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ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF COURSE OF STUDY ON STUDENTS ATTITUDES TOWARDS ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA

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ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF COURSE OF STUDY ON STUDENTS ATTITUDES TOWARDS ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA

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ABSTRACT.

The study is an empirical work that attempted to investigate the background of analysis of impact of students disposition in business attitudes within the context of their educational endeavour and personal behaviours are explored within the individual concept of interest. The study analyzed and compared the differences in entrepreneurial potential and perception about entrepreneurship by graduating students of Kaduna Polytechnic. Scholars were consulted to determine their contributions to the body of knowledge within the confines of research study. The total research population was 3804 with a sample size of 370 as the respondents using stratified research design to achieve the objectives of the study and primary data collected by means of closed-ended questionnaire as instrument. The statement of hypothesis to be tested: H1: An individual student’s course of study has significant positive impact on students’ tendency to be an entrepreneur; H0: An individual course of study has no significant impact on a students’ choice of being an entrepreneur. Frequency distribution tables were used for the analysis of data collected while the hypothesis was tested using the Chi-square (X2) and the effect of each variable on the sample subjects. The study revealed that entrepreneurship practice is never restricted to one particular descriptive but applies to all aspects of human endeavour and also contributes to human and economic development of a nation. Recommendations as to the roles of individual and stakeholders were put forward particularly that the governments at all levels need to cerate a favourable business climate to boost entrepreneurial development in Nigeria.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE:

1.0    Introduction       –        –        –        –        –        –        –        1-2

1.1    Background of the study     –        –        –        –        –        2-5

1.2    Statement of the problem   –        –        –        –        –        5-6

1.3    Objectives of the study        –        –        –        –        –        7

1.4    Significance of the study     –        –        –        –        –        7-8

1.5    Research questions    –        –        –        –        –        –        8-9

1.6    Statement of hypothesis     –        –        –        –        –        9

1.7    Delimitation / scope of the study-        –        –        –        9-10

1.8    Definition of terms     –        –        –        –        –        –        10-12

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0    Introduction       –        –        –        –        –        –        –        13

2.1    Historical perspective of research area         –        –        –        13-15

2.2    Conceptual definition of entrepreneurship  –        –        15-18

2.3    Concept of entrepreneurship and entrepreneur   –        18-20

2.4    The process of entrepreneurship          –        –        –        –        20-22

2.5    Concept of development      –        –        –        –        –        23-24

2.6    Meaning of entrepreneurship development-        –        24

2.7    Factors influencing entrepreneurship development in the 21st century-        –          –        –        –        –        –        25-30

2.8    Characteristics and skills of an entrepreneur       –        31

2.8.1Entrepreneurial characteristics  –        –        –        –        31-34

2.8.2Entrepreneurial skills         –        –        –        –        –        –        34-35

2.8.3What is entrepreneurial spirit    –        –        –        –        35-36

2.9    Dynamics of the brain as the seat of entrepreneurial empowerment      –        –          –        –        –        –        –        36-37

2.10  Functions of entrepreneurship   –        –        –        –        37-39

2.11  Benefits of entrepreneurship      –        –        –        –        40-42

2.12  Factors determining the extent of entrepreneurship     42-43

2.13  Factors influencing the development of the individual entrepreneur     –        –          –        –        –        –        –        44-46

2.14  The role of marketing in entrepreneurship development in Nigeria       –        –          –        –        –        –        –        –        46-48

2.15   Challenges of entrepreneurship development in Nigeria        46-48

2.16  The role of entrepreneurship in the development of enterprises    –        –        –          –        –        –        –        50-51

2.17  The role of government towards entrepreneurship development in Nigeria   –          –        –        –        –        51-56

2.18  The role of entrepreneurship in economic development         56-59

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.0    Introduction       –        –        –        –        –        –        –        60

3.1    Area of study     –        –        –        –        –        –        –        60

3.2    Research design         –        –        –        –        –        –        –        60

3.3    Justification for its adoption        –        –        –        –        60

3.4    Population of the study       –        –        –        –        –        61

3.5    Sample size and sampling techniques-        –        –        61

3.6    Justification for sampling section        –        –        –        –        61-62

3.7    Methods of data collection –        –        –        –        –        62

3.8    Instruments used in data collection    –        –        –        62

3.9    Method used in presentation and analysis of data collected (Data analysis techniques)        –        –        –        –        –        63

3.10  Limitations        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        63

CHAPTER FOUR: PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

4.0    Introduction       –        –        –        –        –        –        –        64

4.1    Respondents characteristics and classification     –        64

4.2    Presentation and analysis of data       –        –        –        65-72

4.3    Answer to research questions and or test hypothesis   72-76

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.0    Introduction       –        –        –        –        –        –        –        77

5.1    Summary  –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        77-78

5.2    Conclusion         –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        79-80

5.3    Recommendations      –        –        –        –        –        –        80-82

Bibliography

Appendixes

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.0    INTRODUCTION

The rate of unemployment among school graduates is quite alarming in Nigeria. As part of measures to ameliorate the growing ugly situation, government at all levels (federal, state and local) are putting in place measures to encourage self-reliance, creativity and innovation drive through entrepreneurship development in Nigeria.

To understand entrepreneurship and development is to discover why Nigeria is described as a developing economy. Developing economy explains the extent by which men and women should contribute to develop workable ways or strategies in order to achieve economic growth and development. It revitalizes the dominant potentialities of every youth in providing job employment for others rather than seeking out for employment. It also assists to underscore the responsibilities of the government in fostering an environment of growth for entrepreneurial initiatives. It further opens avenues for the government to develop the right strategies especially in addressing poverty in the country (Erlinda D, 2011).

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1.1  BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

It is envisaged that government at all levels will have to put in place all necessary infrastructures to promote the growth and development of small and medium scale enterprises (SME) in the country to enable Nigeria attain the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) target set by the United Nations by the year 2012 and Nigeria vision 20-20-20. A vibrant SMSE sector is critical in the realization of MDGs objective.

Experts have observed that Nigeria may not likely meet the MDGs target by reducing poverty by 50% by the year 2015 considering the present status of SMSE operations in Nigeria.

It is universally accepted that Micro (Small) and Medium Scale Enterprises are the engine of development of any nation. A nation’s rate of development is determined by the number of SMEs in the country.

Statistical studies have shown that 40 – 50% SMEs in most advanced countries of the world are owned by graduates or those who passed through Colleges. Given this facts in Nigeria, the opposite seems to be the case (Business Day Newspaper 9th Jan., 2007, pg. 13).

Scholars have divergent views on who is an entrepreneur and who is not. While the first school of through is of the opinion the entrepreneurs can be made (taught through formal classes) the other group however are of the opinion that entrepreneurs are born (an inheritance). They argued further that entrepreneurs possess special qualities and must have the right attitude and disposition towards entrepreneurship.

This development is likely to inculcate in students the right aptitude and attitudes to starting their won business and by implicating making them a better entrepreneur. Considering the fact that the key factors that give rise to enterprise are personal, sociological and environmental factors. For quite some time now by statistical analysis, over 3 millions Nigerians in a given year become qualified to form the labour market largely from both Universities and Polytechnics but, regrettably, not more than 10% of this population are likely to gain employment to join the formal sector. The International Labour Organization collaborated this very poor level graduates, employment yearly (Bugaje, Hamalai & Indabawa, 2002).

Indeed, it is obvious that with the level of development and attendant threats in Nigeria, the possibility of government having the capability of leveraging poverty and meeting the United Nation target on MDGs 2012 is remote.

Inspite of the Federal Government of Nigeria’s effort towards setting up institutions such as National Poverty Alleviation Programme (NAPEP), Small and Medium Scale Enterprises Development Agency (SMEDAN), National Directorate of Employment (NDE), National Economic Reconstruction Fund (NERFUND) and other relevant programmes with other world bodies and NGOs, the piece of entrepreneurship development is still low when compared with other developing countries with developed nation taking the lead.

Thus, this research work is an attempt to investigate the individual characteristics of graduating students with a view to understand whether some students are more likely to take to entrepreneurship than others irrespective of their course of study. Attempt will be therefore be made to understand the possible influence of a students course of study in their desire to start a business of their own.

1.2    STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

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A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF DEATH RATE IN ABIA STATE FROM 1993 – 2002 (A CASE STUDY OF ABIA STATE UNIVERSITY TEACHING HOSPITAL ABA)

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A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF DEATH RATE IN ABIA STATE FROM 1993 – 2002 (A CASE STUDY OF ABIA STATE UNIVERSITY TEACHING HOSPITAL ABA)

 

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ABSTRACT

          The research was conducted to determine the death rate in Abia State.  The study covered a period of ten (10) years from 1993 – 2002.  The Abia State University Teaching Hospital was selected as a case study.  The data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA).

The ANOVA were calculated to determine if there is any significant difference in the mean of death according to age groups and there causes.

Furthermore, a time series was conducted to know the trend of death according to sex which shows a positive trend.

Among other findings in this project was that age group between 26 – 65 has the highest number of death.

The government hospital management should help to the total eradication of deadly disease especially among the working group between    26 – 65 of age.

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page                                                                                          ii

Approval page                                                                                  iii

Dedication                                                                                         iv

Acknowledgement                                                                                      v

Abstract                                                                                            vi

Table of contents                                                                              vii

CHAPTER ONE                                                                            

  • Introduction 1
  • The need for the study 3
  • The scope of the study 4
  • Aims and objectives 4
  • Hypothesis 5

CHAPTER TWO                                                                                               

Literature Review                                                                              6

CHAPTER THREE                                                                                 

  • Method of data collection 17
  • Problems encountered 17
  • Definition of terms 18
  • Data presentation 19

CHAPTER FOUR                                                                          

  • Analysis of data 21
  • Analysis of variance 22
  • Analysis using time series 26
  • Interpretation of the parameter 30

and projection of the trend line

  • Finding the trend of the death on male 30

CHAPTER FIVE                                                                                               

  • Discussion 37
  • Conclusion 38
  • Recommendation 39
  • Bibliography 40

 

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CHAPTER ONE

 

  • INTRODUCTION

DEFINITION OF DEATH

          According to Oxford English Dictionary, death is defined as the dieing, end of life.  Death is often defined as the absence of life and has always been viewed with superstition, mystery and fascination by man.  Death is generally the state of being dead.

In the early days, it was known that death of all parts of a multiallular organism did not occur simultaneously.  The heart was considered to be the central organ, its cessation of function was use to mark the beginning of death for other vital organs.

 

Historically, clinical death has been based on the absence of the heart beat (and therefore the peripheral pulse and the absence of breathing with resultant bluing of the extremities, mouth and lips).  Lack of certain relaxes of the eye is also noted when death is further advanced with absolute signs such as allegro mortise which represents the fall of body temperature to that of the rigidity of skeletal muscles.  Finally liver mortise is the purple-red discoloration on the parts of the body as a result of the settling of blood.

 

There are different causes of death such as accidents, diseases, premature death of the infant, the maternal death which may be caused by the obstructed labour or disease etc. The death rate or mortality rate is the number of deaths per 1,000 population per year.  We have different types of death rate.  They are;

(a)     Age Specific Death Rate:         The age specific rate indicates the number of death in an age group per 1,000 people in the population of the same age group.  The death rate for young children is sub-divided in different ways to give a particular information and these required more detailed definition.

(b)     The Infant Mortality Rate (IMT):               This is the number of infants (children under one year of age) who die during a year per 1,000 live birth in the same year.

(c)      The neonatal mortality rate is the number of new born infants who died during neonatal period for about 28 days after birth per 1,000 live birth.

 

Abia State University Teaching Hospital is one of the welfare homes established in 1994. It was formally a General Hospital established in 1954.  In 1994 there was a request from philanthropists for a University Teaching Hospital and this led to the establishment of the Abia State University Teaching Hospital by an edict which was signed in May 1994.  But it was finally accredited in June 1996.

 

It is a hospital of a standard, met primarily for teaching curative and research work, it promotes qualified medical service to all the inhabitants of Abia State and it s environs.  It takes care of all categories of patients both old and young, and under-take the diagnosis and treatment of a broad range of ailment.  The hospital comprising of 165 doctors about The 400 nurses and it has 15 wards and intensive units, baby care unit and casualty units.

 

1.2     THE NEED FOR STUDY

The study will help to highlight the number of patients that died of various kind of diseases from 1993 – 2002, which will help the government to fight against the effect of diseases in the coming year.

The research will equally indicate the total number of death that occur from 1993 – 2002, which will help the hospital management to forecast and prevent such incidence.

The number of death according to age group, and according to the causes of death in the hospital will be known.  This will help the ministry of health to know the particular age group that die most, the type of disease, the causes and how to prevent it.

The study will equally indicate the rate at which pregnant women die in this hospital, t he causes and the how to tackle the disease.

The research will also look into the total number of male and female that died within the year of study.  This will help  to project the number that may die in the next two years or more and will help the hospital administrators to fight such death and causes.

 

1.3     THE SCOPE OF STUDY

          The study covers a period of ten years from 1993 to 2002 and is limited to only one hospital which is the Abia State University Teaching Hospital Aba.  The study covers the entire hospital.

 

1.4     AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

          The aims and objectives of the study includes

  • To determine the death rate for the various years of study (1993 – 2002). And the number of death occurring within the years of study.
  • To determine which of the age group that is mostly affected by death.
  • It will also determine the number of women that died during pregnancy period and causes that are related to this, which will help the government to fight against such in the future.

1.5     HYPOTHESIS

(1)     Null Hypothesis:  There is no significant difference in the means of the death, according to age groups.

Alternative:         There is significant difference in the means of death, according to age group

(2)     Null Hypothesis:  There is no significant difference in the means death according to the causes of the death.

Alternative Hypothesis:          There is significant difference in the means of death according to the causes of the death.

 

 

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CHAPTER TWO

 

LITERATURE REVIEW

          FUNK and WAGNALLS (1876) reviewed that ideas about what constitutes death vary with different cultures and in different epochs.  In western societies death has traditionally been seen as the departure of the soul from the body.  In this tradition, the essence of being human is independent of physical properties, because the soul has no corporal manifestation, its departure cannot be seen or otherwise objectively determined.  Hence in this tradition the cessation of breathing has been taken as the sign of death.

Boniface Ago (Sunday Times, 1996) wrote that it should be noted that what constitutes food for one person may be poison for another.  In this content poison is any substance which causes death or harm when eaten or drunk by man.  Man has been eaten food right from birth and when he was aware of it s importance to his survival.  But then man had eaten food as if it were a ritual.  It was not until much later that the science of food became known as diseases purely due to nutritional deficiencies identified in them.  If food is any substance which we eat or drink that makes us live and grow with all the associated attributes of a good health.  Then what constitutes food varies from place to place depending on the knowledge and experience of the people. The food substances have crucial roles in keeping man healthy.  However, it is also noted that certain food substances are harmful to some people.  This is because these people lack certain ingredients in their fibre composition necessary for the break-down, adsorption of this substance in the body.  When t he levels of these substances remain high for too long, certain changes occur which are abnormal and finally resulted to diseases.  This is how certain food substances have been linked with diseases, eg. Cancer.  As an example though excessive salt intake had been noted to thicken blood vessel walls and hence increase the enhance of developing high blood pressure (hypertension) this is not the case in all people.

  1. Orintunsin (Sunday Champion 1995) reviewed that everyday 144 women die during pregnancy or child delivery according to Prof Adetokunse Lucas a professor of tropical medicine. He equally said that women are also at of dieing during child delivery which is the commonest cause of death among women of child bearing age.

According to him, Nigeria contributes 10% to the total number of maternal death all over the world and 150,000 women die in child birth in Africa yearly.  Another astonishing disclosure made by Prof. Lucas is that within six weeks the maternal in Nigeria exceeds that recorded in the whole of Europe and Japan in one year.

He identified the way to death as poor socio-economic development, excessive fertility, high risk pregnancy and life threatening complications adding that of the status, family status and even community status all contributes to maternal mortality.  Some of the complication associated with death of pregnancy women includes hemorrhage, abortion, hypertension, obstructed labour and infection.  Prof. Lucas also explained that unfavourable economic condition makes it difficult for some people who don’t have access to health services.

All these factors contributes to the death of pregnant women.  They keep on going until they get to mortality point.  At this point they do not have access to emergency service and before they can secure a solution to this they are already dead, “the professor lamented”.

To help the nation against this untimely death, recommendation where made by the Nigerian women.  These include:-

  1. Raising the status of women
  2. Encouraging family planning
  3. Providing community based maternity services
  4. Providing higher level emergency services.
  5. OYEFESO (Daily Time 1995) review that it is utterly some to note that inspite of Nigeria’s enormous endowments as many as 87.2 out of every 1,000 infants born alive die before their first birth day. National records also show that child mortality rate now stands at 56 per 1,000 live births.  While maternal mortality rate is put 15 No of death in every 1,000 live birth.  Nigerians live expectancy is 54 years.

Despite the unfortunate prevalent circumstances hopes are now being rekindled that parents above all the entire nation, will soon be spared much of the attendant agonies from the debilitating and often fatal on slights of the vaccine prevented diseases.  Some of the infant diseases are diarrhea, chicken pox etc.

Miscopied Britannica (1993) defined disease as an impermanent of the normal state of an organism that interrupts or modifies its vital functions.  Diseases may be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasitic worms or non-living but harmful substances such as toxins or ionizing radiation.  Disease may also result from endogenous changes within the organism or a physiological malfunction.  The physiological malfunctions and disturbances of normal growth can be induced by changes of diet or by invasion of micro-organisms or other agents.

Nearly all organisms have defensive mechanisms that fight against the most common diseases that affect them.  Humans and other vertebrates have a system of specific immunity.  They are resistance to some disease infections due to the development of strong antigens that fight against them.

The immunity explains why human beings rarely get more than one attack of a number of viral diseases which includes measles, mumps and chicken pox etc.

THE GUINNESS ENCYCLOPEDIA (1990) wrote environmental hazards such as radiation and pollutants account for types of disease.  People normally encounter only small dose of radiation from diagnostic x-rays or perhaps as a treatment for cancer.  People who experience such high exposure develop radiation sickness with loss of cells from their bone marrow and the lining of their intestine.  Death may follow because of the damage to bowel and bone marrow resulting to loss resistance to such diseases.

Chemical hazards are often encountered at work than at home.  Many industrial diseases result from inhaling some harmful substances.  Asbestos for example results from inhaling fibres of asbestos.   The lungs became fibrous and the affected person not only experiences increasing breathlessness with failure of the heart and lungs, but also has an increased risk of developing cancer of the lungs.  Some processes by which infectious diseases are been transmitted are:-

(a)     Air bone Diseases:         This is transmitted through infected droplets in the air from the nose, lungs or from dust particles from falling.

(b)     Contamination:              Contaminated food or water can usually be infected by faces

(c)      Direct Contact (Contagion):    Disease is caught from close contact with an infected person.

(d)     Sexual Transmission:    This is transmission through sexual intercourse or oral sex.  Use of condoms can reduce the risk of transmission.

(e)      Blood Borne:        Transmission by injection of contaminated blood or by improper sterilized instruments.

(f)      Animal Carrier (Vector):         Transmission through injection of contaminated salius as in malaria, fly bites.

OKONYE N. (Sunday Statesman 1994) wrote that one of the major factors that contribute to death rate is accident like road accident, fire, war, earthquake etc.  Some of the causes of road accidents are recklessness and negligence on the part of our drivers constitute one of the major causes of road accident.  May of our drivers have  that bad habit of driving at high speed which sometime seems to be uncontrollable.

Wrong overtaking is another cause of road accident.  Some drivers are illiterate that they can’t read or understand the rules of road signs, when and how to overtake.

Another cause of road accident is drinking while driving. Some drivers are under the influence of alcohol, Indian hemp, cocaine and other dangerous drugs.

Bad condition of our roads also contributes to the rising trend of road accident.  Another possible cause of road accident is that some pedestrians do cross the road watching carefully.

The corruption on the part of some of our policemen who help to increase the rate of road accident by allowing some drivers without complete road certificates.

To remedy the situation the road safety commission should try and be strict in their work.

To check the recklessness of the drivers, wrong overtaking should stop and also carry out a seminar on how to be crossing the road by pedestrians.   The government should equally try0 and rehabilitates roads and also maintains it.

UNICEF, WHO, UNESCO (1994) reviewed   that the risk of death of young is increased by about 50% if the space between births is less than two years.

So, for the health of both mothers and their children, parents should wait until their youngest child is at least two years old before having another baby.  Children born too close together do not usually develop as well physically or mentally as children born at least too years apart.

 

 

 

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STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT’S EXPENDITURE AND REVENUE

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STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT’S EXPENDITURE AND REVENUE

(A CASE STUDY OF NATIONAL BUREAU OF STATISTICS,) FROM THE 2003 – 2008.

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ACCOUNT NUMBER:  0115939447
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Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
Account Name: 3059320631

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08074466939 Or 08063386834,   The Project Title  You  Selected On Our Website , Amount Paid, Depositor Name, Your Email Address, Payment Date. You Will Receive Your Material In Less Than 1 Hour Once We Confirm Your Payment.

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ABSTRACT

This research work was aimed at carrying out statistical analysis of federal government’s revenue and expenditure 2003-2008. Secondary data was obtained from National Bureau of Statistics. The statistical package used is Mintab. The result of the analysis shows that there is positive and strong relationship between expenditure and revenue 0.938 and the regression equation is expenditure = 123 + 0.367 revenue. The regression equation shows that when the revenue increase, the expenditure also increases.

CHAPTER ONE:

INTRODUCTION

1.0     Introduction

1.1     Historical Background of the Study

1.2     Aims of the Study

1.3     Objectives of the Study

1.4     Scope of the Study

1.5     Definition of terms

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW AND STATISCAL TOOL(S)

2.0     Introduction

2.1     Nigerian Economy and oil ….

2.2.    Inflation in Nigerian economy

2.3     Effect of the global economic meltdown on the Nigeria economy

2.4     Consolidation in the banking system

2.5     Capital base and bank soundness

2.6     Statistical tools

CHAPTER THREE; METHODOLOGY

3.0     Introduction

3.1     Methods of data collection

3.2     Problems encountered in data collection

3.3     Data presentation

CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF THE RESULTS

4.0     Introduction

4.1     Data analysis

4.2     Discussion of result

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.0     Introduction

5.1     Summary

5.2     Conclusion

5.3     Recommendation

CHAPTER ONE

1.0     INTRODUCTION

Public finance is a field of economics concerned with how government raises money, how that money is spent and the effect of these activities on the economy and on the society.

Expenditure and revenue of the country fall under the topic, public finance. However, in a developing economy like Nigeria, management of moderate deficit financing is tailored toward useful and development oriented projects. This necessitated me to focus attention on the amount of expenditure and revenue generated in Nigeria over the past years.

Government generates revenue from various economic sectors: these are divided into oil and non-oil revenue:

  1. Oil Revenue: This is the revenue generated from oil sectors of the economy which comprise:
    1. Petroleum profit tax and royalties
    2. Others which include revenue from export sales, domestics sales, tax on petroleum products, rents etc.
  1. Non Oil Revenue: This is revenue generated from other sectors of the economy other than the oil sector which comprises of:
    1. Company income tax
    2. Custom and exercise duties
    3. Value added tax (V.A.T)
    4. Federal government independent revenue which comprises revenue from interest payments rents on government properties, personal income tax of armed forces, police, external affair and federal capital residents
    5. Other which include custom levies, education tax etc.

The revenue generated from different sectors of the economy is allocated to:

  1. Federation accounts which include transfer to federation accounts from domestic oil sales
  2. Value added tax (VAT) pool accounts
  3. AFEM surplus account
  4. Petroleum Trust Fund
  5. JVC Payment account
  6. External debt service funds
  7. National priority projects fund
  8. Other which include transfers to special and excess reserves and education fund

The revenue generated from various sectors of the economy is spent on:

  1. Administration which comprises of:
    1. General administration
    2. Defence
    3. Internal security
    4. National assembly
  1. Economic services which include
    1. Agriculture
    2. Roads and construction
    3. Transport and communication
    4. Other economic services
  2. Social and community services which are:
    1. Education
    2. Health
    3. Others
  1. Transfers
    1. Public debt charges
    2. Domestic
    3. Foreign
    4. Pension and gratuities
    5. F.C.T and others

1.1     HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The National Bureau of statistics (NBS) has a humble beginning starting in 1928 as a statistics unit in the office of the colonial secretary in the cabinet secretariat of British Colonial administration.

In 1947 a more focused reorganization took place with the establishment of a statistics section in the department of customs and exercise which later metamorphosed into a full pledged department of statistics.

In 1949, the departments responsibilities were expanded to form the nucleus of a centralized national statistics office for the country with the adoption of the federal system of government in 1968 central and the regional government had their statistics establishments incorporated into a decentralized National Statistics System (NSS). A legal frame work for statistics operation in Nigeria was unable with the statistics act of 1937. The act gave backing for a decentralized statistical system but advocated collaboration between the central and regional statistical office in addition to co-ordinate their activities.

At independence in 1960, the department of statistics was moved from customs and excuse to the Federal Ministry of Economic Development with its name changed to the federal office of statistics (FOS) in the 1980s further re-organization of the Nigeria statistics system (NSS) led to the Central Bank of Nigeria taking on the collection of financial statistics and the National Population Commission given the responsibility of population statistics including the conduct of census length and collection of vital statistics like birth and death registrations and immigration statistics, as well as the conduct of demography and health surveys.

In 1989, a wholly computerized data management agency was established called National Data Bank (NDB). NDB is a data house, was designed to hold time series data dating back to 1914 when Nigeria was created. The agencies FOS and NDB maintained a complex and over lapping relationship with other members of the National Statistical Offices (NSO) itself. Reforms started the repositioning of the federal office of statistics (FOS) in 2004 when it was merged with the National Data Bank. The reforms in driver by the statistical master plan (SMP) produced by the Federal Government of Nigeria with assistance from the World Bank.

The merged of FOS and NDB led to the establishment of the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) to give the agency a National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) to give the agency a National outlook as the apex statistical agency for all the three tiers of government. NBS is expected to co-ordinate system of the production of official statistics all the federal ministries departments and agencies (MDAS), state statistical agencies (SAS) and local government council (LGC). The 1957 statistics act has been repeated and a new bill has been passed to give NBS a legal backing.

1.2     AIM OF THE STUDY

To conduct a statistical study into public finance of the federation, that is revenue and expenditure of the federal government of Nigeria (2003-2008) using regression analysis.

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A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF REPORTED CASES OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITED DISEASE IN THE FEDERAL MEDICAL CENTRE UMUAHIA (F.M.C) FROM 1995 – 2004

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A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF REPORTED CASES OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITED DISEASE IN THE FEDERAL MEDICAL CENTRE UMUAHIA (F.M.C) FROM 1995 – 2004

 

 

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ABSTRACT

 

          The entire project work/study talks about the full meaning of the STDS.  The causes of the sexually transmitted diseases were found out to be virus and bacteria which can be transmitted from one person to another predominantly through sexual contact.  The scope of the study was also special and federal medical center Umuahia (FMC) was used as a case study.  One of the studies carried out by Dr. A.U. Mbanuso at the Federal Medical center Umuahia 1990 – 1993.  His result showed that the commest and most ducally sexual transmitted disease was HIV/AIDS and Syphilis.

Furthermore, from the designed questionnaire we found out that many people have become aware of the extend of STDS.  For the data collection used was a secondary data.  The population size in this reported cases of the sexually transmitted diseases under study from 1995 – 2004 the result after study will be used to generalize for the entire population.

The major statistical model employed in the analysis of the data collection was chi-square which was used to the age group and sex.  The test hypothesis for the age group shows the X2 cal > X2 tab.  Therefore we reject H0: and conclude that the client rate is not dependent of the age.  There the test of hypothesis for the sex group shows that X2 cul > X2 tab.  Therefore, we reject H0: and conclude that the sexually transmitted diseases under study are not dependent of sex.

 

 

                                      TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE:         INTRODUCTION

1.1     Statement of the Problem

1.2     Purpose of the Study

1.3     Aims and Objectives

1.4     Significance of the Study

1.5     Scope and Limitations

1.6     The Hypothesis

1.7     Definition of Terms

CHAPTER TWO:        LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1     Types of Stds

2.2     Causes of Stds

2.3     Mode of Transmission

2.4     Signa Nd Symptoms of Stds

2.5     Effect/Consequences of Stds

2.6     Treatment of Stds

2.7     Prevention and Control of Stds

CHAPTER THREE

3.0     Method of Data Collection and Sources of Data

3.1     Method Data Analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

Presentation and Analysis

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1     Summary

5.2     Conclusion

Recommendation

Questionnaire

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

Sexually transmitted diseases, which is popularly known as STDS, and its effect is now the talk of the day, town, and world wide, even in Nigeria.  This disease is a very strong disease that is caused by virus.  This virus     enters the body through many means such as sexual intercourse, blood transfusion, parental transmission.  The main work of this virus is to weaken the body mechanism known as Lymphocyte (White blood cell) making it possible for any disease which enters the body to attack even more them expected.  Both the developed and the undeveloped countries of the world, it is a great problem medically their incidence are steady rising.

 

From the available statistical data the evidence have been showing alarming rate of sexually transmitted diseases every day as mankind gets more civilized.  The sexually transmitted diseases can be categorized into three: the first category are referred to as the first category are referred to as the first generation, these are gonorrhea, syphilis, and chancroid.  The second generation includes hympho granuloma venereum and granuloma ingunale.  The third generation which is Aids  (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome).

 

These sexually transmitted disease have become a major public health problem to most countries of the world, including Nigeria on the account of their frequency, their impact on maternal and infant health and their special consequences as well as their economic cost in terms of health expenditure and cost of productivity.  It has a serious effect on pregnancy, and new borns are seriously affected which may lead to miscarriage, failure of development of new baby, blindness congenital defects etc.   The implication in woman such as pekvic inflammatory disease ectopic pregnancy, infertility and chronic ill health are caused by sexual transmitted diseases where the incidence of undiagnosed or poor treated cases is very high.

 

 

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The disease, sexually transmitted disease (STDS) is an old strong disease that was discovered before the amalgamation of Nigeria in the year 1914 by a great medical scientist known as lordchester field, in the year 1985.  this disease has killed very many paple, yet, as at that time people doesn’t believe it, not until a good number of research work was carried out in the laboratory and evidence showed that it is a communicable disease that can be contracted from one person to another through  predominantly sexual contact; such as gonorrhea, syphilis enters the body veins through blood and weakens or makes the white blood cell known as lymphocyte inactive to attack the disease of the sexual transmitted disease and this deadly disease will dry the victim to the extent that you will be able to count the bones and extent that you will be able to count the bones and ribs of the patient.

 

But some people are still doubting the existence of the deadly disease STDS while statistical data table shows that 7,548 people was a victim within the year of 1985 to 1990.  But the recent data collected shows that 17,277 people were infected as it was recorded at the Federal Medical Centre Umuahia.  In addition, the above collected data will help the masses to reduce the rate of sexual act and sexual promiscuity.

 

The federal ministry of health warns that total abstinence and mutual fidelity remains the best protective measure for or against sexually  transmitted disease (STDS)  such as  gonorrhea, syphilis etc.  That is why the federal government supported the introduction of sex education and the use of condom as a program in most of our media, such as newspaper, radio, television etc.  In order to educate the poor masses on the subject matter and how to avoid contacting the deadly disease (STDS).

 

1.2     STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

          The rapid spreading of these deadly diseases (STDS) does not mean that both the internal and external bodies’ even corporate organizations are not working to remedy the issue.  But we should not unemphasize the problem facing the efforts. Some of this problems includes inadequate central surveillance system from which all of us will be getting the information that we carry and reply in our program, because what we get now in Nigeria is information that is fragment not reconcilable.  Even when there is seeming different, there are not other third sources of reference to cross check.  Here the problem of finance contributed to the collapse of the efforts been made.  Take for instance, the latest inhibitors introduced by Hoffmann – LaRoche of the Switzerland Eortovase and Viracept cannot be obtained by poor countries like Nigeria.

 

 

We know that it will sound unbelievable even at the moment to some people mainly the youths of today that kept adamant on the warnings and dangers of being a prostitute, a homosexual, a Hetero Sexual and equally having unprotected sexual intercourse.  All that the World Health Organization (WHO) had warned that partners should be truthful to themselves and take preventive measures.

 

1.3     AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

  1. To know how far people have known about existence of the sexually transmitted disease.
  2. To know whether the rate at which male are infected is the same at which the females are infected.
  • To recommend preventive measures on how to avoid contacting the sexually transmitted diseases and give appropriate treatment to avoid rapid spread of the deadly disease.
  1. To specify the age group that is mostly affected.
  2. Finally, the objective of this study is in picking the types of sexually transmitted diseases under study one by one and uses statistical methods predicting what their incidence rate will be in the year 2005 and 2006.

1.4     SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study has revealed that the awareness of the existence of sexual transmitted disease.  Through this study, their causes, sources and mode of transmission have been have been highlighted.  Having known all these a greater result can be achieved by embarking on the program against sexually transmitted disease, such as making use of condom as one of the preventive measures and total abstinence as another measure.  Another important significance is that, the health standard of the people is improved, while the death effect and other consequences of sexually transmitted diseases are minimized by profiling good medical attention and the use of skilled practitioners.

Finally, by achieving all these goals, we can have a good social economic planning for the present and future generation.

 

 

1.5     SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

          The Federal Medical Centre Umuahia (FMC) is my scope of study.  It has ten wards (10) two medical ward on each for male and female, two surgical wards one each for male and female, two surgical wards one each for male and female, maternity wards with eighty (80) beds, one ward with forty (40) beds for booked patients while the other is for unbooked patients. Other are the pediatrics ward with twenty (20) beds and a gynecological ward with fourty (40) beds.  But my area of concentration is based on the steadily increase of the sexually transmitted diseases (STDS).  And we are taking a more look at the four varieties of sexually transmitted diseases (STDS).  And we are taking a more look at the four varieties of sexually transmitted disease (STDS) such as gonorrhea, syphilis, arthritis and Aids.  This study is faced with a lot of limitations and some problems encountered din the project research must not be overlooked.  Some problems as: problem of finance, a lot of expense was made on the process of collecting the data.  Time factor is another problem that delays the collection of data.

 

In addition, the duplication of the data and the production of this project work also included.  On this note I was to study records from the year 1995 – 2002.  This further more confined to the statistical analysis only, which has to do with the incidence rate of the sexually transmitted disease under study as arranged or grouped into sex, age groups and years.  There will also be some forecast or production of the type of sexually transmitted disease under study in a specifically year to come.

 

 

1.5     SCOPE AND LIMITATION

          The Federal      Medical Centre Umuahia (FMC) is my scope of study.   It has ten wards (10) two medical wards (2) on each for male and female, two surgical wards (2) one each for male and female etc.  But my area of concentration is based on the steady increase of the sexually transmitted diseases (STDS) such as Gonorrhea, syphilis, HIV/AIDS, Arthritis.  This study is faced with a lot of limitations and some problems encountered in the project research must not be overlooked.  Some problems are

  1. Problem of finance
  2. Time factor while delays the collection of data

 

1.6     FOR THE HYPOTHESIS

  1. The null hypothesis is that there is no difference between age group. This means that the incident rate of age group is the same.  The alternative hypothesis is that the incident rate of age group differ which reconcile that the incident rate is not he same.
  2. The null hypothesis is also used for the incident rate sex that means that there is no difference between incident rate of sex then. The alternative hypothesis is that the incident rate of sex is differ which states that the incident rate of sex is not the same.

 

1.7     ASSUMPTIONS

  1. That is an existence of sexually transmitted disease (STDS) virus
  2. Attempts on how to prevent or cure the sexually transmitted diseases (STDS) have been made.
  • Maximum cooperation is needed from all and sundry.

 

1.8     DEFINITION OF TERMS

  1. STDS: Sexually Transmitted Diseases
  2. AIDS: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

iii.      HIV:           Human Immunodeficiency Virus

  1. VIRUS: Any living thing that is smaller than

bacteria, that causes the spread of infections disease.  It can only be seen with the use of microscope.

 

  1. SEROLOGICAL TEST FOR HIV: Blood test

that allows the presence of anti bodies to HIV in the body to be dictated.

ABORTION:        Removal   of unwanted child out of her

mothers’ womb

IMPOTENCY:     Inability of a man to impregnate a

woman due to the destruction of the manhood by sexually transmitted disease(s).

PRE – MARITAL SEX: Sex before marriage

RACE:        Different type of people living in the world

INFERTILITY:    Inability to bear a child or children.

LYPHOCYTE:     A group of white blood cells that helps to

prevent infections from spreading

ANTI-BODY:      This is an organism that is not a part of

the body but was being introduced to that body

PERINATAL:      This simply means mother

HOMO-SEXUALITY:   This is sexual intercourse between

persons of the same sex e.g male to male.

LESBIANISM:     Sexual intercourse between people of

the same sex eg female to female

HETERO SEXUALITY:         This is a sexual intercourse

between persons of opposite sex, example female to male.

INFECTION:       An inversion of the body (entry) of a

disease causing organism

CONDOM:           A preservative or “rubber” sheath

(usually made of latex) used to cover the penis or virgin by women during sexual intercourse to prevent pregnancy or to protect against disease.

 

WHO:         WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION

MOD OF TRANSMISSION: This is simply the way at

which a disease or disease can be transferred over from a carrier to a non carrier.

 

 

Continue reading A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF REPORTED CASES OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITED DISEASE IN THE FEDERAL MEDICAL CENTRE UMUAHIA (F.M.C) FROM 1995 – 2004 →

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A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ON THE MAJOR CAUSES OF DEATH IN HOSPITALS FROM 1995 – 2004 (A CASE STUDY OF UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA TEACHING HOSPITAL, (UNTH) ENUGU

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A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ON THE MAJOR CAUSES OF DEATH IN HOSPITALS FROM 1995 – 2004

(A CASE STUDY OF UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA TEACHING HOSPITAL, (UNTH) ENUGU

 

 

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ABSTRACT

 

In recent years, numerous deaths have occur red due to various killer diseases and accidents. The rate of this sudden loss of life has reached an alarming stage there by calling for an urgent attention to check the trend.

Death rates of the major killer diseases were compared for different years and sexes. The study used cases recorded in the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH) Enugu from 1995 – 2004

The two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine if there is any significant difference in the number of deaths caused by the major killer diseases. Significant yearly differences in the number of deaths between the diseases and the years.

The chi-sqaure statistic was also used to determine if death rate is independent of sex. The null hypothesis was accepted at 5% significance level showing that death rate is independent of sex.

 

 

 

PROPOSAL

THE TOPIC OF MY PROJECT IS A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ON THE MAJOR CAUSES OF DEATH IN HOSPITALS FROM 1991 –2000

(A CASE STUDY OF UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA TEACHING HOSPITAL (UNTH) ENUGU).

 

When we talk about death, we mean the end of life. Death may be due to a wide variety of diseases and disorders but in every case the underlying physiological cause is the breakdown in the body’s oxygen cycle which is maintained by the interaction of several different body tissues and organs. Every living thing dies but human beings are the only creatures that can imagine their own deaths. Most people fear death and try to avoid thinking about it but the awareness of death has been one of the chief forces in the development of civilization.

 

 

Throughout history, people have continually sought medical knowledge with which is delay death. Philosophers and religious leaders have tried to understand the meaning of death. Some scholars believe that much human progress results from people’s effort to over come death and gain immortality through lasting achievements. For example, the lungs permit oxygen from the inhaled air to diffuse into the blood and the heart pumps, the oxygenated blood through the blood vessel. Although the body cells require many different sustains to carry on their life processes, the need for a continuous supply of oxygen is most essential. Without oxygen the brain which uses about 25% of the blood’s total oxygen supply rapidly deteriorates and other organs with high oxygen requirements also deteriorate and stop functioning.

 

 

When an individual dies, the various tissues and organs of the body do not die immediately but remain for some period of time. Formerly this phenomenon was only of academic and medicology interest, but is has become of great practical importance since the advent of human organ transplantation. The irreversible brain function is the main cause of death used by doctors and the transplant cannot be carried out without the legal consent of the dead person’s next of kin. There are three types of death that occurs  during the life of all organisms except those consisting of only one cell these are: necrobiosis, necrosis and somatic death.

  1. Necrobiosis refers to the continual death and replacement of individual cells through life except for nerve cells.
  2. Necrosis is the death of tissue e.g. during heart attack, blood clot off, the circulation of blood to the par of the heart
  3. Somatic death is the end of all life processes in an organism

Finally, the breakdown of oxygen is always the underlying cause of death, thus the condition leading to the breakdown of the oxygen is the cause of mortality related to the underling cause of death which is the term used to denote the disease or injury that initiate the train of event leading directly to death.

 

 

Aims and Objectives

This research work is aimed at the studying and analyzing the causes of death.

  1. To know the major diseases that lead to death
  2. To determine if there are significant differences in the number of deaths caused by the different diseases.
  3. To know if death rate is dependent of sex

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENT

 

Title page

Approval page

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Abstract

Table of content

CHAPTER ONE

  • Introduction
  • Scope of the study
  • Aims and objectives
  • Significance of the study
  • Definition of terms

CHAPTER TWO

  • Literature review

 

CHAPTER THREE

  • Research methodology
  • Source of data
  • Method of data collection
  • Method of data analysis
  • The two way analysis of variance (ANOVA)
  • Chi-square (X2) test
  • Problems encountered during data collection

CHAPTER FOUR

  • Data analysis
  • Models for the two way analysis of variance used
  • Estimation for chi-square test

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0     Summary, conclusion and recommendation

  • Summary of findings
  • Conclusion
  • Recommendations

References

Appendices.

 


 

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

  • INTRODUCTION

What is death? When we talk of death, we mean the power to destroy life pictured as a person. Death may be due to a wide varieties of diseases and disorders but in every case the underlying physiological cause is the breakdown in the body’s oxygen cycle which is maintained by the interaction of several different body tissues and organs.  We talk about life supporting oxygen from the surrounding air and oxygen is extremely important for life. We can survive for weeks without food and for days without water, but only a few minutes without oxygen. In our bodies oxygen is used to release energy stored in the chemical fuel we consume as food. This energy is vital for powering our life processes. Every living thing dies but human beings are the only creatures that can imagine their deaths. Most people fear death and try to avoid thinking about it but the awareness of death has been one of  the chief forces in the development. Every thing organism is concerned with the intake of oxygen, carbondioxide and water into the circulatory system for the distribution to the individual cells in the bodies of various organisms.

 

 

When a human being dies, the organs and tissues of the body will also die immediately but remain for some period of times before the cells will die formerly, this phenomenon is only of academic and medicology interest, but it has become of great practical importance since the advert of human organ transplantation.

Furthermore, philosophers and religious leaders have tried to know the meaning of death. Some believe that much human progress results from people.s effort to over come death and gain immortality through lasting achievement. The lungs permit oxygen and carbondioxide from the inhaled air to diffuse into the blood and the heart pumps the oxygenated blood through the blood vessels. Although the body cells require many different to carry on their life processes, the need for a  continuous supply of oxygen is most essential since without oxygen or carbondioxide the brain which normally uses about 25% of the blood’s total oxygen supply rapidly deteriorates and other organs with high oxygen’s requirement stop functioning.

Throughout the history of causes of death they recognise three types of deaths that occurs during the life of all organisms except those consisting of only one cell. There are somatic, necrosis and necrobiosis deaths.

SOMATIC DEATH is the end of all life processes in any organism. Living organisms whose heart and lungs stop working may be considered clinically dead but somatic death may not have occurred. the living organisms may be revived if the heart and lungs start working again and give the cells oxygen they need. The cells of the living organisms continue to live for several minutes the brains cells which are the most sensitive to lack oxygen begin to die gradually, other cells of the body will also die. The last ones to perish to the bones, hair and skin cells which may continue to grow for several hours.

 

 

NECROSIS DEATH is the form of death that affects organs or tissues. For example during the heart attack, blood clot cuts off the circulation of the blood to the part of the heart. They affected organs or tissues die but the organism continues to live unless the damages are severe.

 

NECROBIOSIS is the continual death and replacement of individual cells through life except for nerve cells, all cells of an organism are constantly being replace for example new skin cells form under the surface as the old ones die and flake offs.

 

Finally, the breakdown of oxygen cycles is always the underlying causes of death, it is not used as the basis for classifying causes of death because most fatal diseases and disorders affect more than one of the organs or tissues involved in the oxygen cycle. Thus the condition leading to the breakdown of the oxygen cycle is the cause of mortality related to the underlying cause of death which is the term used to denote the disease or injury that initiate the train of events leading directly to death.

 

In the case of accident or violence it may also include, circumstance which produe the fatal injury, then the oxygen cycle is transported in this from to all the body cells. Oxyheamoglobin breaks down to liberate oxygen when blood flows through capillaries surroundings the body cells when the oxygen concentration is low and this reaction occurs reaching when the blood flows through regions where the oxygen concentration is high as in the capillanes of the lungs. Then without the presence of oxygen cycle living organisms cannot live in order to resist the causes of death.

 

  • SCOPE AND COVERAGE OF THE STUDY

For the purpose of this study and basis of the availability of data, attention is given to the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH) Enugu, as a study unit. This was chosen as a result of my interest in the study of death in hospital. This research work covers the analysis of causes of reported death for a period of ten years interval from 1995 – 2004.

 

  • AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
  1. To know if death rate by cause is independent of sex
  2. To find out the major diseases that lead to death.
  3. To determine if there are significant differences in the number of death caused by the different diseases.

 

 

    • SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY

The study will highlight the types of diseases that most frequently occur and the extent to which the sex categories involved in death. The study will serve as a tool for proper causes of death in hospital. This work will also measure the relationship between the various type of diseases.

 

 

  • DEFINITION OF TERMS
  1. HEPATITIS:- It is caused by fever (disorder emotional) pains in the muscles and vomiting. Painful joint then it is illness that are more noticeable with children and adults.
  2. CEREBRO VASCULAR ACCIDENT (C.V.A) OR STROKE:- It involves in the shortage of the blood supply to the part of the body and the development of neurological deficit.
  3. MALARIA PARASITE:- It is caused by fever headache, pains in the muscles, hot body and it is used to indicate infection and pains in the muscle. The malaria parasite occurs all over the world but in temperature climates, mostly common duning winter. It effects all ages group including children.
  1. PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS:- It is caused by the infections the bacteria pulmonary tuberculosis which will affects the lungs through coughing. It is pulmonary tuberculosis in most common in adults.
  2. ACQUIRED IMMUNO DEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS):- It is caused by a virus which called HIV (Human Immuno Deficiency Virus) and it can be transmitted through caused sexual intercourse, shortage of blood transfusion, sharp object like razor blades, syringes and so on with a person that is infected by the virus. The signs of the Aids are headaches, boil and sore all over the body, watery stool and so on. It can be also affected all the age group including children.

 

 

 

Continue reading A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ON THE MAJOR CAUSES OF DEATH IN HOSPITALS FROM 1995 – 2004 (A CASE STUDY OF UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA TEACHING HOSPITAL, (UNTH) ENUGU →