A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ON THE SPREAD AND CONTROL OF AIDS IN ENUGU METROPOLIS (A CASE STUDY OF UNTH ENUGU)

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ABSTRACT

          This report presents the result of a study on the spread and control of AIDs in Enugu Metropolis, a case study of UNTH Enugu.

The data obtained from the AIDs/SDs control unit of UNTH Enugu showed that the unit specifically selected as screening unit submitted her statistics.

Here the researcher hopes to study why people give lukewarm attitudes and responses toward the disease.  Also to find the sex more at danger and the rate at which the disease infects people.

Like any other work, it is made up of five chapters which is as follows:

–        Chapter one comprises of background of study, introduction, statement of the problem, purpose of study, research, and question research hypothesis.

–        Chapter two takes into account the review of past work done on a similar topic.

–        Chapter three is the research methodology, source of data, and the tools for analysis of the data was discussed.

–        Chapter four is the analysis of the data using the stated tools in chapter three so as to achieve the stated objectives of the research.

Finally, chapter five is the last chapter and it discusses the summary, the finding and recommendation.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

1.0     introduction

• statement of problem
• purpose of study
• research question
• research hypothesis

CHAPTER TWO

• Literature Review

CHAPTER THREE

Research methodology

• Source of data
• Problem encountered during data collection
• Scope of analysis
• Method Of Analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1     Analysis of Data

CHAPTER FIVE

• Findings and conclusion
• Recommendation

Bibliography

CHAPTER ONE

1.0     INTRODUCTION

          HIV can be defined as Human Immune Virus while AIDs itself is the Acquired Immune deficiency Syndrome.  The HIV virus is transmitted through the exchange of body fluids.  HIV/AIDs is abundantly found in 3 major body fluids: Blood, Semen and Vaginal secretions.  It can also be found in minute qualifying in saliva and breast milk.  HIV/AIDs can enter another person when the blood, semen or vaginal secretion of an infected person comes in contact with the blood or mucous membrane of an uninfected person.  Any break in the skin, sore or inflammation of the penis, vagina, rectum, bleeding gum, lips or mouth makes it easier for HIV/AIDs to be contracted.  There is also a risk of contracting HIV/AIDs can pass it to be child during pregnancy childbirth or breastfeeding.  Some people also get HIV/AIDs when they receive blood that is not tested in Hospital.  HIV/AIDs can be passed when people share things that may have infected blood on them.  These include needles, razors and other sharp objects.

HOW HIV AFFECTS THE HUMAN BODY

When the virus enters the human body, it attacks and weakens the body’s immune system.  Our blood contains white and red blood cells.  Normally the white blood (soldiers) cells fights off and kills germs which enter our body.  They do this by eating up the germs and by producing chemicals called antibodies which kill them.  In this way other body fights off many different germs and we stay healthy.  Sometimes we have symptoms of illness, when our white blood cells help us fight off the infection, we get better.  But in this case, the HIV weakens this immune system by entering ad finally destroying the white blood cells.  As more and more white blood cells are killed, the body becomes less and less able to fight off the many different germs which live outside, around and in our bodies all the time.

HIV/AIDs can also attack the brain cell and nervous system directly causing mental and coordination problems.

People who are infected with HIV can look and feel healthy.  However, they can infect other people no matter how healthy they seem.

WHAT HAPPENS TO PEOPLE WITH HIV/AIDS

Rose did not believe AIDs was real.  She was a young woman who had many boy friends and often had sex without using condoms.

Soon after she turned 26 years old she become sick then died.  The doctor said Rose died of AIDs.

Sunday, a thirty – year old man with many girl friends often had sex without using condoms.  A year after marriage, his wife gave birth to a baby boy.  The child was always sick and then died before his first birthday.  The doctor said he died of AIDs six months after his child’s death, Sunday and his wife become sick.  Sunday and his wife will soon die of AIDs.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF AIDS

Unexplained rapid weight loss greater than 10% of body weight.

Persistent or recurrent fever that last for more than one month.

• Chronic or intermittent diarrhea that last for more than one month (on and off all the time)
• Cough that last for more than one month
• Itchy skin rashes
• Cold sores all over the body
• Thrush in the mouth and throat
• Swollen glands at two or more sites (Excluding the groin) for more than 3 months
• Persistent serve fatigue]
• Night sweet
• Loss of appetite

IS AIDS CURABLE

No, AIDs has not cure but it is preventable.  There is presently no vaccine for HIV infection.

HOW TO PREVENT HIV/AIDS

• Abstain from sex
• Be faithful to one sexual partner maintain mutual fidelity between uninfected partners
• Avoid casual sex: However, if you must have casual sex, use condom.
• Receive only screened blood
• Avoid using or sharing unsterilised skill piercing instrument.
• HIV infected mother should be counseled and allowed to make an informed choice as to whether they want to get pregnant because of the risk of transmission to the unborn child.

Remember AIDs is deadly.  It can be an exceedingly painful way to die.

1.1     STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

HIV is a retrovirus, a member of the centivirine subfamily.  Members of this family induced immune deficiency and are characterized by a long period of latent infection.

The smallest of all diseased – producing micro-organisms are the viruses.  It is only a virus that can reproduce within the living cell of a host organisms.  Actually a particular virus is responsible for a particular disease.  The moment a virus finds its way into a cell, one or three things may happen.  The white blood cells fight against viruses in the human body, and thus the body is said to have natural immunity (against a particular virus).  For HIV, there is no natural immunity against it.  It is a virus with quite a complex biology.

The primary mechanism of pathogen of the virus is the incapacitation of the hosts defense through the selective infection and destruction of T4 cells and mononuclear cells, which form the bedrock of the hosts immunity.

Following infection with HIV the virus of ten replicates abundantly and free virus appears in the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord and in the blood stream.  Then, within a few weeks, the amount of the virus in circulation and the cerebrospinal fluid drips precipitously and the initial symptoms – like fever, rashes, neurological complaints, etc disappears yet the virus is still present in the T₄ lymphocytes as well as in the other classes of immune cells.  There is no ‘dormant’ phase of  the virus infection from 2 – 10 years after the start of this asymptotic period, replication of HIV flares again and the infection enters its final stage.

The infection by HIV is followed by the production of HIV antibodies, which can be detected in blood test.  Since detecting the virus, itself is extremely difficult testing for HIV antibodies is now the standard way of finding out if a person is a HIV carrier.

AIDs is not a single disease, but rather a spectrum of diseases.  Caused by the same virus, HIV, but giving rise to various clinical manifestation probably reflects the kind of immune deficiency in the particular patients, and determined largely by the opportunistic organisms which ‘cash in’ on the profound cellular, and in some cases, immune deficiency which invariably result from HIV infection.

Following primary infection with HIV, a period of 6 – 8 weeks elapses before “scroconversion” takes place.  Viral replication occurs, and virus is widely disseminated throughout the body for about 8 – 12 weeks, and the lymphoid organs become seeded.  Scroconversion is often accompanied by a prodrome that include mild fever, fatigue, lassitude, weight loss, lack of appetite, shortness of breath, chronic diarrhea, white patches on the tongue and transient lymphadenopathy.

All these are self-limiting and disappear after a short period of time.  Since the AIDs virus behaves unpredictably in an infected person, within a period of 2 – 15 years your definite AIDs syndromes may accompanying seroconvension, namely: AIDs related complex, (ARC), persistence – generalized lymphadanopathy (PGL), full blown, AIDs and probably, AIDS dementia (Complex).  Weight loss, diarrheas, and fever predominate.

However, some patients may present no symptoms at all, but rather, remain a source of infection to other people through shedding of the virus.  AIDs progression is faster and follows a more aggressive course in children than adults because of their immature immune system.  The period between primary infection with HIV and the first appearance of clinical disease is usually very long in adults averaging about 10 years within 2 – 3 years diagnosis, an Aids patients is eventually very likely to die.

The end is surely a must – death.

1.2     PURPOSE OF STUDY

To determine if HIV/AIDs is independent of sex.

1.3     RESEARCH QUESTION

• How many people are infected with HIV/AIDs, using UNTH Enugu
• How is the HIV/AIDs scourge affecting the population and its work force with economy
• Is there any achievement so far in curtailing the HIV/AIDs pandemic in Enugu
• What are the innovation approaches towards the HIV/AIDs pandemic and is the number of HIV/AIDs victims increasing or decreasing

1.4     RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

H₀:     Rate of occurrence in male is independent to that of females

H₁:     Rate of occurrence in male is not independent to that of females

Continue reading A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ON THE SPREAD AND CONTROL OF AIDS IN ENUGU METROPOLIS (A CASE STUDY OF UNTH ENUGU) →

A STATISTICAL APPRIASAL ACCIDENT RATE IN ENUGU – ONITSHA EXPRESS ROAD FROM 1995 – 2002

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ABSTRACT

          The aim of this project is to analyze the appraisal of road traffic accident rate on Enugu – Onitsha Express Road.

The data on the number of recorded road traffic accident rate on Enugu – Onitsha Express road from 1995 – 2002 was collected and organized on quarters.

The trend equation was calculated from the date, which follows linear trend with the trend values, the seasonal indexes for the four seasons of the year was calculated.

Projection of the value and forecasting with the trend value equations and seasonal index was not left out.

Finally, some recommendation was made on the following observations and conclusions that drawn from the analysis.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Approval page

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Abstract

Table of contents

CHAPTER ONE

• Introduction
• Background Of Information
• Aims And Objectives
• Scope And Limitation

CHAPTER TWO

2.1     Literature Review

CHAPTER THREE

• Research Methodology
• Method Of Data Collection
• Problems Encountered

CHAPTER FOUR

• Approach To Time Series Analysis
• Element Of Time Series

Secular t rend

Seasonal variation

Cyclical variation

Irregular variation

• Trend Analysis
• Finding The Linear Trend By Least Squares Method
• Measurement Of Seasonal Variation By Moving Average Method
• Estimation Of Seasonal Variation By Least Squares Method
• Adjustment Of Seasonal Variation Interpretation
• Forecasting Forecast Values For 2007
• Estimation Of Seasonal Index

CHAPTER FIVE

• Finding And Conclusion
• Recommendation
• References

CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION

According to Oxford Learners Dictionary accident is defined as something that happens without a cause that can been seen at once, usually something unfortunate and undesirable.  This means that accident can happen at anytime, anywhere and any moment.   In most cases accident result from carelessness or recklessness.

Road accident may be said to occur when many vehicles do not meet the safety requirement of the traffic operation.  Road accident have become a major problem in the country, many people both old young have lost their lives as a result of road accident.

The rate of accident in this state varies from time to time and increase during the end of the year and decreases at the beginning of the year and also the number of cars double for the fact that during this period, the number of not or vehicle are more than doubled, odes not mean that the roads becomes less safer.  Why then is it that the rate of road accident in Enugu – Onitsha Express Road is not stable as other roads in the state?

The answer is that first, we lack sufficient collective will to put an end once and for all, to the perils caused us by road accident.

Second, our understanding of the situation is low because of the fragment nature of its occurrence (is not how many people or families are affected at a time and this has made people to slow down, I don’t care to behaviaour it).  It does happen because we cannot predict its period of occurrence.

If we have the good will, we should find the way, for we cannot assume the number of accident rate are beyond a number that man could.  Solue, once they have been identified.  Some people are non chalant because they are not directly affected.  Perhaps they are not divers or carousers, that not withstanding they are affected somehow its effects on the public migration are not cumulative another reason why we cannot reduce the rate of accident in Enugu – Onitsha Express Road to its lowest rate of occurrence is that from the point of view of the government and financial cost of an integrated road transport system represent one of one many cells on the national income there by a time they forget about and road transport system.  By this I mean that the decision is essential government by consideration of a political nature.

In principle, the number of casualties on the road could be reduced to any required level, provided there was sufficient investment of economic and social effort that could minimize or reduce it.

In view of what has been said about appraisal of accident rate in Enugu – Onitsha Express Road, it may be said to occur when many vehicle do not meet the safety requirement of the traffic role as it can always be seen.

Road accident is normally a failure of the control system the starting point in how to prevent accident along Enugu – Onitsha Express Road should be understood.  What is required of many vehicles?

There are factors that lead to road accident.

Unsafe Driver:      Unsafe driver is a driver that drives under the influence of alcohol or drugs feeling sleepy, carelessly distracted, pot whole, driving with uncorrected vision or hearing.

Hazardous Driving Condition:          Hazardous driving condition is driving under stormy weather.  Sleeping road surface, darkness, narrow roads.

Unsafe Driving Practices:        This is driving above the speed limit, turning without signaling, following the car ahead too closely.

Unsafe condition with an automobile:        Brakes failure, unsafe steering gear, worn-out tires, over loading and driver without light at night is also one of the major features of road accident is a high proportion of severe multiple injuries, gotten.  However motor accident rate may constitute a growing problem in our society, perhaps scrunching of traffic regulation equipment facilities shall be improved the state.

1.2     BACKGROUND INFORMATION

          In the past, in the time of our fore father the rate of road accident was very small because they were uncivilized; there was very few motor vehicles, good road etc.

In this modern time, there is hardly a day without accident, go to road safety office, and see the number of people that is being hospitalized, mainly the value of goods lost by Enugu – Onitsha Express accident victims, not to talk of those that have lost their limes because of accident that occur on this road.

At this juncture, one may ask at what season of the year or month people normally have accident, and what factors influence the road accident and how many people may be admitted into the hospital or the value of crude deaths rate will it not increase from day to day on this road in future.

Awareness of all these things may make the government to know how much to budget for maintain of these road or maintenance of road facilities, provision of emergency services and how best to control road accident and suppress it to the lowest rate of occurring.

Nowadays, it appears that the tendency of accident occurring is greater than it was in the previous decades.

New invention is the main factors that attribute to it many people are miss using it.  Also illiteracy of the drivers.  Lack of vehicle maintenance, bad roads, one way traffic inexperience etc.

Against this background, I decided to carry out a study on the value of accident rate in Enugu – Onitsha Express Road in order to investigate some of the above maintained issues.

1.3     AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

          The aims and objectives of this project is to carry out statistical appraisal of accident rate in Enugu – Onitsha Express Road for a period of eight years (1995 – 2002).

To ascertain the rate at which accident occur, whether the accident rate has been increased as years go by or its varies from month or being at decrease and at what season of the year do we have higher rate of accident at Enugu – Onitsha Express Road.

Moreover, this project will help to predict the value of road accident or number of the road accident in Enugu – Onitsha Express Road that will occure in future will regard to the past records.

This scientific knowledge will help the government in their planning and also on how best to control or reduce road accident in Enugu – Onitsha Express Road to its minimum of occurrence in the state.

Finally, the recommendation made I this work will help individuals to know the rate of accident in Enugu – Onitsha Express Road so as not to be the next victim.

1.4     SCOPE AND LIMITATION

          The researchers decided to limit the scope of the topic, the appraisal of accident rate in Enugu – Onitsha Express Road, so as to collect accurate data during the limited period of research to do more accident work in future.

CHAPTER TWO

2.1     LITERATURE REVIEW

          According to Prof. Cohens the author of “Causes and Prevention of road accident.

To be successful the entire rules of road safety must be subjected to fundamental reexamination. I must stop thinking of drive and vehicle as separate unit, a man in full control of him self, in charge of a passive mechanism is a diver.  The modern driver is a vacuum but not in movement of a continuously changing traffic contest.  A man at the wheel under – go complex changes.

Self regulation of movement wholly or partly opens the doors to undesirable risk, and hazard.  Question of speed vigilance communication and propaganda must therefore be considered afresh.

Mrs. Barbana Preston also one of the authors of “causes and prevention of road accident” places her emphasis on more purely empirical aspects she argues that legislation has worked in the past and that what we need is more of it, better enforced and more speeding of its operation. Intensive study of accident data.  She suggests the measures that can be taken immediately.

With reference to guardian in April 1962, A formed.  Minister of transport (Mr. Marples) when in agurating the National Road Training year campaign of the of the royal society for the prevention of accident deaf and that every body on the road should drive as if other drivers were a complete food.

In an investigation conducted by I Cohen Language of the road (Head Light July 1966).  We make use of traffic signals and this resulted in a very muddled and unsatisfactory state of affairs.

No wonder one driver is often unable to interpret the signal of another, or to anticipate on what he is going to do.  If one of them could indicate to the other precisely what he had in mind, some accident might be prevented.

Many motorist consider that road improvement is the main, the only means for stopping road accident, the facts do not support this simple view, road improvement often reduce congestion and journey time, but they may or may not reduce accident rate.

The road laboratory “Research on Road traffic, London (1965) before and after studies have shown that when there is a resurfacing of a slippery reduced accident by 45 percent and reconstruction on a new line reduce injury accident by 95 percent major resurfacing improvement on non-shipping by 65 percent and reconstruction of length of road on the same line increase accident by 123 percent, obviously, the impacts one may or the other, on road safely depends on how the road are improved.

According to Stephan Black “man and motor car (1966) unconsciously there was not tear of accident, wearing safety harness was dismissed as cissy and the greatest danger on the roads was through the show driver.  The subject stressed the significance of “freedom” associate with car ownership and the feeling of power and the sense of superiority.  He quotes one subject as saying “they is a lot of accident nowadays. Some people expect accident to happen to other people of course and one person interviewed said “I can’t pretend, I really mind when we see a car accident” in a funmy way, it makes the journey interesting.

According to F. Garwood and R.L. Moore Pedestrian accident” to consider the problems of pedestrian as derivation from the problems of motorist.

This is a major problem everyday on average of eight or nine pedestrian are killed over 90% of the pedestrian casualties occur in built up areas and about 5 percent of these injured pedestrians are on foot paths.

The main problem however is crossing the road.  Active young and adult manage to cross the road fairly successfully especially females the young and old often do not.

Continue reading A STATISTICAL APPRIASAL ACCIDENT RATE IN ENUGU – ONITSHA EXPRESS ROAD FROM 1995 – 2002 →

A STATISTICAL STUDY ON ENROLMENT OF PUPILS FROM PRIMARY TO POST PRIMARY SCHOOL IN OJI-RIVER LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA

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ABSTRACT

This work has the enrolment of pupils from primary to secondary school in Oji-River Local Government Area.

This pupils interest to enroll their sex.  Also, this project was used to ascertain if parents/guardians occupation and level of education influences the pupils interest to further their education to secondary school level.

The enrollment of pupils from primary to post primary school was considered and number of children is creasing.

                                                  TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

• Introduction 1
• Aims and objectives 3
• Need for the study 4

CHAPTER TWO

• Literature Review 5

CHAPTER THREE

Data Collection                                                                               

• Sources of data 10
• Sampling frame 10
• Sampling techniques 11
• Pilot survey                              12
• Sample size 14
• Limitations 14
• Scope of survey 15

CHAPTER FOUR

Analysis                                           

• Test involving the use of chi-square interest 16
• To test whether the pupils interests to 16

enroll in jss i depends on their sex

• To test whether parents/guardians occupations affects 18

the pupil’s interest to entroll in jss i

• To test whether parents/guardians level of 19

education is associated with their interest in

sending their ward to post primary school

• Yearly enrolment of students in junior secondary 22

school one in oji river local government area

CHAPTER FIVE

Finding and conclusion

• Findings 23
• Conclusion 24
• Recommendation 24

Appendices                                                                             25

Definition of terms                                                                            28

Bibliography                                                                           29

CHAPTER ONE

1.1     INTRODUCTION

          The education industry is certainly one of the most important social sectors in the development and progress of any country.  Among such importance include a strong and self – reliant nation, a great and dynamic economy, a land of bright and full opportunities for all citizens, a just and egalitarian society.  It is therefore unfortunate that in spite of the importance of education industry, it has been facing a steady and serious decline for some years now.

Examining education from the primary school level which is supposed to be the foundation in which the educational structure should be built. How sound is this foundation today? Indeed, many well meaning Nigerians are sad and very much worried that our primary school today no longer provides the right foundation on which the secondary and tertiary education should be built.

Paradoxically, when one looks at the whole scenario concerning education in Nigeria today, one would be tempted to conclude that education has completely crashed.  For one thing, education has become very expensive at all levels that it is now becoming increasingly inaccessible to majority of Nigerians.

The question is what education is and who is likely to be seen there? The advanced learners, dictionary of current English, definition of education are the systematic training and instruction.  It goes further to add that it is knowledge and abilities, development of character and mental powers resulting from such training. One school of taught, Thomson defined education as the influence of environment upon the individual to produce a permanent change in his habits of behaviour, of though and of attitude.  A renewed educationist Dr. John Dewey 1963 interprets education as the scientific method by means of which man studies the world, acquires cumulative knowledge of meanings and values generally, the layman’s view on educational concept includes schooling which is the formation or education that takes place in a formal setting, in a specialized place (school0 with a systematic body of knowledge experience and directed by a specialist known as the teacher.

The every form of education is primary school, primary schools are for junior pupils usually between the ages five to eleven years. The goals of primary school education include:

To prepare must children for life while a few talented ones must be given the opportunity to proceed to secondary schools for the development of manpower’s needs.

To help the child to wards self – realization and to relate others through mutual understanding/

The aims of secondary education include

To think effectively and to communicate thought clearly

To develop economic efficiency both as a consumer and as a producer of goods

To recognize the dignity of labour

To understand the word outside his environment

To live and act as a well integrated individual.

1.2     AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

• To ascertain if there is increase or decrease in children enrolment in junior secondary school one (JSS I)
• To test whether the pupils interest to enroll in JSS I depends on their sex
• To find out whether parent/guardian occupation affects the people interest to enroll in JSS I
• To find out whether parents/guardian level of education is associated with their interest in sending their ward to post primary school.
• To make recommendation

1.3     NEED FOR THE STUDY

          Since education is a pre-requisite for a technological advancement, the future of our society cargely depends on how well our educational institutions are managed.

Having observed the recent behaviour of the youths and the craze for their per suit of wealth and having gone through may journals it has been observed that there is a continuous fall in the number of youths going into secondary education especially the males.

The researcher was therefore motivated by this trend of events to investigate into this issue and know how true this observation are, by subjecting them to statistical analysis.

CHAPTER TWO

2.1     LITERATURE REVIEW

The history of education in Nigeria was in timely bound u with the history of western education in Europe.  The church saw that it could not do its own work effectively unless adherents were able to read and write.  Babs A. Fatunwa (1974) remark that the Catholics, through the influence of the Portuguese traders were the first missionaries to set foot on Nigerian soil.

The earliest Christian missionary school in Nigeria was without any doubt an adjunct of the church.

Consequently, Kenneth Black Move and Brain Cooksey (1974) maintained that the missionaries continued spreading and establishing schools in all ramifications down the East of the Niger.  This he said spread to most parts of Igbo-land.  It could be noticed that the oldest school in Oji-River Local Government Area (Western part of Enugu State) is Christ Church School Isikwe – Achi which belonged to the Church of Missionary Society (CMS).  Some years later, the Roman Catholic mission (RCM) built their own school called St. Mary’s Catholic School, Achi.

The place of education in any nation is highly indispensable.  The Federal Military Government (FMG) adverted to its central position which it stated in the Second National Development Plan (1970 –  1974) that “one major focus of education policy I Nigeria has been the ultimate provision of formal education to every child of school going age to at least primary school level in the ground that universal education is very vital in improving peoples receptiveness to new idea.  Another objective is to create adequate stack of skills needed in the process of social and economic development”.  The Federal Government Report to the International Conference on education (1973) emphasized that the rate of enrolment has not been a fast one”.  To encourage enrolment, education should be made universally compulsory and free throughout the length and breath of country now.

Secondary education is yet to be within the reach of average primary school learners in Nigeria.

G.C. Nduka and F.N.J. Eresimadu emphasized that many brilliant children who wish to go to secondary schools do not find themselves there because they were not able to afford the fees. In the East.  School fees and levies were paid by students before they could be allowed to remain in school.

Segun Ogunsaju and Segun Adesina (1984) remarked that in 1977, the Federal Military Government introduced free education from primary to post primary school secondary education in Nigeria is an enormous venture particularly in the post military era when the number of secondary schools and students enrolments has increased at a multiple rate. The old Anambra State was a good case where enrolments have increased 118% between 1979-1980 and have remained the fastest growing sector in Nigerian education.

Today Nigeria has entered into the second tier secondary education system.  The 6-3-3-4 education system (the national policy on education) was enunciated in 1977 by the Federal Government of Nigeria and came into effect is September 1982.

The gave rise to the four components of educational system the primary school the junior secondary school, the senior secondary school and the Higher institution.  Nigeria change from the age-long grammar and literally based education system to a science and technically oriented one.  This was a broad based education with emphasizes on the attainment of lasting and functional literacy and effective communication skills.

Currently, schools have been to the State Government.  School fees, educational levies etc have been introduced.  All these increased the burden of training a ward in school.  This tends to be pulling down the enrolment rate in schools.  In trying to understand the differences and common element in traditional and modern primary education it is sometime helpful to look for analogies.

Thus we may take a typical example or an aptsmile or make a diagrammatic representation.  These analogies may be called models because they put in concrete form what is believed to be the essence of a principle.  The Garden of Eden, platos’ cave Animal farm and Lord of the flies may be considered instances of this.  The purpose of the model is to get to the heart of the matter.  Jesus used this parables for this purpose, and Socrates took his models from the everybody life of the Cobbler, the mule – driver, the cook.

A teacher, like a guardian in relation to a ward, who is mindful of children’s interest, is not necessarily exercised about what they actually want or are interest in, or their hobbies, he (orshe) is concerned about protecting them in what he thinks they have a right to pursue to with ensuring that they pursue what is both worthwhile and suitable for them, ie beneficial for them.  He therefore has to consider not only what is in general worthwhile but also what the potentialities and capacities are of the particular children for whom he is responsible.

Finally something must be said about the ceremonial or ritualistic side of imitation professor Peters treats this as incidental but nevertheless important, thus he says.

Lessons are obviously not quite the same as initiation ceremonies.  But they are certainly most effective when they share some of their atmosphere.

CHAPTER THREE

DATA COLLECTION

3.1     SOURCES OF DATA

          This survey was carried out in Oji-River Local Government Area only.

The primary data used were collected from selected primary school pupils by means of questionnaire.  Another set of questionnaire were administered to the parent/guardians of the pupil residing within Oji – River Local Government.

In addition, total for yearly enrolment from selected post primary school for a period of eleven years (1988 – 1999) academic sessions

3.2     SAMPLING FRAME

          The sampling frame for secondary school study is the list of all the eleven secondary school in Oji-River Local Government Area.  This sampling frame is made up of five boy’s secondary schools, five girl’s secondary school and one mixed school; (co-education).

The frame for primary school study is the primary school in the towns that made up Oji-River Local Government Area.  The towns are Achi, Akpugoeze, Awlaw, Inyi and Ugwuoba.  Also, the parents/guardians were equally covered under this scope.

3.3     SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

          Sample random sampling was used in selecting the secondary school that were used in the study. Simple random sampling was chosen because it is a procedure in which all the individuals secondary schools in the defined population (finite) have an equal and independent chance of being selected as a member of the sample so as to be the representative of the population from which they are drawn.

All the names of each of the boys secondary schools were written on sheet of paper and wrapped.  The researcher then closed his eyes and picked out one of the balloting papers and the secondary school picked noted.  These he did three good times in order to pick out three boy’s secondary school.  The various school picked were the selected school.  Enrolment for the first year students each academic section were taken with respect to the schools selected.  This method of simple random sampling applied to the boy’s secondary schools was equally applied to that of the girls secondary schools.

The enrolment for the girls schools for only the first year student each academic session were taken with respect to the schools selected.

The same simple random sampling technique was used in selecting the primary schools that were used in the study.  There the major towns Achi, picked.  The primary schools in the selected towns were Achi, Akpugoeze, Awlaw, Inyi and Ugwuoba were used either. Three towns were picked.

The questionnaires were administered to both pupils and parents/guardians.

Also systematic sampling was used to administer questionnaires to the individuals.

3.4     PILOT SURVEY

          Pilot survey was carried out primarily to test the adequacy of the questionnaire.  It assists to dictate problems that the correspondent will encounter in the process of filling the questionnaire.  The pilot survey helped the researcher to have a glimnse of the main survey.  It equally helped to determine the volume of labo expected in the main project.

Below is a table for the distribution of the questionnaires and valid returns from the pilot survey.

          Out of the questionnaires distributed for the pilot survey, questionnaires were received as valid returns from the parents/guardians.  It shows the valid returns of 87% were made from the pilot survey while invalid returns were made.

And for the pupils, 80% valid returns were credited which in effect showed that only invalid returns were recorded from the questionnaires administered from the pilot survey.

3.5     SAMPLE SIZE

          The sample size for this survey was determined separately for pupils and parents/guardians.

The sample size for the pupils were determined based on the cost function and volume of labour required.  Though 45 questionnaires were administered but a sample sixe4 of 36 was used to carry out the study similarly, 45 questionnaires were administered to parents/guardians and a sample size of 39 was used either this was based on the volume of work and cost in carrying out the project.

The various sample size were used because the cost of carrying out one unit is higher than the cost of more units.  It could be noted that higher the sample size.  The more precise the result is expected to be.

3.6     LIMITATION

          These are the problems the research hers encountered during data collection.  The records of students enrolment in JSS I are not well kept.  One has to read strongly between lines before he extracts t he data.  Moreso, some primary school pupils did not know the importance of questionnaires and as

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