigeria immigration service, the scope and general aims and specific objective carried out in this project.

Chapter two describe the statistical tools used in the project and how these tools should be used. Also the literature review is included.

Chapter three present the method of data collection, problem and presentation.

Chapter four shows the analysis of the data collection using the statistical tools discussed in chapter two.

The last chapter, chapter five gives the conclusion drawn based on the analysis carried out in chapter four and the recommendations of the researcher.

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION                                                             1

1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES                                                         2

1.3 HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND CHILD LABOR                      2

1.4 SCOPE OF COVERAGE                                                            3

 

CHAPTER TWO

2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW                                                            4

2.2 STATISTICAL TOOLS                                                              9

 

CHAPTER THREE

3.1 METHODOLOGY                                                            14

3.2 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION                                        14

3.3 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN DATA COLLECTION                 17

3.4 DATA PRESENTATION                                                           18

 

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 DATA ANALYSIS

 

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 CONCLUSION                                                                           27

5.2 RECOMMENDATION                                                              27

REFERENCE                                                                                   28

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

1.1  INTRODUCTION

Human trafficking as a new trend meriminelity is often referred to as “modern day slavery”. Some people call it “the exploitation of the vulnerability of a person by a mother, having control over such person or for mainly exploitative purpose or financial gains, the manner of such exploitation very from force labor to sexual exploitation. Child labor and domestic slave force to obey another person all acts felt pity than love to slavery with money being the propelling factor for perpetrating such acts. There are internal and across the border trafficking.

Child labor refers to the use of children of school age, normally bellow the age of 18years working to earn a living under conditions that impair their physical, cognitive emotional mental and social development and which also deprives them of opportunity for recreational activities and privileges of childhood.

 

This new dimension of crime is solid to be organized and studies have revealed that, there are syndicates (middlemen/women) that specialize in perpetrating the crime.

 

Trafficking is a violation of fundamental human right.

Trafficking in persons is a global problem affecting large numbers of children some estimate have as many as 1.2 million children being trafficked every year. There is a demand for trafficked children as cheap labor or for sexual exploitation. Children and their families are then unaware of the dangers of trafficking believing that better unemployment all lives lay in other countries of the world like Germany, Nigeria, Japan, and Italy.

 

1.2  AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

For the research to be meaningful and valid there should be a clearly defined objective of such survey aim at follow

i.            Trafficking in persons.

ii.            To determine the rear of population in trafficking.

iii.            To see the effect of trafficking in the society.

iv.            To determine the low enforcement and administrator.

 

1.3  HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND CHILD LABOR

 

 

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STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF COAL PRODUCTION IN NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF THE NIGERIA COAL CORPORATION ENUGU FROM 1990-1999)STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF COAL PRODUCTION IN NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF THE NIGERIA COAL CORPORATION ENUGU FROM 1990-1999)

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STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF COAL PRODUCTION IN NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF THE NIGERIA COAL CORPORATION ENUGU FROM 1990-1999)

 

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ABSTRACT

 

This research work was geared to determine the growth pattern in the coal production at the Nigeria Coal Corporation Enugu, for the period under study.

And this study is restricted to the Coal production ( in tones) form 1990 – 1999 at the Nigeria Coal Corporation Enugu which will reveal how well the Coal Industry has done in terms of production and the future prospect.

The measurement was in tones and the data were collected through the official records on production in the administrative office (production department) of the Nigeria Coal Corporation Enugu which was prepared and kept by.

And to accomplish this research work the same data were used in estimating the components of time series

 

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page

 

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction

  • Historical background
  • Aims and objectives of study
  • Scope f study
  • Literature review

CHAPTER TWO

  • Data collection
  • Limitation of study
  • Problems uncounted

CHAPTER THREE

  • Test for normality of production of coal
  • Test for homogeneity (constant) variance of production of coal.
  • Estimation of trend on production of coal
  • Determination of seasonal variations
  • Test for cyclical variation
  • Estimation of irregular variation/component.

CHAPTER FOUR

  • Forecasting
  • Summary/conclusion
  • Recommendations

Appendix

Reference.


CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

  • HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

The Nigeria Coal Corporation information manual (1990) states that “Coal was first discovered in 1909 at streams along Udi escarpment in Enugu state by the first group of British colonial adventures in Nigeria following a survey by the then colonial mineral survey department of southern Nigeria, actual mining started in 1916 at the foot of Udi hill along Enugu escarpment”.

 

Iwu (1990) stated that “initially, the Coal industry was a unit of the marine department and Coal produced was supplied to the British for their steam boats. Other supplies were to the Nigeria Railways for the steam locomotives engines. Following the increase in transportation activities by rail, the Coal industry was excised from the marine department and established with the Nigerian Railway in 1937. Increased political awareness and a strike actin by Coal miners to back up demand for wage increase resulted in the gunning down of twenty-one Coal miners at Iva valley mine by their employers on 18th November 1949. THE THEN British government set up a commission of inquiry headed by Sir Fitzgerald. This commission recommended that independent body been set up to manage government established business. In 1950 by the ordinance No.29. The Nigerian Coal Corporation was born”

 

 

Iwu (1990) went further to state that” the Nigeria Coal Corporation was then managed by the British was charged with the responsibility to prospect, mine, treat and market Coal and Coal by products in Nigeria. However, it was the shooting of the twenty-one (21) coal miners in Enugu that awakened the spirit of nationalism which subsequently gave birth to Nigeria’s independence in October 1960. The Coal industry gave rise to the first set of industries in Nigeria besides providing all the energy requirements for the nations premier industries, Coal became one of the major foreign change; earners for the then British colony.

The principal consumers of Coal are: The cement factories construction companies and overseas market

 

  • AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

This study on the production of Coal in Enugu has the following objectives.

  1. Estimation of the trend on production of coal for the past decade (ten years)
  2. Determination of the seasonal influence on production of coal for the past decade (ten years).
  3. Determination of the cyclical and irregular variation (if they exist).
  4. Forecasting on the expected irregular of the production in future say one year ahead.

 

 

  • SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The analysis will be confined to the Coal production data covering 1990 to 1999 at the Nigerian Coals Corporation Enugu. It would study the growth pattern in coal production for the period under study.

What informed the choice of this period 1990 to 1999 is that it was in 1985-89 that then federal government decided to rehabilitate the Coal industry. Thus, the study will reveal how well the coal industry has some in terms of production and the future prospect.

The data for this analysis are categorized into monthly output of coal these are the daily output of Coal it is weighed in the factory. Measurement is in tones and it is cumulated at the end of the month to gives the figures being used for the study.

  • LITERATURE REVIEW

COAL:

Coal is a combustible rock which has its origin in the accumulation and partial decomposition of vegetation. Okafor (1981) described coal as “ a hard block mineral substance that burns and supplies heat and from which Coal gas in made” He went further to state that “it is formed out of decomposed plant matter for over hundred of thousand of years:.

The Coal in Nigeria was formed during the cretaceous period about 120 million years age, by the acting of pressure and heat on decayed vegetation. The coal reserves in the country are estimated to run into billions of tones.

Iman (1990) stated that “the total coal reserve in the country is over 2.7 billion tones and of which 600 million tones have been proven” Ali (1996) also stated that “with an estimated reserve of 2.75 billions tones deposited in 13 states viz, Enugu, Kogi, Edo, Anambra, Plateau, Benue, Imo, Abia, Ondon, Bauchi, Delta, Taraba, and Adamawa states. Nigeria coal has unlimited potentials for export”

Coal is classified into four main divisions usually, referred to as ranks depending on appearances and properties.

 

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The four main ranks are:

  1. Lignite
  2. Sub-bituminous
  3. Bituminous
  4. Anthracite

The great diversity of form and chemical composition among the coal ranks is due to principally to the essential differences in the plant material from which they have evolved.

Nigerian coal corporation information manual (1997) described Nigeria coal as being mainly sub-bituminous steam coals with low sulphur and ash contents.

They are characterized by high colorific value and high volatile components and are found to be environmentally friendly for this reason, Nigeria coals have great potential for export with current expert demand standing at 15 million metric tones per annum”

Coal can be minded by either surface coper pit or open cast or underground system. Surface mining consist essentially of removing the overburden this exposing the mine and then extracting the coal. The system is being adopted at our Okaba Coal mine Access to underground mine is either by “shaft” or Adit. A shaft may be a rectangular or circular hole driven from the surface to the coal seam of reason able size to allow the use of equipments for conveyance of both men and materials shafts are not used in Nigeria Coal fields. The methods of working horizontally or moderately inclined seams are known as Adit method.

Iwu (1990) observed that “a high incidence of extractable waxy and resinous materials make Nigerian Coal more amenable to utilization in the chemical industries especially as source of resins, plastics and aromatics. “Nigerian Coal are not only useful in chemical industries, it can also be used in thermal power station for electricity generations as domestic fuel as alternative to fire word thus ensuring a stop to deforestation with the consequent desertification and soil erosion as metallurgical coke for iron and steel industry.

The Coal industry has had one of the most cheques of histories in Nigeria. It was at one time one of the major foreign exchange earners in the country but in the recent past has not made any significant input t the economy.

Iwu (199) summarized the factors that contributed to the deteriorated state of the Coal industry as follows.

  1. “The civil was of 1967 to 1970 which left all the coal mine shut down flooded and all the equipment dilapidated.
  2. the rapid development and total dependence in oil industry and latterly the has industry in preference to coal for all the entry needs of the country.
  3. The growing concern on the environment at impact of fossil fuel utilization especially coal.
  4. Lack of conscious, co-ordinated and concerted effort between the various arms of government toward an integrated development of the mineral resources in the country.
  5. There is not yet a comprehensive energy policy for Nigeria, which will stipulate strategy for developing various energy resources and rationalization of energy production and distribution to ensure a balanced energy mix for the country.

Inspite of all these problems, it is clear that the enormous potential of Nigerian coal is unquestionable.

Onu (1997) observes that “the annual demand for Nigerian Coal at the export market is 120 million tones while domestic demand for it stand at 170 million tones” The coal industry can, if properly harnessed generated the much needed foreign exchange in billion of Dollars for the country. It is note worthy that the present administration in recognition of this is decidedly playing a vital role to ensure that coal is re-integrated in to the energy matrix of Nigeria, through increased production and export as well as large scale utilization.

 

 

TIME-SERIES ANALYSIS AND APPLICATIONS:

Montgomery and Lynwood (1976) stated that “a time series is a sequence of observations on a variable of interest. The variable is observed at discrete time points usually equally spaced.

Mordi (1992) defined “time series as an arraignment of statistical data ordered according to the fines of its occurrence in data classified chronologically. “Thus a collection of numerical values of a particular variable listed in chronological order is known as time-series. The record of months scale and production of a company over a number of months or years, the schools daily attendance, amount of annual rainfall over a number of years, the weights of an animal record at different stages of growth are all examples of time series. the time can be days, weeks, months, years, decades or even seconds.

Ifeagwu (1992) states that “time series involves classifying and studying, the patterns of movement of the values of the variable over regular time. It enhances under standing of  the past and current pattern of changes. It provides dues about future patterns which aid in forecasting and such information is needed by researchers and policymakers”.

Spiegel (1972) and Nwabuokei (1986) observed that the characteristic movements to time series may be classified into four main types. Often caked components of a time series.

  1. Long term or secular movements: refers to the general direction in which the graph of a time series appears to be going over long interval of time.
  2. Cyclical movements: refers to the long term oscillations or swings about trend line or curve. These cycles, as they are sometimes called May or may not be periodic is they may or may not follow exactly similar patterns after equal internals for time. In business and economic activity, movements are considered cyclical only if they recur after time intervals of more than a year. An important example of cyclical movement is the so called business cycles representing intervals of prosperity recession, depression and recovering.
  3. Seasonal movement: refer to the identical or almost identical pattern which a time series appear to follow during corresponding months of successive years such movement are due to recurring events which take place annually, as for instance the sudden increase of departmental stores sales before Christmas.
  4. Irregular or random movement: refer to those sporadic motions of time series due to chance events such as floods, strikes, elections etc. Although it is ordinarily assumed that such events produce variations lasting only a short time, it is conceivable that they may be so intense as to result in new cyclical or other movements.

 

Time series analysis involves the decomposition of a series into the fundamental trend (Tt), seasonal variation (St), cyclical variation (Ct) and irregular variation (It) Components on the bases of three possible models named the additive, multiplication and mixed models.

Meclave and Benson (1988) noted that the difference between these models is:

  1. In the additive model, all the components are treated as residuals and are expressed is the original units while in the multiplicative model, only one is the trend is expressed in the units of the original data seasonal and cyclical components are treated as relative or percentages whose average value is 100.
  2. The word “additive” signifies lack of interaction effect among components. It is therefore here assumed that the valve of one component does not effect and is not affected by the value of the other components. the multiplicative model implies mutual dependence among components in an algebraic sence i.e. it is assumed that both seasonal and cyclical fluctuations are functions of the trend.
  3. In the additive model, seasonal variation remains constant as trend increases, while in the multiplication model the ratio of seasonal to trend remains constant i.e. seasonal variation increase in magnitude as trend increases. This shows that we can distinguish the additive model from the multiplication model by observing the effects of the trend values upon seasonal fluctuation and cyclical variations. They observed that although the additive model assumption is very true in some cases, that the multiplicative assumption characterizes the majority of economic time series. Consequently, the multiplicative model is not only considered the standard assumption of time series analysis.

It is more often employed in practice than other possible model. Time-series analysis has wide applications and cuts across most human endeavour more especially the business and economic aspects.

Ifeagwu (1992) adopted Time-series analysis on the price of major foodstuffs in Imo State from 1985 to 1989. He adopted the multiplicative model in general and used the last square method in estimating the trend, ratio to moving average method in estimating the seasonal index and also the cyclical and irregular components. In the study, he found that prices of major foodstuff have an increasing trend. His projections also show possible increases in prices of major foodstuff in Imo State.

Bulus (1992) took a study of property crime in Plateau State from 1985 to 1990 using the time series analysis. He found through trend estimation by least square method that property crime is on the increase while the seasonal analysis did not show significant seasonal influences.

He used the ratio to moving average method in estimating the seasonal component. His prediction indicates possible increase in property crimes.

Generally, h adopted the multiplicative model in his time series analysis.

Nwafor (1991) in a study on case of juvenile delinquency in Anambra State used the time series analysis. In his trend estimation by method of least square he found the delinquency trend to be on the increase and persons between the ages of fourteen and seventeen to be more delinquent. He used ratio to moving average method in estimating the seasonal index. Multiplication model was adopted in his time series analysis.

Egbosimba (1997) in a similar study on case of juvenile delinquency in Enugu found delinquent to have a constant trend and persons between the ages of fourteen and seventeen to be more delinquent. She also used the multiplicative model in her time series analysis.

 

Obi (1997) in this study of monthly water supply and revenue recovered at Onitsha Anambra State used time series analysis employing the multiplicative model. He the estimated the trend by least square method and found water distribution trend to be down ward or decreasing instead of being constant or increasing. Using the ratio to be in April an least in October.

 

Nwogwugwu (1997) used time series analysis on the study of Naira exchange rate vis-à-vis the dollar from September 1986 to December, 1995. He estimated the trend using three different methods: Least square, moving average and exponential smoothing methods as best method for estimating the trend because of its minimum variance property.

 

The least square method as second best while the exponential smoothing method as the last of the three methods. He used the ratio to moving average method to estimate the seas oral index which was adjusted and used to deseasonalize the data. The trend equation obtained was used in extrapolation in order to predict future values.

 

From the above literature, it is clear that time series analysis can be adopted in virtually all fields of human endeavour so long the data are collected in specified time intervals or chronological order. Hence, it will not be out of place adopting time series analysis in this work.

 

Time series analysis is consistent and in line with our original aims, and making prediction on production and sales of Coals in Nigeria Coal Corporation, Enugu.

More so, our data as obtained are chronological order

 

 

CHAPTER TWO

 

  • DATA COLLECTION

The conceptual variables appropriate in the analysis of the work are known from the definite specifications made in reference to the topic. The variables are production of Coal.

Secondary data were used for the analysis. The source of data was the official records on production in the administrative offices (production departments) of the Nigerian Coal Corporation, Enugu. The production departments monitor an keep records of production on daily and monthly basis. For the periods under study (1990 to 1999) the monthly totals for production in metric tones were extracted from the record books for use in this study.

 

 

 

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STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE NUMBER OF BABIES ADMITTED IN THE MOTHERLESS BABY HOME

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STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE NUMBER OF BABIES ADMITTED IN THE MOTHERLESS BABY HOME A CASE STUDY OF MOTHERLESS BABIES HOME .

 

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ABSTRACT

This project work was designed to investigate the admission of babies into the motherless baby’s home and cause of child abandonment.

Chapter one described the background of the study and research hypothesis. The chapter discuses the plight of motherless babies in the society at large.

Chapter two discussed about the literature review on the study.

Chapter deals with the three major ways of obtaining the data, this was of drawn through or directly from secondary method of data collection and the method of statistical analysis.

Chapter four explain about the analysis and interpretation of data.

In conclusion chapter five deal with the summary and recommendations from the writer are presented.

 

 

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction                                                                                      1

1.1     Background of the study                                                                   1

1.2     Aim and Objective                                                                            2

1.3     Scope and Coverage                                                                3

1.4     Historical Background of Motherless Babies Home                         3

1.5     The Societal Problems of the Motherless Babies                     5

1.6     Statement of the Project                                                          6

CHAPTER TWO
Literature Review                                                                              7
2.1     The cause of Child Abuse and Neglect                                    10
CHAPTER THREE
Research Methodology                                                                     15
3.1     Method of Data Collection                                                      15
3.2     Problems Encountered During the Study                                16
3.3     Method of Statistical Analysis                                                          17
CHAPTER FOUR
Analysis and interpretation of Data                                                  20
CHAPTER FIVE
Summary and Conclusion                                                                 28

5.1     Recommendations                                                                             30

References                                                                               31
Bibliography                                                                           32

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Motherless babies home refers to a place or a home whereby infant baby who has no female parent. While Orphan is one who loss both parents prematurely either through natural death or disaster.

Motherless is a situation whereby a baby or person lacks a female parent. Also motherless Babies home could define as an Institution where infant baby is kept whose mother is dead, abandoned or missing is received and look after them by a charitable organisation or individual, within any physical incident that took place in a while or in a specific period of time like war earthguare accidents etc render a number of children motherless, fatherless.

In most Africa’s for a example, a motherless baby is regarded as a servant or slave to others and they are treated merely without regard. Those whose parents is alive, since they don’t have any one back or rescue them out of their challenges.

In some other societies like America the motherless babies home and orphanages.

The main objective in this project has to do with the statistical analysis on the number of babies admitted in the motherless baby home in Enugu. That is why it is necessary to check critically into the extent to which the number of babies absorbs in the motherless baby homes within the Holy child motherless babies home Enugu.

 

 

1.2     AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

  1. To find out whether the length of time it female babies to bread up is less than male child
  2. To compare the proportion of female in the home to that of male.
  3. To make recommendation on the abandonment of babies based on my findings.
  4. To findout the number of reported case of on sex.
  5. To verity some of the possible cases of child abandonment.

 

 

1.3     SCOPE AND COVERAGE

This project covers the admission of inmates motherless babies home Enugu for a period of fen year (1995 – 2004).

1.4     HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF MOTHERLESS BABIES HOME IN ENUGU

 

 

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ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF COURSE OF STUDY ON STUDENTS ATTITUDES TOWARDS ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA

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ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF COURSE OF STUDY ON STUDENTS ATTITUDES TOWARDS ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 3000 NAIRA

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ACCOUNT NUMBER:  0115939447
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ABSTRACT.

The study is an empirical work that attempted to investigate the background of analysis of impact of students disposition in business attitudes within the context of their educational endeavour and personal behaviours are explored within the individual concept of interest. The study analyzed and compared the differences in entrepreneurial potential and perception about entrepreneurship by graduating students of Kaduna Polytechnic. Scholars were consulted to determine their contributions to the body of knowledge within the confines of research study. The total research population was 3804 with a sample size of 370 as the respondents using stratified research design to achieve the objectives of the study and primary data collected by means of closed-ended questionnaire as instrument. The statement of hypothesis to be tested: H1: An individual student’s course of study has significant positive impact on students’ tendency to be an entrepreneur; H0: An individual course of study has no significant impact on a students’ choice of being an entrepreneur. Frequency distribution tables were used for the analysis of data collected while the hypothesis was tested using the Chi-square (X2) and the effect of each variable on the sample subjects. The study revealed that entrepreneurship practice is never restricted to one particular descriptive but applies to all aspects of human endeavour and also contributes to human and economic development of a nation. Recommendations as to the roles of individual and stakeholders were put forward particularly that the governments at all levels need to cerate a favourable business climate to boost entrepreneurial development in Nigeria.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE:

1.0    Introduction       –        –        –        –        –        –        –        1-2

1.1    Background of the study     –        –        –        –        –        2-5

1.2    Statement of the problem   –        –        –        –        –        5-6

1.3    Objectives of the study        –        –        –        –        –        7

1.4    Significance of the study     –        –        –        –        –        7-8

1.5    Research questions    –        –        –        –        –        –        8-9

1.6    Statement of hypothesis     –        –        –        –        –        9

1.7    Delimitation / scope of the study-        –        –        –        9-10

1.8    Definition of terms     –        –        –        –        –        –        10-12

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0    Introduction       –        –        –        –        –        –        –        13

2.1    Historical perspective of research area         –        –        –        13-15

2.2    Conceptual definition of entrepreneurship  –        –        15-18

2.3    Concept of entrepreneurship and entrepreneur   –        18-20

2.4    The process of entrepreneurship          –        –        –        –        20-22

2.5    Concept of development      –        –        –        –        –        23-24

2.6    Meaning of entrepreneurship development-        –        24

2.7    Factors influencing entrepreneurship development in the 21st century-        –          –        –        –        –        –        25-30

2.8    Characteristics and skills of an entrepreneur       –        31

2.8.1Entrepreneurial characteristics  –        –        –        –        31-34

2.8.2Entrepreneurial skills         –        –        –        –        –        –        34-35

2.8.3What is entrepreneurial spirit    –        –        –        –        35-36

2.9    Dynamics of the brain as the seat of entrepreneurial empowerment      –        –          –        –        –        –        –        36-37

2.10  Functions of entrepreneurship   –        –        –        –        37-39

2.11  Benefits of entrepreneurship      –        –        –        –        40-42

2.12  Factors determining the extent of entrepreneurship     42-43

2.13  Factors influencing the development of the individual entrepreneur     –        –          –        –        –        –        –        44-46

2.14  The role of marketing in entrepreneurship development in Nigeria       –        –          –        –        –        –        –        –        46-48

2.15   Challenges of entrepreneurship development in Nigeria        46-48

2.16  The role of entrepreneurship in the development of enterprises    –        –        –          –        –        –        –        50-51

2.17  The role of government towards entrepreneurship development in Nigeria   –          –        –        –        –        51-56

2.18  The role of entrepreneurship in economic development         56-59

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.0    Introduction       –        –        –        –        –        –        –        60

3.1    Area of study     –        –        –        –        –        –        –        60

3.2    Research design         –        –        –        –        –        –        –        60

3.3    Justification for its adoption        –        –        –        –        60

3.4    Population of the study       –        –        –        –        –        61

3.5    Sample size and sampling techniques-        –        –        61

3.6    Justification for sampling section        –        –        –        –        61-62

3.7    Methods of data collection –        –        –        –        –        62

3.8    Instruments used in data collection    –        –        –        62

3.9    Method used in presentation and analysis of data collected (Data analysis techniques)        –        –        –        –        –        63

3.10  Limitations        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        63

CHAPTER FOUR: PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

4.0    Introduction       –        –        –        –        –        –        –        64

4.1    Respondents characteristics and classification     –        64

4.2    Presentation and analysis of data       –        –        –        65-72

4.3    Answer to research questions and or test hypothesis   72-76

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.0    Introduction       –        –        –        –        –        –        –        77

5.1    Summary  –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        77-78

5.2    Conclusion         –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        79-80

5.3    Recommendations      –        –        –        –        –        –        80-82

Bibliography

Appendixes

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.0    INTRODUCTION

The rate of unemployment among school graduates is quite alarming in Nigeria. As part of measures to ameliorate the growing ugly situation, government at all levels (federal, state and local) are putting in place measures to encourage self-reliance, creativity and innovation drive through entrepreneurship development in Nigeria.

To understand entrepreneurship and development is to discover why Nigeria is described as a developing economy. Developing economy explains the extent by which men and women should contribute to develop workable ways or strategies in order to achieve economic growth and development. It revitalizes the dominant potentialities of every youth in providing job employment for others rather than seeking out for employment. It also assists to underscore the responsibilities of the government in fostering an environment of growth for entrepreneurial initiatives. It further opens avenues for the government to develop the right strategies especially in addressing poverty in the country (Erlinda D, 2011).

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1.1  BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

It is envisaged that government at all levels will have to put in place all necessary infrastructures to promote the growth and development of small and medium scale enterprises (SME) in the country to enable Nigeria attain the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) target set by the United Nations by the year 2012 and Nigeria vision 20-20-20. A vibrant SMSE sector is critical in the realization of MDGs objective.

Experts have observed that Nigeria may not likely meet the MDGs target by reducing poverty by 50% by the year 2015 considering the present status of SMSE operations in Nigeria.

It is universally accepted that Micro (Small) and Medium Scale Enterprises are the engine of development of any nation. A nation’s rate of development is determined by the number of SMEs in the country.

Statistical studies have shown that 40 – 50% SMEs in most advanced countries of the world are owned by graduates or those who passed through Colleges. Given this facts in Nigeria, the opposite seems to be the case (Business Day Newspaper 9th Jan., 2007, pg. 13).

Scholars have divergent views on who is an entrepreneur and who is not. While the first school of through is of the opinion the entrepreneurs can be made (taught through formal classes) the other group however are of the opinion that entrepreneurs are born (an inheritance). They argued further that entrepreneurs possess special qualities and must have the right attitude and disposition towards entrepreneurship.

This development is likely to inculcate in students the right aptitude and attitudes to starting their won business and by implicating making them a better entrepreneur. Considering the fact that the key factors that give rise to enterprise are personal, sociological and environmental factors. For quite some time now by statistical analysis, over 3 millions Nigerians in a given year become qualified to form the labour market largely from both Universities and Polytechnics but, regrettably, not more than 10% of this population are likely to gain employment to join the formal sector. The International Labour Organization collaborated this very poor level graduates, employment yearly (Bugaje, Hamalai & Indabawa, 2002).

Indeed, it is obvious that with the level of development and attendant threats in Nigeria, the possibility of government having the capability of leveraging poverty and meeting the United Nation target on MDGs 2012 is remote.

Inspite of the Federal Government of Nigeria’s effort towards setting up institutions such as National Poverty Alleviation Programme (NAPEP), Small and Medium Scale Enterprises Development Agency (SMEDAN), National Directorate of Employment (NDE), National Economic Reconstruction Fund (NERFUND) and other relevant programmes with other world bodies and NGOs, the piece of entrepreneurship development is still low when compared with other developing countries with developed nation taking the lead.

Thus, this research work is an attempt to investigate the individual characteristics of graduating students with a view to understand whether some students are more likely to take to entrepreneurship than others irrespective of their course of study. Attempt will be therefore be made to understand the possible influence of a students course of study in their desire to start a business of their own.

1.2    STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

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A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF DEATH RATE IN ABIA STATE FROM 1993 – 2002 (A CASE STUDY OF ABIA STATE UNIVERSITY TEACHING HOSPITAL ABA)

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A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF DEATH RATE IN ABIA STATE FROM 1993 – 2002 (A CASE STUDY OF ABIA STATE UNIVERSITY TEACHING HOSPITAL ABA)

 

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ABSTRACT

          The research was conducted to determine the death rate in Abia State.  The study covered a period of ten (10) years from 1993 – 2002.  The Abia State University Teaching Hospital was selected as a case study.  The data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA).

The ANOVA were calculated to determine if there is any significant difference in the mean of death according to age groups and there causes.

Furthermore, a time series was conducted to know the trend of death according to sex which shows a positive trend.

Among other findings in this project was that age group between 26 – 65 has the highest number of death.

The government hospital management should help to the total eradication of deadly disease especially among the working group between    26 – 65 of age.

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page                                                                                          ii

Approval page                                                                                  iii

Dedication                                                                                         iv

Acknowledgement                                                                                      v

Abstract                                                                                            vi

Table of contents                                                                              vii

CHAPTER ONE                                                                            

  • Introduction 1
  • The need for the study 3
  • The scope of the study 4
  • Aims and objectives 4
  • Hypothesis 5

CHAPTER TWO                                                                                               

Literature Review                                                                              6

CHAPTER THREE                                                                                 

  • Method of data collection 17
  • Problems encountered 17
  • Definition of terms 18
  • Data presentation 19

CHAPTER FOUR                                                                          

  • Analysis of data 21
  • Analysis of variance 22
  • Analysis using time series 26
  • Interpretation of the parameter 30

and projection of the trend line

  • Finding the trend of the death on male 30

CHAPTER FIVE                                                                                               

  • Discussion 37
  • Conclusion 38
  • Recommendation 39
  • Bibliography 40

 

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CHAPTER ONE

 

  • INTRODUCTION

DEFINITION OF DEATH

          According to Oxford English Dictionary, death is defined as the dieing, end of life.  Death is often defined as the absence of life and has always been viewed with superstition, mystery and fascination by man.  Death is generally the state of being dead.

In the early days, it was known that death of all parts of a multiallular organism did not occur simultaneously.  The heart was considered to be the central organ, its cessation of function was use to mark the beginning of death for other vital organs.

 

Historically, clinical death has been based on the absence of the heart beat (and therefore the peripheral pulse and the absence of breathing with resultant bluing of the extremities, mouth and lips).  Lack of certain relaxes of the eye is also noted when death is further advanced with absolute signs such as allegro mortise which represents the fall of body temperature to that of the rigidity of skeletal muscles.  Finally liver mortise is the purple-red discoloration on the parts of the body as a result of the settling of blood.

 

There are different causes of death such as accidents, diseases, premature death of the infant, the maternal death which may be caused by the obstructed labour or disease etc. The death rate or mortality rate is the number of deaths per 1,000 population per year.  We have different types of death rate.  They are;

(a)     Age Specific Death Rate:         The age specific rate indicates the number of death in an age group per 1,000 people in the population of the same age group.  The death rate for young children is sub-divided in different ways to give a particular information and these required more detailed definition.

(b)     The Infant Mortality Rate (IMT):               This is the number of infants (children under one year of age) who die during a year per 1,000 live birth in the same year.

(c)      The neonatal mortality rate is the number of new born infants who died during neonatal period for about 28 days after birth per 1,000 live birth.

 

Abia State University Teaching Hospital is one of the welfare homes established in 1994. It was formally a General Hospital established in 1954.  In 1994 there was a request from philanthropists for a University Teaching Hospital and this led to the establishment of the Abia State University Teaching Hospital by an edict which was signed in May 1994.  But it was finally accredited in June 1996.

 

It is a hospital of a standard, met primarily for teaching curative and research work, it promotes qualified medical service to all the inhabitants of Abia State and it s environs.  It takes care of all categories of patients both old and young, and under-take the diagnosis and treatment of a broad range of ailment.  The hospital comprising of 165 doctors about The 400 nurses and it has 15 wards and intensive units, baby care unit and casualty units.

 

1.2     THE NEED FOR STUDY

The study will help to highlight the number of patients that died of various kind of diseases from 1993 – 2002, which will help the government to fight against the effect of diseases in the coming year.

The research will equally indicate the total number of death that occur from 1993 – 2002, which will help the hospital management to forecast and prevent such incidence.

The number of death according to age group, and according to the causes of death in the hospital will be known.  This will help the ministry of health to know the particular age group that die most, the type of disease, the causes and how to prevent it.

The study will equally indicate the rate at which pregnant women die in this hospital, t he causes and the how to tackle the disease.

The research will also look into the total number of male and female that died within the year of study.  This will help  to project the number that may die in the next two years or more and will help the hospital administrators to fight such death and causes.

 

1.3     THE SCOPE OF STUDY

          The study covers a period of ten years from 1993 to 2002 and is limited to only one hospital which is the Abia State University Teaching Hospital Aba.  The study covers the entire hospital.

 

1.4     AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

          The aims and objectives of the study includes

  • To determine the death rate for the various years of study (1993 – 2002). And the number of death occurring within the years of study.
  • To determine which of the age group that is mostly affected by death.
  • It will also determine the number of women that died during pregnancy period and causes that are related to this, which will help the government to fight against such in the future.

1.5     HYPOTHESIS

(1)     Null Hypothesis:  There is no significant difference in the means of the death, according to age groups.

Alternative:         There is significant difference in the means of death, according to age group

(2)     Null Hypothesis:  There is no significant difference in the means death according to the causes of the death.

Alternative Hypothesis:          There is significant difference in the means of death according to the causes of the death.

 

 

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CHAPTER TWO

 

LITERATURE REVIEW

          FUNK and WAGNALLS (1876) reviewed that ideas about what constitutes death vary with different cultures and in different epochs.  In western societies death has traditionally been seen as the departure of the soul from the body.  In this tradition, the essence of being human is independent of physical properties, because the soul has no corporal manifestation, its departure cannot be seen or otherwise objectively determined.  Hence in this tradition the cessation of breathing has been taken as the sign of death.

Boniface Ago (Sunday Times, 1996) wrote that it should be noted that what constitutes food for one person may be poison for another.  In this content poison is any substance which causes death or harm when eaten or drunk by man.  Man has been eaten food right from birth and when he was aware of it s importance to his survival.  But then man had eaten food as if it were a ritual.  It was not until much later that the science of food became known as diseases purely due to nutritional deficiencies identified in them.  If food is any substance which we eat or drink that makes us live and grow with all the associated attributes of a good health.  Then what constitutes food varies from place to place depending on the knowledge and experience of the people. The food substances have crucial roles in keeping man healthy.  However, it is also noted that certain food substances are harmful to some people.  This is because these people lack certain ingredients in their fibre composition necessary for the break-down, adsorption of this substance in the body.  When t he levels of these substances remain high for too long, certain changes occur which are abnormal and finally resulted to diseases.  This is how certain food substances have been linked with diseases, eg. Cancer.  As an example though excessive salt intake had been noted to thicken blood vessel walls and hence increase the enhance of developing high blood pressure (hypertension) this is not the case in all people.

  1. Orintunsin (Sunday Champion 1995) reviewed that everyday 144 women die during pregnancy or child delivery according to Prof Adetokunse Lucas a professor of tropical medicine. He equally said that women are also at of dieing during child delivery which is the commonest cause of death among women of child bearing age.

According to him, Nigeria contributes 10% to the total number of maternal death all over the world and 150,000 women die in child birth in Africa yearly.  Another astonishing disclosure made by Prof. Lucas is that within six weeks the maternal in Nigeria exceeds that recorded in the whole of Europe and Japan in one year.

He identified the way to death as poor socio-economic development, excessive fertility, high risk pregnancy and life threatening complications adding that of the status, family status and even community status all contributes to maternal mortality.  Some of the complication associated with death of pregnancy women includes hemorrhage, abortion, hypertension, obstructed labour and infection.  Prof. Lucas also explained that unfavourable economic condition makes it difficult for some people who don’t have access to health services.

All these factors contributes to the death of pregnant women.  They keep on going until they get to mortality point.  At this point they do not have access to emergency service and before they can secure a solution to this they are already dead, “the professor lamented”.

To help the nation against this untimely death, recommendation where made by the Nigerian women.  These include:-

  1. Raising the status of women
  2. Encouraging family planning
  3. Providing community based maternity services
  4. Providing higher level emergency services.
  5. OYEFESO (Daily Time 1995) review that it is utterly some to note that inspite of Nigeria’s enormous endowments as many as 87.2 out of every 1,000 infants born alive die before their first birth day. National records also show that child mortality rate now stands at 56 per 1,000 live births.  While maternal mortality rate is put 15 No of death in every 1,000 live birth.  Nigerians live expectancy is 54 years.

Despite the unfortunate prevalent circumstances hopes are now being rekindled that parents above all the entire nation, will soon be spared much of the attendant agonies from the debilitating and often fatal on slights of the vaccine prevented diseases.  Some of the infant diseases are diarrhea, chicken pox etc.

Miscopied Britannica (1993) defined disease as an impermanent of the normal state of an organism that interrupts or modifies its vital functions.  Diseases may be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasitic worms or non-living but harmful substances such as toxins or ionizing radiation.  Disease may also result from endogenous changes within the organism or a physiological malfunction.  The physiological malfunctions and disturbances of normal growth can be induced by changes of diet or by invasion of micro-organisms or other agents.

Nearly all organisms have defensive mechanisms that fight against the most common diseases that affect them.  Humans and other vertebrates have a system of specific immunity.  They are resistance to some disease infections due to the development of strong antigens that fight against them.

The immunity explains why human beings rarely get more than one attack of a number of viral diseases which includes measles, mumps and chicken pox etc.

THE GUINNESS ENCYCLOPEDIA (1990) wrote environmental hazards such as radiation and pollutants account for types of disease.  People normally encounter only small dose of radiation from diagnostic x-rays or perhaps as a treatment for cancer.  People who experience such high exposure develop radiation sickness with loss of cells from their bone marrow and the lining of their intestine.  Death may follow because of the damage to bowel and bone marrow resulting to loss resistance to such diseases.

Chemical hazards are often encountered at work than at home.  Many industrial diseases result from inhaling some harmful substances.  Asbestos for example results from inhaling fibres of asbestos.   The lungs became fibrous and the affected person not only experiences increasing breathlessness with failure of the heart and lungs, but also has an increased risk of developing cancer of the lungs.  Some processes by which infectious diseases are been transmitted are:-

(a)     Air bone Diseases:         This is transmitted through infected droplets in the air from the nose, lungs or from dust particles from falling.

(b)     Contamination:              Contaminated food or water can usually be infected by faces

(c)      Direct Contact (Contagion):    Disease is caught from close contact with an infected person.

(d)     Sexual Transmission:    This is transmission through sexual intercourse or oral sex.  Use of condoms can reduce the risk of transmission.

(e)      Blood Borne:        Transmission by injection of contaminated blood or by improper sterilized instruments.

(f)      Animal Carrier (Vector):         Transmission through injection of contaminated salius as in malaria, fly bites.

OKONYE N. (Sunday Statesman 1994) wrote that one of the major factors that contribute to death rate is accident like road accident, fire, war, earthquake etc.  Some of the causes of road accidents are recklessness and negligence on the part of our drivers constitute one of the major causes of road accident.  May of our drivers have  that bad habit of driving at high speed which sometime seems to be uncontrollable.

Wrong overtaking is another cause of road accident.  Some drivers are illiterate that they can’t read or understand the rules of road signs, when and how to overtake.

Another cause of road accident is drinking while driving. Some drivers are under the influence of alcohol, Indian hemp, cocaine and other dangerous drugs.

Bad condition of our roads also contributes to the rising trend of road accident.  Another possible cause of road accident is that some pedestrians do cross the road watching carefully.

The corruption on the part of some of our policemen who help to increase the rate of road accident by allowing some drivers without complete road certificates.

To remedy the situation the road safety commission should try and be strict in their work.

To check the recklessness of the drivers, wrong overtaking should stop and also carry out a seminar on how to be crossing the road by pedestrians.   The government should equally try0 and rehabilitates roads and also maintains it.

UNICEF, WHO, UNESCO (1994) reviewed   that the risk of death of young is increased by about 50% if the space between births is less than two years.

So, for the health of both mothers and their children, parents should wait until their youngest child is at least two years old before having another baby.  Children born too close together do not usually develop as well physically or mentally as children born at least too years apart.

 

 

 

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