Tag Archives: statistics projects for students

Statistic project topics and material preview

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE NUMBER OF BABIES ADMITTED IN THE MOTHERLESS BABY HOME IN ENUGU (1995 – 2004) A CASE STUDY OF MOTHERLESS BABIES HOME ENUGU

Leave a comment

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE NUMBER OF BABIES ADMITTED IN THE MOTHERLESS BABY HOME IN ENUGU (1995 – 2004)

A CASE STUDY OF MOTHERLESS BABIES HOME ENUGU

 

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 3000 NAIRA

 

                                   ORDER NOW

MAKE YOUR PAYMENT  INTO ANY OF THE FOLLOWING BANKS:
 GTBANK
Account Name : Chi E-Concept Int’l
ACCOUNT NUMBER:  0115939447
First Bank:
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
Account Name: 3059320631

We also accept :   ATM transfer , online money  transfer 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

Enter Amount

form>

Call Help Desk Line :  08074466939,08063386834.

After Payment Send Your Payment Details To

08074466939 Or 08063386834,   The Project Title  You  Selected On Our Website , Amount Paid, Depositor Name, Your Email Address, Payment Date. You Will Receive Your Material In Less Than 1 Hour Once We Confirm Your Payment.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

You may also need:  web design company in Nigeria   

Bulk sms company in Nigeria

 

ABSTRACT

This project work was designed to investigate the admission of babies into the motherless baby’s home and cause of child abandonment.

Chapter one described the background of the study and research hypothesis. The chapter discuses the plight of motherless babies in the society at large.

Chapter two discussed about the literature review on the study.

Chapter deals with the three major ways of obtaining the data, this was of drawn through or directly from secondary method of data collection and the method of statistical analysis.

Chapter four explain about the analysis and interpretation of data.

In conclusion chapter five deal with the summary and recommendations from the writer are presented.

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction                                                                                      1

1.1     Background of the study                                                                   1

1.2     Aim and Objective                                                                            2

1.3     Scope and Coverage                                                                3

1.4     Historical Background of Motherless Babies Home                         3

1.5     The Societal Problems of the Motherless Babies                     5

1.6     Statement of the Project                                                          6

 

CHAPTER TWO
Literature Review                                                                              7
2.1     The cause of Child Abuse and Neglect                                    10
CHAPTER THREE
Research Methodology                                                                     15
3.1     Method of Data Collection                                                      15
3.2     Problems Encountered During the Study                                16
3.3     Method of Statistical Analysis                                                          17
CHAPTER FOUR
Analysis and interpretation of Data                                                  20
CHAPTER FIVE
Summary and Conclusion                                                                 28

5.1     Recommendations                                                                             30

References                                                                               31
Bibliography                                                                           32

 


 

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Motherless babies home refers to a place or a home whereby infant baby who has no female parent. While Orphan is one who loss both parents prematurely either through natural death or disaster.

Motherless is a situation whereby a baby or person lacks a female parent. Also motherless Babies home could define as an Institution where infant baby is kept whose mother is dead, abandoned or missing is received and look after them by a charitable organisation or individual, within any physical incident that took place in a while or in a specific period of time like war earthguare accidents etc render a number of children motherless, fatherless.

In most Africa’s for a example, a motherless baby is regarded as a servant or slave to others and they are treated merely without regard. Those whose parents is alive, since they don’t have any one back or rescue them out of their challenges.

In some other societies like America the motherless babies home and orphanages.

The main objective in this project has to do with the statistical analysis on the number of babies admitted in the motherless baby home in Enugu. That is why it is necessary to check critically into the extent to which the number of babies absorbs in the motherless baby homes within the Holy child motherless babies home Enugu.

 

1.2     AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

  1. To find out whether the length of time it female babies to bread up is less than male child
  2. To compare the proportion of female in the home to that of male.
  3. To make recommendation on the abandonment of babies based on my findings.
  4. To findout the number of reported case of on sex.
  5. To verity some of the possible cases of child abandonment.

 

1.3     SCOPE AND COVERAGE

This project covers the admission of inmates motherless babies home Enugu for a period of fen year (1995 – 2004).

 

1.4     HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF MOTHERLESS BABIES HOME IN ENUGU

Enugu is the Capital City of the East Central State and for one time taken the seat of government of Eastern had an increased population due to the discovery of coal, this led to high migration of young school learners and other youths for better working opportunities and good living conditions.

To this good effect, there was also an increase in the number of natural obstacle and incidents which also coupled with the burdens and problems that follow. The government of this days found it difficult to tackle these increasing problems of hazard especially incidence of child abuse, incidence of child abandonment, death of young mother through labour and dither incidents where there is a very serious need for the immediate solution or way of eradicating them.

 

The childs motherless baby home which is one of the organisation concerned with the relief of suffering caused by natural disasters and for helping those that lost their parents (Orphans) through natural death or other disaster opened a child welfare center at Enugu to cater for the motherless and abandoned babies in order to alleviate the sufferings of their fathers or other relations who may be obliged to cater for the child.

 

The public or individuals also help immensely towards the up – keep of the motherless babies homes through charitable organization, churches etc moreover, subsidy also come from the government through the ministry of social welfare which also sends most of the inmates to the homes the Eurpses of the inmates in case of death are taken by the relatives of the dead baby on the ministry of social welfare as the case may be moreover death is not too rampant due to care exhibited on the inmates, both by the government, their relatives and also individuals.

 

 

 

Continue reading STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE NUMBER OF BABIES ADMITTED IN THE MOTHERLESS BABY HOME IN ENUGU (1995 – 2004) A CASE STUDY OF MOTHERLESS BABIES HOME ENUGU →

Statistic project topics and material preview

A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ON RATE OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS (A CASE STUDY OF EMENITE LIMITED EMENE ENUGU)

Leave a comment

A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ON RATE OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS

(A CASE STUDY OF EMENITE LIMITED EMENE ENUGU)

 

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 3000 NAIRA

 

                                   ORDER NOW

MAKE YOUR PAYMENT  INTO ANY OF THE FOLLOWING BANKS:
 GTBANK
Account Name : Chi E-Concept Int’l
ACCOUNT NUMBER:  0115939447
First Bank:
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
Account Name: 3059320631

We also accept :   ATM transfer , online money  transfer 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

Enter Amount

form>

Call Help Desk Line :  08074466939,08063386834.

After Payment Send Your Payment Details To

08074466939 Or 08063386834,   The Project Title  You  Selected On Our Website , Amount Paid, Depositor Name, Your Email Address, Payment Date. You Will Receive Your Material In Less Than 1 Hour Once We Confirm Your Payment.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

You may also need:  web design company in Nigeria   

Bulk sms company in Nigeria

 

 

ABSTRACT

This project work is a statistical analysis of rate of industrial accidents in Emenite limited Emene- Enugu for the period of 1995 to 2004.

The analytic tools used for the analysis are bar chart, percentage distribution, chi-square. The bar chart shows that art by sharp objects is the commonest causes of industrial accident that occurs for the period 1995-2004. From the analysis of chi-square test of independence, we found out that causes of industrial accidents are independent over the years of study.

 

TABLE OF CONTENT

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

  • Introduction
    • Background of the study
    • Statement of the problem
    • Aims and objective of the study
    • Significance of the study
    • Scope and limitation of the study

CHAPTER TWO

Literature review

 

CHAPTER THREE

  • Research methodology
    • Data collection
    • Problem encountered during data collection
    • Method of analysis
    • Bar chart

CHAPTER FOUR

  • Introduction
    • Percentage distribution
    • To determine whether the causes of industrial accident is independent of years of occurrence using one way classification (CRD)

CHAPTER FIVE

  • Summary, conclusion and recommendation
    • Summary and conclusion
    • Recommendation

Reference

Appendices

 


CHAPTER ONE

 

  • INTRODUCTION

Accident, literally, a befalling, an event that takes place without out’s foresight or expectation; an undersigned, sudden and unexpected event, chance, contingency; character, a casualty; a mishap; as, to diesis an accident. When an event is indesigned, it means that the event happens surprising or without pre-knowledge, by chance means an “Act of God” stuff.

 

Accident could result to damage, to plants, products, buildings, pollution of the environment, injury to people, and death to people. There are different types of accidents such as industrial accidents, road accidents, five accidents etc. But, due to the purpose of this project, we will be interested in discussing industrial accident.

 

Industrial accident, are those accidents that occur in factories where human beings are working. Everyday, worldwide thousands of accidents occur in factories and happens in different ways, depending on the area it occurs in the factory. It can result from collusion with poisonous chemicals, inefficient operations of the machines, hit by a moving object or falling objects, electrical shock from a naked wire, bursa from acid, slide due to greasy floors etc. Any of the above accidents can cause deep scars or permanent disabilities depending on the degree of which it occurs.

 

Several costs may be involved in one or more of these causes of accidents mentioned above. But, we shall consider the cost at it affects the victim the firm and the manager.

 

 

COST TO THE VICTIM

  • Pain and suffering.
  • Loss of income
  • Social embarrassment
  • Liability to others.

COST TO THE FIRM

  • Loss of production
  • Damage to equipment
  • Medical expenses and compensation
  • Loss of moral among workers.
  • Bad corporate image.

COST TO THE MANAGER

  • Loss of prestige
  • Loss of skilled worker
  • Time loss in training a substitute.

 

 

  • BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

EMENITE LIMITED, a member of the Brlgian Etex group started operation in 1963 under the name ‘TURNERS ASBESTOS CEMENT COMPANY NIGERIA LIMITED’. The company was incorporated in 1961 with registration member RC2712 and the shareholding was as follows:

Turner and Newall ltd – 80%

Government of Eastern Nigeria – 20%

As a result of the indigenization decree of 1973, the shareholders of the company changed as follows:

Turners and Newell ltd – 60%

Government of Eastern Nigeria – 40%

 

With the name of the company changing to Turners building products (Emene) limited. Due to clumdling fortunes of the company, in March 24. 1988, Turners and Newall limited. divested its interest in the company and transferred 51% of its shareholding to Eterutremer society Anonym of Belgium (now Eterx group S.A) and the balance of 49% went to the then Anambra and Imo states, now Anambra, Enugu, Imo, Abia and Ebonyi states. As a result of the new shareholding arrangement, the company changed its name to Emenite limited as is presently known.

 

PROGRESS OF THE COMPANY

Emenite has made considerable progress in terms of product development and market. They operate in the roofing and ceiling market. There range of products includes.

  1. ROOFING PRODUCTS
  2. Bigsix corrugated sheets
  3. Bigsix corrugated sheets
  4. Standard corrugated sheets
  5. Ultimate corrugated sheets
  6. Prestige concrete title
  7. CEILING PRODUCTS
  8. Emceil flat sheet.
  9. Duraceil decorative ceiling
  10. Emlux decorative ceiling
  11. Qualitite decorative ceiling.

 

These products are made from fibre and cement. The company new product marketed in 28th November 2001 in Enugu is the duratile concrete tile. Emenite limited was certified 150 9001 – 2000 in 2002. They are the first to obtain such international standard east of the lager. The firm has a total of 225 staffers.

 

The health, safety and environment legislation as well as specific guidelines of Etex group require employers to prove a safe work place and minimize exposure to hazardous substances in order to protect the employee’s health. It is to assure collective protection by controlling release of the substance at the source, so that it does not get to the cumbient are and constitute health hazard. Employees have to acquire knowledge of the environment they are working in since it is importance to be safety conscious in their daily activities and in the industrial environment.

 

The accident analysis indicate that due to ignorance of imminent dangers, cardessnes of workers, chemical defects and lack off motivation or punishment to fedaulters, we are often involved in industrial accidents. Based on these, the EMENITE limited management have put in place a booklet comprising of general information on asbestos, its hazards and precautionary measures, approved personal protective equipment (PPE) such as safety boots, Helmet, Hand gloves, ear muff, nose mask, Eye goggles, for each work area, hazardous equipment in the company, industrial accidents and prevention measures, personal prefecture equipment and correct uses, first aid fundamentals, developing the safety, protective equipment necessary for each work area, emergency action plants (EAPs) in and outside the environment etc.

 

This is to ensure a safe, healthy, accident free and pollution free environment for the entire staff and the public. In other achieve this goal, it is expected that every employee in EMENITE limited will read the booklet carefully and abide by the contents in other to minimize causes of accidents and its painful sad consequences.

  • STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The rates of industrial accidents have caused very serious harms to many lives and property. It could lead to instant death or incapacitation or injure, it could also lead to loss of income, loss of production and damage to equipment in the industry. This may eventually cause dependents to loss their dear ones or material care. These accidents occur because most of the workers do not know the precautionary and safety measures to be taken in accident prevention.

 

 

  • AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The aims and objectives of this study are as follows:

  • To identify the most common causes industrial accidents.
  • To examine if the reported industrial accidents are the same over the years.

 

 

  • SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This research study will generate information on the nature of industrial accidents.

  • It will document information about the accidents that occur in Emenite limited, Emene, Enugu.
  • It would help t examine the common causes of industrial accidents
  • It would help to examine if the reported industrial accidents are the same over the years.

 

 

  • SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This study is limited to the rate at which accident occurs in Emenite limited Emene, Enugu.

 

 

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

Lots of research work has been done on industrial accidents both within and outside Nigeria. Hence, there is abundant literature on industrial accidents.

Wesley M. Staton and Natalie A. Brooks stated that accident occurs due to falls and other uses entirely unrelated to power or machinery. And, that accident is related to the environment in which they occur, the personality of the individual involved and the existing social customers or pressures. To be effective, accident prevention must change one or more of these factors.

In the United States alone, accidents are the fourth leading cause of death. In people one to thirty-eight (1 to 38) years of age, accident pose a greater threat to life that all other causes consined.

We can prevent accidents by providing a safe environment, becoming emotionally stable and safety-conscious and making safety practices socially acceptable.

Abdul Rauf in encyclopedia of occupational health and safety defined accidents as emplaned occurrence, which result in injuries, fatalities, loss of production or damage to property and assets.  In other to prevent accident, it is extremely difficult. In the absence of an understanding of the cause of accidents.

Akosa (1987) reported that industrial accident and diseases could be defined as disease and biological agents and physical hazards at work place.

Suchman (1961) states that an event is more likely to be considered as an accident if it is unexpected, unavasidedable and unintended.

Pickette and Honlon (19970) categorized the causes of accidents into two factors namely:

  • Conditions in the individual
  • Conditions in the environment.

 

However they rated the conditions in the individual, who is synonymous with the individual’s unsafe behaviours, or human element is most common with 80 percent incidence of accident as against 20 percent through unsafe environment. They also enumerated the components of this unpredictable factor (human element) operating in the individual as follows: lack of knowledge, physical limitation of the body, lack of skills required in performing certain task, inadequate motional state, lack of safety education, improper attitudes and personal procrastinations on stupid and needless risk.

Baner(19974) stated that the causes of industrial accidents in the following order:-

  • Mishandling of materials or working tools.
  • Faulty machines.
  • Faulty or flying objects
  • Non- use of protective devices.

He also reported that about two hundred thousand workers are disable each year in the United state of America because of misuse of machines, disregard of guards, failure of wearing protective clothing when operating certain machines and failure to lock main power supply after work.

Stewant M. Brooks and Natalie A. Brooks stated further that in 1977 and estimated 23 million person relieved work related disabling injuries and approximately 13,000 died.

It has been found in various industries that the safe guarding of machinery and elimination of other accident hazard, including the supervision of stainways, proper lighting of passages, checking of plumps, compressors, clauses and hand tools, have reduced the total number of accidents.

Asogwa (1989) enumerated the major causes of industrial accidents in Nigeria under the following headings.

 

THE AGENTS OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT

Some of the immediate causes of industrial accidents in Nigeria includes unguarded machinery, falling objects, wrong use of tool, explosion, five, projecting objects, fragments of metal and other solid, gases, hot and cold liquids. The immediate causes of accidents in industry are myriad.

 

THE HOST

Industrial workers are victims of accidents frequently; they are partly or entirely responsible for occurrence of the accidents. Though a workman for instance, might accidentally inflict a crush injury with a hammer on himself or co-workers and would thereby contribute to the immediate causes of an accident.

 

There is much individual can do to prevent accident from happening to himself and to others. It is probably easier to avoid having an accident than to avoid catching a cold. Safety habits are based on individual attitude.

 

So, safety education urges is to avoid stupid and needless risk to ourselves and other, to give a attention to safety of our environment and equipment.

 

In the United State accident caused about 104,000 deaths and 10.6 million nonfatal injuries min the United States in 1977 on financial side, the National Safety council estimated that accidents cost the American people $ 61.5 million that year-medical expenses, hospital, expenses property loss in time, lost of work accidents.

 

Asogwa in 1984 documented that the need for the reduction or prevention of industrial accidents can best be appreciated if the consequences of these accidents are known. In quantifiable terms. Accidents lead to work stoppages, sickness, absence and payment of industrial injuring benefits. The roofing industries suffer from loss of productivity due accidents, and at times the workman suffers from a reduction in earning, if not from the loss of his job.

 

According to Parker in 1984,  “There is no care for accident, there is only prevention accident prevention in roofing industries is linked with careful job selection, good management, self discipline, trained and content labour, force safe working conditions and active education policy.

 

Akosa in 1987 stated that the primary prevention of accidents in the industries can also include the establishment of a work safety committee chat will take care of certain parts of the health aspects of works and help in educating them on advantages of accidents prevention.

 

Although very few industries in Nigeria have safety committee, it is however essential that in all industries where sixty or more workers are employed there should be a body charge with safety and the investigations of accidents and dangerous occurrences. The committee should be involved with safety training and propaganda, safety houses and competition up to date statistics on accidents.

 

Medical journal in 1987 documented that a safety carried out in Onarka showed the low satisfied workers experiences more stress and describe their job more unfavorably than high satisfied workers. Summary of the review suggested that the quality of working life may be improved by increasing the job satisfaction of the workers. The above mentioned point contribute immediately to the increased rates of accidents in our industries and solution lies in meeting up with the ways of solving the problems to a certain standard. So that, the workers can concentrate more in their job,  thereby reducing the rates of accidents in our industries.

 

Since, the industrial workers contribute substantially to the economic growth of the nation; their health care should be of great concern to different management and the federal and state governments.

 

Akosq in (1987) stressed that for the provisions of the effective series in the prevention of accidents, government should enact laws and enforce those establishments having sixty or more workers must have at least one physician and nurse probably clinic. He also stressed that, there are many industries in the country that do not keep records of accidents or send returns to factories inspectorate as required by law.

 

While giving a talk on effective control of industrial accidents, the Imo state commissioner for commerce and industry, Engineer Sunday Ogbugbu said that available records on industrial accidents , in Nigeria industries indicates that between 1974 and 1983,  an average of nine thousand twenty four (9024) persons were absent from work for five or more days due to accidents.

 

Robert W. Allen, Michael D. Ells and Andrew W. Hart (1976) stated that, for effective prevention of accidents in industries, there should be a clearly started and written safety policy signed by the management. The policy should be communicated understood, and applied to all levels of supervision. So  that, every employee is aware of management concern for safe operation. The safety policy should be part of a system chat also provides for approving appropriate safety standards, reviewing accident experience, planning for accident prevention measuring progress, and persistent education.

And it also stated that accidents can be avoided if employees

  • Understand the hazards of there jobs.
  • Know how to circumspect those hazards and
  • Put that knowledge into practice so that it becomes a pattern of work behaviour.

There should also be accident investigation. This is a scientific approach to accident prevention in industries. This is a systematic method of collecting information that is used to reconstruct the accident accurately and determined why it happened. Once this has been done, preventive measures can be.

 

 

Continue reading A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ON RATE OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS (A CASE STUDY OF EMENITE LIMITED EMENE ENUGU) →

Statistic project topics and material preview

A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF REPORTS CASES OF CRIME OF IN ENUGU STATE FROM 1995 – 2004 (A CASE STUDY OF ENUGU STATE POLICE HEADQUARTER)

Leave a comment

A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF REPORTS CASES OF CRIME OF IN ENUGU STATE FROM 1995 – 2004

(A CASE STUDY OF ENUGU STATE POLICE HEADQUARTER)

 

COMPLETE MATERIAL COST 3000.

MAKE YOUR PAYMENT  INTO ANY OF THE FOLLOWING BANKS:
 GTBANK
Account Name : Chi E-Concept Int’l
ACCOUNT NUMBER:  0115939447
First Bank:
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
Account Name: 3059320631

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANK SECURITY FOR GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

Enter Amount

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 24 HOURS

CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE!!!

 

ABSTRACT

 

This research works is based on the Statistical Analysis of Reported cases of crime of violence in Enugu State, from 1995 – 2004. The chapters are grouped into five.

Chapter one discusses the introduction of the project chapter two looks at the literature review of crime in the State and the Country at large.

Chapter three centers on the research methodology and analysis of the data collected.

Chapter four discusses the summary of the results of the analysis and chapter five discusses the findings, conclusions and recommendations.

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page

Certification

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Abstract

Table of Content

CHAPTER ONE

  • Classification of Crimes
  • Causes of Crimes
  • Aims and Objectives of the Survey
  • Scope and Limitation

CHAPTER TWO

  • Literature Review

2.1     Political View on Crime

  • Socio-Economic View on Crime

CHAPTER THREE

  • Research Methodology

3.1     Required Data and their Source

  • Method of Data Collection
  • Procedure for Data Analysis
  • Data Presentation
  • Problems of Data Collection

CHAPTER FOUR

  • Data Analysis

4.1     Illustrations

  • The use of Least Square Method
  • Estimation of Least Square Method
  • Contingency Table

CHAPTER FIVE

  • Findings
  • Conclusion
  • Recommendations

Bibliography

 


CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

A man’s life is obviously his most cherished property and the most basic of all fundamental human rights. Nobody has the right to ham or even take away another person’s life except as a last resort another in self-defense.

A renowned English advocationist, Henry Thomas Buckee (1893) once said that the society prepares the crime while the criminal commits it.

Richard Under (1902) also said that all human beings are criminals but the difference is the degree. Whichever way we see that, it must be noted that crime is as old as the society itself, and no country, whether advanced or not can absolve itself of crime and also that we do not get involved in crimes of violence does not mean that we are not affected by them.

Since human being are dynamic in nature, it is worthy of note that punishment to a crime can also change since crimes do change from time to time. Under decree number 20 of 1984, at least eleven offences carried death penalty. These are arson, tampering with oil pipelines, import or export of mineral oil, one with intention of defrauding the Federal Military Government, dealing in cocaine, dealing in petroleum products, treason, Kidnapping, Lynching and possession of arms and ammunition. (News watch magazine Jan 20.1986). But today, events have overtaken these decree. It was consequently withdrawn and more suitable ones promulgated to suit the sophistication of commission of crimes, question and because of this varied nature of crimes, the relevant question bother on how to determine the punishment that commensurate with the crimes, since both our more conscience and social justice should also come into play here.

Hence, one wishes to define crime as an act committed in violation of a law prohibiting it or committed in violation of a law ordering it, which are variously punishable by death, impoundment, or imposition of fine or restrictions.

In Enugu State today, the rate at which cases of crimes are being reported needs to be given an urgent attention. We hear over the radio, in news papers and televisions, of various cases of house being burgled, cars being snatched at gun points, houses being burnt, properties being destroyed, people being massacred etc. Some of the things that come to mind are: what are the factors responsible for these atrocities, and how can we reduce the rate at which these crimes are being committed?

  • CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMES

We can’t arrive at a conclusion without classifying crime into its various groups.

Crime is classified into three:

  1. Felonies
  2. Misdemeanor
  • Simple offence

 

  1. Felony: This is an offence on conviction for which a person can, without proof of his having been previously convicted of an offence, be sentenced to death or to imprisonment for three years or more.

Some of the felonious crimes and the punishment for the offenders are:

Burglary: This is a crime of breaking into a house with intent to commit theft or other felony. The punishment for the offender is life imprisonment. Burglary is house breaking that is committed between 6.00 p.m and 6.00 a.m. On the other hand, if the offence is committed in the day time, the punishment for the offender is imprisonment for a period of fourteen (14) years.

Murder: The unlawful and malicious or premeditated killing of one human being by another is known as murder. A person who commits the offence of murder is liable to death.

Manslaughter: This is the unlawful killing of human being with malice, expressed or implied. The punishment for the offender is imprisonment for life, or fourteen (14) years.  

Arson: This is the crime of purposely setting fire to another’s building or property, or to one’s own property so as to collect insurance. A person who commits this offence is liable to between seven years and life imprisonment depending on the property in question.

Slave Dealing: This is one who deals on trade in purchase, sales, transfer, or takes any person in order or so that such a person should be held or treated as a slave. The offender is liable to fourteen years imprisonment.

 

  1. Misdemeanor: This is an offence declared to be such or punishable by imprisonment for not less than six months but less than three years.

Example: Assault, Kidnapping.

Assault: Assault is an unlawful threat to harm a person physically or an unsuccessful attempt to do so. A person who commits the offence is liable to between six months to less than three years imprisonment depending on how great the assault is. This crime is a common one here is Enugu, because of the fact that it is an educational State. Any person who commits the offence of rape is liable to imprisonment with or without whipping.

Kidnapping: This is the act of forcibly abducting human being. The punishment to the offence is two years imprisonment.

Suicide: This is the act of self destruction by a person sound in mind and capable of measuring his moral responsibility. The punishment is one-year imprisonment for the offender.

Simple Offence: This is an offence which is neither a felony nor a misdemeanor. A simple offence is one which on conviction attracts an imprisonment term of less than six months. If an offence is a simple offence, the court must grant the offender bail as a matter of right as well as both misdemeanors.    

 

 

  • CAUSES OF CRIMES

There are about one thousand and one causes of crimes in Enugu State, but due to time factor and space, only few will be treated in this project. They are:

Unemployment: “An idle mind is the workshop of the devil.” A person without a job finds it very difficult to survive especially in Enugu where the standard of living is deteriorating daily. With the high rate of unemployment and inflation in the Country Enugu State as a case study is also faced with the same problem, therefore, many people find little or no alternative than to commit crimes like armed robbery, stealing, burglary etc, for their survival.

Ostentation: This factor contributes tremendously to increasing rate of crime in Enugu State today Despite the economic problem, you find all sort of wealth, latest brands of cars, mighty built dings, people wasting money on parties etc. Those things are done by a few group of people and the unfortunate ones therefore feel jealous and influenced and as such they resort to committing all sorts of crimes in order to be rich as well.

Hardship: Due to the present economic situation in Enugu State, most of the employed person cannot afford two square meal per day. As a result, some of them feel that the only way open to them is to commit crime, so that they too can live up to expectation.

Revenge: Some people feel that crimes such murder, arson, burglary etc can be committed as a form of punishment to an offender. For example, a party in a business, politics, can decide to murder, burn down properties or burgle the house of other parties if there is a misunderstanding among them in the course of business.

Embezzlement: Crime such as arson can also be committed as a result of embezzlement. Somebody who has embezzled some amount of money can decide to set the building where the documents are kept on fire so that there will be no evidence against him or her.

Drunkenness/Drug Abuse: Drunkenness and drug abuse also contribute to the alarming rate of crime in Enugu State today. Some body who is drank or who smoked Indian hemp or a drug addict can easily be influenced to commit crimes.

Jealousy/Hatred: Certain crimes such as murder, arson, assault etc are sometimes committed to jealousy or hatred.

Laziness: Some sets of graduate in Enugu Sate are very lazy to work and yet want to live sophisticated lives. They find that the only way open to them is to commit crimes in order to acquire this wealth.

Bad Friends: Human behaviours result from human interaction. A person who is moving in company of bad friends can easily be persuaded to commit one crime or the other.

Self Dissatisfaction: This also contributes to people committing crimes in the state some people with selfish habit may not be satisfied with what they have and will want to be very rich and famous when they cannot achieve this easily, they eventually turn to crime.

Mass Media: Mass media also have in one way or the other contributed to the high rates of crime in Nigeria as a country and Enugu State, which is a case study of this project work. There are some films such as robbery films, which they normally show on the television in the day time when children are seriously at alert. As a result, children will like to practicalize what they view on television and this leads to committing crimes.

Indeed, it would be no overstatement to declare that no civilized state can exist without law enforcement agencies, which for the purpose of this project is the police, which are the people responsible for arresting and prosecution of any person that goes against the laws.

                  

  • AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE SURVEY

The aims of the project are as follows:

  1. To know the rate at which various crimes are being committed and the possible fact responsible
  2. To know if any relationship exists between sex in various crimes committed
  • To make recommendations.

The survey on the reported cases of crime in Enugu State should be of a particular interest to the governing body of this state and the citizens in general since this will help the government to know the possible factors that contribute to the increase in crime rate and as such find solution to them.

The survey will therefore, go a long way in harnessing the pressures that concerns political, social, economic, religious, educational and security life, as the present crime explosion is a cause for concern to the whole universe.

 

  • SCOPE AND LIMITATION

The project is limited to only data obtained from Federal Office of Statistics and the Limit set by time factors and fund in completion of the project report. Therefore, we restricted this investigation to serious crime, 1995 to 2004 instead of all the types that is serious crimes, minor crimes and minor offences.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER TWO

 

  • LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1     POLITICAL VIEW ON CRIME

          Every idea employed for the successful completion of this research work is a reflection of what is read, studied, observed, examined and discussed on similar work carried out in the past. The various materials consulted, related how different writers, scholars and authorities had studied, expressed different views on the maladies that had afflicted the state.

In a lecture delivered by assistant commander of police in-charge of advanced training wing of inspectors; (A.C.P) Hillary N. Opara (2005); the socio-political dynamics of the society in which we live have made it imperative for every government agency, including the police to make necessary adjustment in their ways of operation, including their individual and collective attitudes and general approach to their duties in order to conform with the democratic ways of doing things.

He however, said that the long period of Military rule in Nigeria did impact in us, Unorthodox and undemocratic ways of handling issues, including crime which affects the civil society. He said that the police as a law enforcement agency in Nigeria was equally affected in no small measure by the devastating and crunching Military that stayed into governance for a long period of time.

As a result of this inappropriate socialization, one could notice people dishing out insulting and assaulting characters as an acceptable style of living, that is, people operating outside the confines of the law with impunity just because the military were in power.

Some people had said their opinion and contribution concerning this; Ugbo McNail (SS/H98/040) said that our leaders, law enforcement agencies and other bodies concerned with the enforcement of the law, should learn to take the Bull by the horn. He said that they should state the problem, find out the cause and it’s characteristics so as to minimize the cost of combating crime. He also said that they should consider showing good examples as leaders very important as they themselves should be free from criminal activities before enforcing it to the masses.

Salihu Ibrahim, a Lieutenant General and Chief of Army Staff (rtd) of the Nigerian Army said in his farewell address at a regimental Dinner in his honour at the Army Headquarters, Command 15, (1993). According to him, “Unless the politicians are allowed to make mistakes and learn from such mistakes, our political development would continue to be in its embryonic state for a long time to come and this we know affects the society.

He also said that, unless the Military learns to keep its hands off politics in this country our political development would continue to be at its ruddiest, for the consequences of this of allowed affects fundamental human rights as we found ourselves inheriting oppressive, suppressive, callous, crime society.

 

  • SOCIO-ECONOMIC VIEW ON CRIME

Dokun, Bojouwade (1997) in his text; Journalism and Society, remarked that consequently, school children and students had lost the enthusiasm of the learner. Many abandoned school, most youths had thrown the usual youthful zeal at work over board and taken to cheating examination malpractice, armed robbery and cultism. The adults and elders who had suffered undue disadvantages on account of their social state or tribes of origin had been compelled to withhold their loyalties from the nation, at times holding the state hostage.

Most wives were no more faithful to their husbands, who had been incapacitated be economic crunch and retrenchment. Teachers, Academics and civil servants were no longer dedicated and conscientious, as their wages were low, conditions of service were always unrealized hope.

Also in Sunday Guardian, July 8 1990, advocates that the inhumanity and indignities suffered in our land had been caused by us. It said the at we did not believe other citizens deserve any right and rarely did we concede others’ right to them. It also said that, “all rights belong to me and to no other,” seemed to be our philosophy and then anchored its conclusion on facts revealing that;

  • The commercial drivers had the right to pack passengers, entitled to stop at every millimeter distance to pick passengers
  • The individual Nigerian believed that he was entitled to block public highway, excavate the road to connect water to his home without repairing the road afterwards.
  • That Nigerians often exercise the right of not doing the work he was paid to do. As he had enjoyed the right of receiving payments for contract jobs and abandoning the contract without execution.

If he was a doctor, he felt entitled for appropriate government drugs for use in his private hospital where he charged patients exorbitantly.

Akubueze Charles Ugochukwu (SS. – H99 – 040) sited that the state’s law enforcement agents; the police force who are established for the purpose of protecting lives and properties and also with the power to arrest, detain and prosecute criminals, on the reverse encourage crime rather than deterring and combating crime.

Another aspect of the reverse order as he said was the relationship between public servants and members of the public state, as citizens always bribe in public offices when they needed anything from the public offices. He emphasized that when a citizen of the state was appointed to a position of responsibility, it was usually for the chance to steal the nation’s wealth and enrich himself.

In his recommendations, he encouraged citizens to participate in reducing crime by voting for candidate’s integrity, and at work is well. He encouraged the family to posses the greatest potential for shaping the behaviour and attitude of the individual which include.

  1. Awareness of child location
  2. Familiarity with child’s activities both at home and in school
  3. Acquaintance with child’s associates.

F.N. Mgbada (1990) in his law Degree the is on “the police and law enforcements in Nigeria,” observed that the few Nigerians who shunned crime, did so in spite of and not because of the Nigeria Police force, while some individuals wondered if same unscrupulous policemen employed the state instrument of force to perpetrate crimes on their own.

He cried that things are getting harder and harder, blaming the situation on bad administration and suggested that the state’s administration had been bad because it had been secured on sectional mandate, anchored on sectional interests, and sustained with sectional loyalty.

A study by Howard E. Freeman and Wyatt J. of Rotterdam University London (1993) reveals that person of all ages apparently commit all types of crime, but the adult age group is marked by unduly high rate of crime.

They remarked that the challenges of the youths have never been more than it is now. The political climate is poisoned; economic activities are at a low ebb while corruption, indiscipline and other social ills reign supreme.

They supported that the high rate of criminal behaviour among youths lies not only in the offenders personal development and temperament, but also in his lack of occupational and social opportunities and the community’s failure to integrate him into the social structure.

They buttressed the same view expressed in their research reports that crime is persistent, as persistent as the society. Nevertheless they opined that human fallibility has manifested itself in all minor and major echelons of human organization, saying that human beings have fallen outside the pattern of permitted conduct and are forced to make up from somebody, somewhere and somehow. They maintained their statuesque that crime cannot be abolished except in a non existence utopia.

In the text by Allank Coffey titled “the prevention of crime and delinquency. He stated that most people for instance conceive crime. He defined Deviance as the acts, which do not follow the norms and expectations of a particular state. He stated that criminal behaviour is often processed by defendant’s conducts which must have taken place in specified circumstances, such as the state of mind. In a nut shell that some crimes are committed due to state of mind of the person.

The above references do not in any way exhaust the literature review on crime, but are deemed to provide enough body of theory and techniques to this project work investigations.

 

 

CHAPTER THREE

 

  • RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1     REQUIRED DATA AND THEIR SOURCE

          The available data used in this study is from secondary source. These were soured from the Management services Department (MSD) of Enugu Police Headquarter. Thus this research strategy covers the selection of suitable methods of data collection in our fast changing world where by people in all works of life can no longer do without it. This therefore, forms the basis for conceptual framework on which the whole research work is based.

 

  • METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION

The data for this project were collected through abstraction as they were retrieved from the records made by the organization in  the past. These data from internal source are classified as secondary. These form the basis of data collection and these information were found to be useful instruments to the study.

 

  • PROCEDURE FOR DATA ANALYSIS

The time series additive model shall be used because of the nature, complexity and extent of the analysis required.

The Time Series Additive Model is given by:

y        =       t + s + r

Where

y        is a given value of the time series variable

t        is the trend component

s        is the seasonal component

r        is the residual component.

It is the evaluation and interpretation these components that is the aim of this overall analysis.

DESCRIPTION OF THE TIME SERIES COMPONENTS TREND: It is the underlying long-term tendency of the data being studied. The trend of a time series displays the general sweep of its movement, or better, it characterizes the gradual and consistent pattern of its changes. Some series of data recorded like crime over a given period of time may show an upward or a downward trend or remain more or less at a constant level.

The technique to be used in the extraction of trend from the given time series values is “the method of least square”.

 

THE METHOD OF LEAST SQUARES

In this method, the trend is estimated by fitting a trend line to the data available and from this equation we can compute the trend values (T).

The linear equation is given by:

y        =       a + bx

Where

y is the dependent value

x is the time to which measurement is referred

The values of a and b for a given data is calculated by using the normal equations which is given by:

a        =       åy – b åx

n        n

b        =       nåxy  – (åx) (åy)

nåx2  –   (åx)2

Having obtained the trend equation, we must be very careful to indicate what the x and y represent, then the trend values are obtained by substituting the x1s corresponding to the different years into the trend equation.

 

SEASONAL VARIATION: This refers to short time cyclic fluctuations in the data about trend or the identical patterns which a time series appears to follow during corresponding months of successive years. Examples of such movements are those due to recurring events which take place annually. It is used to indicate any kind of variation, which is of a periodic nature and where the period is not longer than one year.

A typical illustration of seasonal variation is the effects of seasonal factors on the rate of crime, whereby in a year, the number of reported cases of crime changes frequently and substantially. The rate of crime varies for different months and for different seasons of the year. It increases before such holidays as the Easter period and Christmas period and there is a very large demand for cash before Christmas and other festive periods.

ESTIMATION OF SEASONAL VARIATION

Seasonal variation are estimated for the following reasons.

  1. To establish the pattern of the past changes
  2. To project past patterns into future.
  3. To eliminate the effects of the estimated seasonal pattern that exists from the time series.

To obtain a structural description of pattern of seasonal variation, we will first free our data from the effects of trend and residual variation. Once these components have been eliminated, we can calculate for each time point, the value of y – t the difference between the original time series and the trend values). Then for each season in turn, we find the average of all the y – t values.

Afterwards, if the total of the average differ from zero, adjust one or more of the average so that their sum is zero. The values so obtained are the appropriate seasonal variation values‘s’ in the model;

y        =       t + s + r

The technique to be used here is the “LEAST SQUARE METHOD”.

 

 

 

THE LEAST SQUARE METHOD

This is probably one of the most generally satisfactory way devised for measuring seasonal variation. It is relatively simple, although mathematically represented, yet it is a solid improvement over the method of semi average and ratio – to – trend method.

 

SEASONAL ADJUSTED TIME SERIES

One particular and important use of seasonal values is to seasonally adjust the original data. This is done by subtracting the appropriate seasonal indices from each of the original time series values and represented algebraically by (y – st).

The effect of seasonal adjustment is to smooth away seasonal fluctuations, having a clear view of what might be expected had seasons all represented unlike the moving average.

Another importance of seasonal adjustment is reflected in the fact that most of economic time series data is represented both in terms of “actual” and “seasonal adjusted” figures and are sometimes referred to as “DESEASONALIZED DATA”.

 

PROJECTING THE TREND

The method used in obtaining the trend values is by using the last trend value as the base value to which is added the appropriate number to trend equation.

Note that there is no provision for residual variation, since residual values are assumed to average out at zero.

 

CHI- SQUARE TEST

The chi – square test x2 is an important extension of the hypothesis testing and is used to compare an actual or observed distribution with a hypothesized or expected distribution.

It is often referred to as a “goodness of fit” test.

The chi – square test statistic is given as:

x2      =       å (0 – E)2

E

Where

X2      =       Chi – square

O       =       Observed frequency

E       =       Expected frequency.

Decision Rule: Accept Ho if x2 cal < x2 tab. Otherwise reject and accept Hi

 

CONDITIONS FOR THE USE OF X2 TEST

  1. The sum of theoretical frequencies and observed frequencies should be equal.
  2. Degree of freedom must be equal to k – I – m; where k is the classes of observed frequencies and m is the number of parameters to be estimated.
  3. No cell should be less than five, but when a cell’s frequency is less than five, it should be pooled with neighboring frequencies if possible, otherwise the x2 approximation fails.
  4. Each observation could be classified into exactly one category and categories should be multiplied exclusively. Thus observations should fall into one and only one cell.
    • DATA PRESENTATION

YEAR 1995

CLASS FELONY TOTAL MISDEMEANOR TOTAL SIMPLE OFFENCE TOTAL GRAND TOTAL
SEX M F   M F   M F    
Jan.

Feb

March

April

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

 4

–

2

3

3

5

5

2

4

8

12

17

 1

–

–

2

–

3

2

3

1

3

9

6

 5

0

2

5

3

8

7

5

5

11

21

13

 5

–

–

3

4

6

8

13

11

19

11

2

 1

1

2

2

3

–

9

3

7

8

5

5

 6

1

2

5

7

6

17

16

18

27

16

7

 3

–

1

5

4

1

8

6

2

8

27

8

 1

1

3

5

3

6

3

3

2

11

19

2

 4

1

4

10

7

7

11

9

4

19

46

10

 15

2

8

20

17

21

35

30

27

57

83

30
Total 55 30 85 82 46 128 73 59 132 345

 

YEAR 1996

 

CLASS FELONY TOTAL MISDEMEANOR TOTAL SIMPLE OFFENCE TOTAL GRAND TOTAL
SEX M F   M F   M F    
Jan.

Feb

March

April

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

 4

1

4

2

1

6

2

6

3

5

7

8

 2

–

1

2

–

1

1

4

–

1

4

–

 6

1

5

4

1

7

3

10

3

6

11

8

 1

4

11

10

4

6

1

4

7

8

16

8

 2

13

6

10

12

7

6

8

10

6

5

4

 3

17

17

20

16

13

7

12

17

14

21

12

 2

1

4

3

1

17

3

2

6

12

18

23

 6

2

5

8

5

8

4

14

1

12

13

28

 8

3

9

11

6

25

7

16

7

24

31

51

 17

21

31

35

23

45

17

38

27

44

63

71
Total 49 16 65 80 89 169 92 106 198 432

 

 

 

 

YEAR 1997

CLASS FELONY TOTAL MISDEMEANOR TOTAL SIMPLE OFFENCE TOTAL GRAND TOTAL
SEX M F   M F   M F    
Jan.

Feb

March

April

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

 1

3

1

3

9

5

3

1

2

17

16

10

 –

5

–

1

5

1

4

–

2

2

2

23

 1

8

1

4

14

6

7

1

4

19

18

33

 2

8

2

1

18

4

12

2

7

11

9

7

 1

5

2

2

11

11

1

–

4

1

31

9

 3

13

4

3

29

15

13

2

11

12

40

16

 5

6

1

4

17

7

19

6

4

12

2

11

 3

4

1

1

25

11

6

2

1

16

9

40

 8

10

2

5

42

18

25

8

5

28

11

51

 12

31

7

12

85

39

45

11

20

59

69

100
Total 71 45 116 83 78 161 94 199 213 490

 

 

 

 

YEAR 1998

 

CLASS FELONY TOTAL MISDEMEANOR TOTAL SIMPLE OFFENCE TOTAL GRAND TOTAL
SEX M F   M F   M F    
Jan.

Feb

March

April

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

 8

3

3

1

3

30

6

8

11

7

14

12

 4

1

2

4

–

8

–

6

7

5

5

22

 12

4

5

5

3

38

6

14

18

12

19

34

 17

3

6

3

1

18

4

18

12

16

9

13

 10

16

6

2

–

33

3

6

3

10

20

15

 27

19

12

5

1

51

7

24

15

26

29

28

 7

–

1

1

1

–

–

5

1

16

12

6

 5

13

5

6

–

4

1

1

3

1

1

15

 12

13

6

7

1

4

1

6

4

17

13

21

 51

36

23

17

5

93

14

44

37

55

61

83
Total 106 64 170 120 124 50 50 55 105 519

 

 

 

YEAR 1999

 

CLASS FELONY TOTAL MISDEMEANOR TOTAL SIMPLE OFFENCE TOTAL GRAND TOTAL
SEX M F   M F   M F    
Jan.

Feb

March

April

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

 6

6

4

7

5

13

6

4

9

19

17

29

 1

–

3

6

2

4

2

1

7

9

29

2

 7

6

7

13

7

17

8

5

16

28

46

31

 2

4

7

4

1

12

4

4

4

9

14

3

 2

1

9

6

–

10

3

2

1

4

4

14

 4

5

16

10

1

22

7

6

5

13

18

17

 1

1

1

3

3

6

1

2

3

6

12

11

 2

–

1

5

–

6

5

–

2

4

3

2

 3

1

2

8

3

12

6

2

5

10

15

13

 14

12

25

31

11

51

21

13

26

51

79

61
Total 125 66 191 68 56 124 50 30 80 395

 

 

YEAR 2000

 

CLASS FELONY TOTAL MISDEMEANOR TOTAL SIMPLE OFFENCE TOTAL GRAND TOTAL
SEX M F   M F   M F    
Jan.

Feb

March

April

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

 2

1

17

7

11

15

3

5

27

19

16

10

 4

6

4

3

13

13

–

9

5

1

9

1

 6

7

21

10

24

28

3

14

32

20

25

11

 6

1

12

5

12

3

4

5

17

9

7

21

 4

–

–

–

2

3

2

5

10

2

6

9

 10

1

12

5

14

6

6

10

27

11

13

30

 3

2

14

2

1

1

1

19

9

17

7

15

 2

–

2

–

1

2

–

9

1

10

–

6

 5

2

16

2

2

3

1

28

10

27

7

21

 21

10

49

17

40

37

10

52

69

58

45

62
Total 133 68 201 102 43 145 91 33 124 470

 

 

 

 

 

 

YEAR 2001

 

CLASS FELONY TOTAL MISDEMEANOR TOTAL SIMPLE OFFENCE TOTAL GRAND TOTAL
SEX M F   M F   M F    
Jan.

Feb

March

April

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

 5

7

9

15

2

13

3

5

6

14

14

31

 6

1

9

22

6

4

9

2

7

3

20

13

 11

8

18

37

8

17

12

7

13

17

34

44

 15

9

10

7

4

17

23

9

12

15

16

19

 10

3

1

5

8

2

22

4

15

16

14

20

 25

12

11

12

12

19

45

13

27

31

30

39

 8

37

14

17

28

2

8

16

10

7

13

10

 8

13

13

10

21

–

6

8

6

6

8

1

 16

50

27

27

49

2

14

24

16

13

21

11

 52

70

56

76

69

38

71

44

56

61

85

94
Total 124 102 226 156 120 276 170 100 270 772

 

 

 

YEAR 2002

 

CLASS FELONY TOTAL MISDEMEANOR TOTAL SIMPLE OFFENCE TOTAL GRAND TOTAL
SEX M F   M F   M F    
Jan.

Feb

March

April

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

 46

9

39

27

48

3

27

15

10

17

22

16

 8

7

3

32

30

3

2

10

6

25

9

10

 54

16

42

59

78

6

29

25

16

42

1

26

 9

14

25

9

32

17

12

18

29

12

15

23

 7

13

13

9

14

15

10

9

18

6

10

15

 16

27

38

18

46

32

22

27

47

18

5

38

 2

19

15

1

9

17

27

7

16

29

32

22

 2

29

5

1

8

11

11

9

11

9

16

24

 4

48

0

2

17

28

38

16

27

38

48

46

 74

91

100

79

141

66

89

68

90

98

104

110
Total 279 145 424 215 139 354 196 136 332 1110

YEAR 2003

 

CLASS FELONY TOTAL MISDEMEANOR TOTAL SIMPLE OFFENCE TOTAL GRAND TOTAL
SEX M F   M F   M F    
Jan.

Feb

March

April

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

 24

27

9

21

13

5

7

41

12

9

28

42

 20

8

18

18

33

6

6

22

35

2

55

30

 44

35

27

39

46

11

13

63

47

11

83

72

 9

15

11

14

17

3

38

11

9

5

25

8

 7

14

5

1

4

24

13

27

43

3

23

5

 16

29

16

15

21

27

51

38

52

8

48

13

 7

10

9

12

9

15

5

14

6

18

16

21

 7

11

38

29

4

3

3

10

15

33

23

19

 14

21

47

41

13

18

8

24

21

51

39

40

 74

85

90

95

80

56

72

125

120

70

170

125
Total 238 253 491 165 169 334 142 195 337 1162

 

 

 

 

 

 

YEAR 2004

 

CLASS FELONY TOTAL MISDEMEANOR TOTAL SIMPLE OFFENCE TOTAL GRAND TOTAL
SEX M F   M F   M F    
Jan.

Feb

March

April

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

 2`

15

21

9

4

12

11

19

14

1

21

8

 16

26

31

30

2

19

3

26

40

7

40

39

 18

41

52

37

6

31

14

45

54

8

61

47

 15

4

18

22

12

71

9

38

19

12

28

1

 41

17

8

38

15

12

28

14

6

5

33

12

 56

21

26

60

27

83

37

52

25

17

61

13

 6

17

15

1

17

18

19

8

27

14

19

41

 –

13

5

–

17

19

6

15

4

37

25

20

 6

30

20

1

34

37

25

23

31

51

44

61

 80

92

98

100

67

151

76

120

110

76

166

121

 
Total 137 279 416 249 229 478 202 161 363 1257

 

 

  • PROBLEMS OF DATA COLLECTION
  1. TIME FACTOR: Time inadequacy is one of the major constraints that pose difficulties on the data collection exercise. The limited time available had to be shared to accommodate other academic activities and other issues.
  2. INSUFFICIENT FUND: Owing to the fact the required information is not readily available; much money was spent in order to ensure that only reliable and complete data was used for this work. In addition, funds are required for transportation, journals and texts consulted and photocopies made.
  3. INSUFFICIENT DATA SUPPLIED: During the process of data collection, the needed information’s were not coordinated due to the decentralized nature of statistical production in the state. This leads to a situation where we have lots of agencies in the state and police departments as the works of all these agencies have to and are being coordinated with great difficulty and strain.
  4. POOR RECORD KEEPING: We had the problem of record keeping, leading respondents to give information from memory with all its attendant risks of memory lapses.

A close scouting of the available information reveals that records were not well kept on the shelves and more so, they find it difficult to release the data because of the fear that it may be put to uses which are inimical to them.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page

Certification

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Abstract

Table of Content

CHAPTER ONE

  • Classification of Crimes
  • Causes of Crimes
  • Aims and Objectives of the Survey
  • Scope and Limitation

CHAPTER TWO

  • Literature Review

2.1     Political View on Crime

  • Socio-Economic View on Crime

CHAPTER THREE

  • Research Methodology

3.1     Required Data and their Source

  • Method of Data Collection
  • Procedure for Data Analysis
  • Data Presentation
  • Problems of Data Collection

CHAPTER FOUR

  • Data Analysis

4.1     Illustrations

  • The use of Least Square Method
  • Estimation of Least Square Method
  • Contingency Table

CHAPTER FIVE

  • Findings
  • Conclusion
  • Recommendations

Bibliography

 


CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

A man’s life is obviously his most cherished property and the most basic of all fundamental human rights. Nobody has the right to ham or even take away another person’s life except as a last resort another in self-defense.

A renowned English advocationist, Henry Thomas Buckee (1893) once said that the society prepares the crime while the criminal commits it.

Richard Under (1902) also said that all human beings are criminals but the difference is the degree. Whichever way we see that, it must be noted that crime is as old as the society itself, and no country, whether advanced or not can absolve itself of crime and also that we do not get involved in crimes of violence does not mean that we are not affected by them.

Since human being are dynamic in nature, it is worthy of note that punishment to a crime can also change since crimes do change from time to time. Under decree number 20 of 1984, at least eleven offences carried death penalty. These are arson, tampering with oil pipelines, import or export of mineral oil, one with intention of defrauding the Federal Military Government, dealing in cocaine, dealing in petroleum products, treason, Kidnapping, Lynching and possession of arms and ammunition. (News watch magazine Jan 20.1986). But today, events have overtaken these decree. It was consequently withdrawn and more suitable ones promulgated to suit the sophistication of commission of crimes, question and because of this varied nature of crimes, the relevant question bother on how to determine the punishment that commensurate with the crimes, since both our more conscience and social justice should also come into play here.

Hence, one wishes to define crime as an act committed in violation of a law prohibiting it or committed in violation of a law ordering it, which are variously punishable by death, impoundment, or imposition of fine or restrictions.

In Enugu State today, the rate at which cases of crimes are being reported needs to be given an urgent attention. We hear over the radio, in news papers and televisions, of various cases of house being burgled, cars being snatched at gun points, houses being burnt, properties being destroyed, people being massacred etc. Some of the things that come to mind are: what are the factors responsible for these atrocities, and how can we reduce the rate at which these crimes are being committed?

  • CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMES

We can’t arrive at a conclusion without classifying crime into its various groups.

Crime is classified into three:

  1. Felonies
  2. Misdemeanor
  • Simple offence

 

  1. Felony: This is an offence on conviction for which a person can, without proof of his having been previously convicted of an offence, be sentenced to death or to imprisonment for three years or more.

Some of the felonious crimes and the punishment for the offenders are:

Burglary: This is a crime of breaking into a house with intent to commit theft or other felony. The punishment for the offender is life imprisonment. Burglary is house breaking that is committed between 6.00 p.m and 6.00 a.m. On the other hand, if the offence is committed in the day time, the punishment for the offender is imprisonment for a period of fourteen (14) years.

Murder: The unlawful and malicious or premeditated killing of one human being by another is known as murder. A person who commits the offence of murder is liable to death.

Manslaughter: This is the unlawful killing of human being with malice, expressed or implied. The punishment for the offender is imprisonment for life, or fourteen (14) years.  

Arson: This is the crime of purposely setting fire to another’s building or property, or to one’s own property so as to collect insurance. A person who commits this offence is liable to between seven years and life imprisonment depending on the property in question.

Slave Dealing: This is one who deals on trade in purchase, sales, transfer, or takes any person in order or so that such a person should be held or treated as a slave. The offender is liable to fourteen years imprisonment.

 

  1. Misdemeanor: This is an offence declared to be such or punishable by imprisonment for not less than six months but less than three years.

Example: Assault, Kidnapping.

Assault: Assault is an unlawful threat to harm a person physically or an unsuccessful attempt to do so. A person who commits the offence is liable to between six months to less than three years imprisonment depending on how great the assault is. This crime is a common one here is Enugu, because of the fact that it is an educational State. Any person who commits the offence of rape is liable to imprisonment with or without whipping.

Kidnapping: This is the act of forcibly abducting human being. The punishment to the offence is two years imprisonment.

Suicide: This is the act of self destruction by a person sound in mind and capable of measuring his moral responsibility. The punishment is one-year imprisonment for the offender.

Simple Offence: This is an offence which is neither a felony nor a misdemeanor. A simple offence is one which on conviction attracts an imprisonment term of less than six months. If an offence is a simple offence, the court must grant the offender bail as a matter of right as well as both misdemeanors.    

 

 

  • CAUSES OF CRIMES

There are about one thousand and one causes of crimes in Enugu State, but due to time factor and space, only few will be treated in this project. They are:

Unemployment: “An idle mind is the workshop of the devil.” A person without a job finds it very difficult to survive especially in Enugu where the standard of living is deteriorating daily. With the high rate of unemployment and inflation in the Country Enugu State as a case study is also faced with the same problem, therefore, many people find little or no alternative than to commit crimes like armed robbery, stealing, burglary etc, for their survival.

Ostentation: This factor contributes tremendously to increasing rate of crime in Enugu State today Despite the economic problem, you find all sort of wealth, latest brands of cars, mighty built dings, people wasting money on parties etc. Those things are done by a few group of people and the unfortunate ones therefore feel jealous and influenced and as such they resort to committing all sorts of crimes in order to be rich as well.

Hardship: Due to the present economic situation in Enugu State, most of the employed person cannot afford two square meal per day. As a result, some of them feel that the only way open to them is to commit crime, so that they too can live up to expectation.

Revenge: Some people feel that crimes such murder, arson, burglary etc can be committed as a form of punishment to an offender. For example, a party in a business, politics, can decide to murder, burn down properties or burgle the house of other parties if there is a misunderstanding among them in the course of business.

Embezzlement: Crime such as arson can also be committed as a result of embezzlement. Somebody who has embezzled some amount of money can decide to set the building where the documents are kept on fire so that there will be no evidence against him or her.

Drunkenness/Drug Abuse: Drunkenness and drug abuse also contribute to the alarming rate of crime in Enugu State today. Some body who is drank or who smoked Indian hemp or a drug addict can easily be influenced to commit crimes.

Jealousy/Hatred: Certain crimes such as murder, arson, assault etc are sometimes committed to jealousy or hatred.

Laziness: Some sets of graduate in Enugu Sate are very lazy to work and yet want to live sophisticated lives. They find that the only way open to them is to commit crimes in order to acquire this wealth.

Bad Friends: Human behaviours result from human interaction. A person who is moving in company of bad friends can easily be persuaded to commit one crime or the other.

Self Dissatisfaction: This also contributes to people committing crimes in the state some people with selfish habit may not be satisfied with what they have and will want to be very rich and famous when they cannot achieve this easily, they eventually turn to crime.

Mass Media: Mass media also have in one way or the other contributed to the high rates of crime in Nigeria as a country and Enugu State, which is a case study of this project work. There are some films such as robbery films, which they normally show on the television in the day time when children are seriously at alert. As a result, children will like to practicalize what they view on television and this leads to committing crimes.

Indeed, it would be no overstatement to declare that no civilized state can exist without law enforcement agencies, which for the purpose of this project is the police, which are the people responsible for arresting and prosecution of any person that goes against the laws.

                  

  • AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE SURVEY

The aims of the project are as follows:

  1. To know the rate at which various crimes are being committed and the possible fact responsible
  2. To know if any relationship exists between sex in various crimes committed
  • To make recommendations.

The survey on the reported cases of crime in Enugu State should be of a particular interest to the governing body of this state and the citizens in general since this will help the government to know the possible factors that contribute to the increase in crime rate and as such find solution to them.

The survey will therefore, go a long way in harnessing the pressures that concerns political, social, economic, religious, educational and security life, as the present crime explosion is a cause for concern to the whole universe.

 

  • SCOPE AND LIMITATION

The project is limited to only data obtained from Federal Office of Statistics and the Limit set by time factors and fund in completion of the project report. Therefore, we restricted this investigation to serious crime, 1995 to 2004 instead of all the types that is serious crimes, minor crimes and minor offences.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER TWO

 

  • LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1     POLITICAL VIEW ON CRIME

          Every idea employed for the successful completion of this research work is a reflection of what is read, studied, observed, examined and discussed on similar work carried out in the past. The various materials consulted, related how different writers, scholars and authorities had studied, expressed different views on the maladies that had afflicted the state.

In a lecture delivered by assistant commander of police in-charge of advanced training wing of inspectors; (A.C.P) Hillary N. Opara (2005); the socio-political dynamics of the society in which we live have made it imperative for every government agency, including the police to make necessary adjustment in their ways of operation, including their individual and collective attitudes and general approach to their duties in order to conform with the democratic ways of doing things.

He however, said that the long period of Military rule in Nigeria did impact in us, Unorthodox and undemocratic ways of handling issues, including crime which affects the civil society. He said that the police as a law enforcement agency in Nigeria was equally affected in no small measure by the devastating and crunching Military that stayed into governance for a long period of time.

As a result of this inappropriate socialization, one could notice people dishing out insulting and assaulting characters as an acceptable style of living, that is, people operating outside the confines of the law with impunity just because the military were in power.

Some people had said their opinion and contribution concerning this; Ugbo McNail (SS/H98/040) said that our leaders, law enforcement agencies and other bodies concerned with the enforcement of the law, should learn to take the Bull by the horn. He said that they should state the problem, find out the cause and it’s characteristics so as to minimize the cost of combating crime. He also said that they should consider showing good examples as leaders very important as they themselves should be free from criminal activities before enforcing it to the masses.

Salihu Ibrahim, a Lieutenant General and Chief of Army Staff (rtd) of the Nigerian Army said in his farewell address at a regimental Dinner in his honour at the Army Headquarters, Command 15, (1993). According to him, “Unless the politicians are allowed to make mistakes and learn from such mistakes, our political development would continue to be in its embryonic state for a long time to come and this we know affects the society.

He also said that, unless the Military learns to keep its hands off politics in this country our political development would continue to be at its ruddiest, for the consequences of this of allowed affects fundamental human rights as we found ourselves inheriting oppressive, suppressive, callous, crime society.

 

  • SOCIO-ECONOMIC VIEW ON CRIME

Dokun, Bojouwade (1997) in his text; Journalism and Society, remarked that consequently, school children and students had lost the enthusiasm of the learner. Many abandoned school, most youths had thrown the usual youthful zeal at work over board and taken to cheating examination malpractice, armed robbery and cultism. The adults and elders who had suffered undue disadvantages on account of their social state or tribes of origin had been compelled to withhold their loyalties from the nation, at times holding the state hostage.

Most wives were no more faithful to their husbands, who had been incapacitated be economic crunch and retrenchment. Teachers, Academics and civil servants were no longer dedicated and conscientious, as their wages were low, conditions of service were always unrealized hope.

Also in Sunday Guardian, July 8 1990, advocates that the inhumanity and indignities suffered in our land had been caused by us. It said the at we did not believe other citizens deserve any right and rarely did we concede others’ right to them. It also said that, “all rights belong to me and to no other,” seemed to be our philosophy and then anchored its conclusion on facts revealing that;

  • The commercial drivers had the right to pack passengers, entitled to stop at every millimeter distance to pick passengers
  • The individual Nigerian believed that he was entitled to block public highway, excavate the road to connect water to his home without repairing the road afterwards.
  • That Nigerians often exercise the right of not doing the work he was paid to do. As he had enjoyed the right of receiving payments for contract jobs and abandoning the contract without execution.

If he was a doctor, he felt entitled for appropriate government drugs for use in his private hospital where he charged patients exorbitantly.

Akubueze Charles Ugochukwu (SS. – H99 – 040) sited that the state’s law enforcement agents; the police force who are established for the purpose of protecting lives and properties and also with the power to arrest, detain and prosecute criminals, on the reverse encourage crime rather than deterring and combating crime.

Another aspect of the reverse order as he said was the relationship between public servants and members of the public state, as citizens always bribe in public offices when they needed anything from the public offices. He emphasized that when a citizen of the state was appointed to a position of responsibility, it was usually for the chance to steal the nation’s wealth and enrich himself.

In his recommendations, he encouraged citizens to participate in reducing crime by voting for candidate’s integrity, and at work is well. He encouraged the family to posses the greatest potential for shaping the behaviour and attitude of the individual which include.

  1. Awareness of child location
  2. Familiarity with child’s activities both at home and in school
  3. Acquaintance with child’s associates.

F.N. Mgbada (1990) in his law Degree the is on “the police and law enforcements in Nigeria,” observed that the few Nigerians who shunned crime, did so in spite of and not because of the Nigeria Police force, while some individuals wondered if same unscrupulous policemen employed the state instrument of force to perpetrate crimes on their own.

He cried that things are getting harder and harder, blaming the situation on bad administration and suggested that the state’s administration had been bad because it had been secured on sectional mandate, anchored on sectional interests, and sustained with sectional loyalty.

A study by Howard E. Freeman and Wyatt J. of Rotterdam University London (1993) reveals that person of all ages apparently commit all types of crime, but the adult age group is marked by unduly high rate of crime.

They remarked that the challenges of the youths have never been more than it is now. The political climate is poisoned; economic activities are at a low ebb while corruption, indiscipline and other social ills reign supreme.

They supported that the high rate of criminal behaviour among youths lies not only in the offenders personal development and temperament, but also in his lack of occupational and social opportunities and the community’s failure to integrate him into the social structure.

They buttressed the same view expressed in their research reports that crime is persistent, as persistent as the society. Nevertheless they opined that human fallibility has manifested itself in all minor and major echelons of human organization, saying that human beings have fallen outside the pattern of permitted conduct and are forced to make up from somebody, somewhere and somehow. They maintained their statuesque that crime cannot be abolished except in a non existence utopia.

In the text by Allank Coffey titled “the prevention of crime and delinquency. He stated that most people for instance conceive crime. He defined Deviance as the acts, which do not follow the norms and expectations of a particular state. He stated that criminal behaviour is often processed by defendant’s conducts which must have taken place in specified circumstances, such as the state of mind. In a nut shell that some crimes are committed due to state of mind of the person.

The above references do not in any way exhaust the literature review on crime, but are deemed to provide enough body of theory and techniques to this project work investigations.

 

 

CHAPTER THREE

 

  • RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1     REQUIRED DATA AND THEIR SOURCE

          The available data used in this study is from secondary source. These were soured from the Management services Department (MSD) of Enugu Police Headquarter. Thus this research strategy covers the selection of suitable methods of data collection in our fast changing world where by people in all works of life can no longer do without it. This therefore, forms the basis for conceptual framework on which the whole research work is based.

 

  • METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION

The data for this project were collected through abstraction as they were retrieved from the records made by the organization in  the past. These data from internal source are classified as secondary. These form the basis of data collection and these information were found to be useful instruments to the study.

 

  • PROCEDURE FOR DATA ANALYSIS

The time series additive model shall be used because of the nature, complexity and extent of the analysis required.

The Time Series Additive Model is given by:

y        =       t + s + r

Where

y        is a given value of the time series variable

t        is the trend component

s        is the seasonal component

r        is the residual component.

It is the evaluation and interpretation these components that is the aim of this overall analysis.

DESCRIPTION OF THE TIME SERIES COMPONENTS TREND: It is the underlying long-term tendency of the data being studied. The trend of a time series displays the general sweep of its movement, or better, it characterizes the gradual and consistent pattern of its changes. Some series of data recorded like crime over a given period of time may show an upward or a downward trend or remain more or less at a constant level.

The technique to be used in the extraction of trend from the given time series values is “the method of least square”.

 

THE METHOD OF LEAST SQUARES

In this method, the trend is estimated by fitting a trend line to the data available and from this equation we can compute the trend values (T).

The linear equation is given by:

y        =       a + bx

Where

y is the dependent value

x is the time to which measurement is referred

The values of a and b for a given data is calculated by using the normal equations which is given by:

a        =       åy – b åx

n        n

b        =       nåxy  – (åx) (åy)

nåx2  –   (åx)2

Having obtained the trend equation, we must be very careful to indicate what the x and y represent, then the trend values are obtained by substituting the x1s corresponding to the different years into the trend equation.

 

SEASONAL VARIATION: This refers to short time cyclic fluctuations in the data about trend or the identical patterns which a time series appears to follow during corresponding months of successive years. Examples of such movements are those due to recurring events which take place annually. It is used to indicate any kind of variation, which is of a periodic nature and where the period is not longer than one year.

A typical illustration of seasonal variation is the effects of seasonal factors on the rate of crime, whereby in a year, the number of reported cases of crime changes frequently and substantially. The rate of crime varies for different months and for different seasons of the year. It increases before such holidays as the Easter period and Christmas period and there is a very large demand for cash before Christmas and other festive periods.

ESTIMATION OF SEASONAL VARIATION

Seasonal variation are estimated for the following reasons.

  1. To establish the pattern of the past changes
  2. To project past patterns into future.
  3. To eliminate the effects of the estimated seasonal pattern that exists from the time series.

To obtain a structural description of pattern of seasonal variation, we will first free our data from the effects of trend and residual variation. Once these components have been eliminated, we can calculate for each time point, the value of y – t the difference between the original time series and the trend values). Then for each season in turn, we find the average of all the y – t values.

Afterwards, if the total of the average differ from zero, adjust one or more of the average so that their sum is zero. The values so obtained are the appropriate seasonal variation values‘s’ in the model;

y        =       t + s + r

The technique to be used here is the “LEAST SQUARE METHOD”.

 

 

 

THE LEAST SQUARE METHOD

This is probably one of the most generally satisfactory way devised for measuring seasonal variation. It is relatively simple, although mathematically represented, yet it is a solid improvement over the method of semi average and ratio – to – trend method.

 

SEASONAL ADJUSTED TIME SERIES

One particular and important use of seasonal values is to seasonally adjust the original data. This is done by subtracting the appropriate seasonal indices from each of the original time series values and represented algebraically by (y – st).

The effect of seasonal adjustment is to smooth away seasonal fluctuations, having a clear view of what might be expected had seasons all represented unlike the moving average.

Another importance of seasonal adjustment is reflected in the fact that most of economic time series data is represented both in terms of “actual” and “seasonal adjusted” figures and are sometimes referred to as “DESEASONALIZED DATA”.

 

PROJECTING THE TREND

The method used in obtaining the trend values is by using the last trend value as the base value to which is added the appropriate number to trend equation.

Note that there is no provision for residual variation, since residual values are assumed to average out at zero.

 

CHI- SQUARE TEST

The chi – square test x2 is an important extension of the hypothesis testing and is used to compare an actual or observed distribution with a hypothesized or expected distribution.

It is often referred to as a “goodness of fit” test.

The chi – square test statistic is given as:

x2      =       å (0 – E)2

E

Where

X2      =       Chi – square

O       =       Observed frequency

E       =       Expected frequency.

Decision Rule: Accept Ho if x2 cal < x2 tab. Otherwise reject and accept Hi

 

CONDITIONS FOR THE USE OF X2 TEST

  1. The sum of theoretical frequencies and observed frequencies should be equal.
  2. Degree of freedom must be equal to k – I – m; where k is the classes of observed frequencies and m is the number of parameters to be estimated.
  3. No cell should be less than five, but when a cell’s frequency is less than five, it should be pooled with neighboring frequencies if possible, otherwise the x2 approximation fails.
  4. Each observation could be classified into exactly one category and categories should be multiplied exclusively. Thus observations should fall into one and only one cell.
    • DATA PRESENTATION

YEAR 1995

CLASS FELONY TOTAL MISDEMEANOR TOTAL SIMPLE OFFENCE TOTAL GRAND TOTAL
SEX M F   M F   M F    
Jan.

Feb

March

April

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

 4

–

2

3

3

5

5

2

4

8

12

17

 1

–

–

2

–

3

2

3

1

3

9

6

 5

0

2

5

3

8

7

5

5

11

21

13

 5

–

–

3

4

6

8

13

11

19

11

2

 1

1

2

2

3

–

9

3

7

8

5

5

 6

1

2

5

7

6

17

16

18

27

16

7

 3

–

1

5

4

1

8

6

2

8

27

8

 1

1

3

5

3

6

3

3

2

11

19

2

 4

1

4

10

7

7

11

9

4

19

46

10

 15

2

8

20

17

21

35

30

27

57

83

30
Total 55 30 85 82 46 128 73 59 132 345

 

YEAR 1996

 

CLASS FELONY TOTAL MISDEMEANOR TOTAL SIMPLE OFFENCE TOTAL GRAND TOTAL
SEX M F   M F   M F    
Jan.

Feb

March

April

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

 4

1

4

2

1

6

2

6

3

5

7

8

 2

–

1

2

–

1

1

4

–

1

4

–

 6

1

5

4

1

7

3

10

3

6

11

8

 1

4

11

10

4

6

1

4

7

8

16

8

 2

13

6

10

12

7

6

8

10

6

5

4

 3

17

17

20

16

13

7

12

17

14

21

12

 2

1

4

3

1

17

3

2

6

12

18

23

 6

2

5

8

5

8

4

14

1

12

13

28

 8

3

9

11

6

25

7

16

7

24

31

51

 17

21

31

35

23

45

17

38

27

44

63

71
Total 49 16 65 80 89 169 92 106 198 432

 

 

 

 

YEAR 1997

CLASS FELONY TOTAL MISDEMEANOR TOTAL SIMPLE OFFENCE TOTAL GRAND TOTAL
SEX M F   M F   M F    
Jan.

Feb

March

April

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

 1

3

1

3

9

5

3

1

2

17

16

10

 –

5

–

1

5

1

4

–

2

2

2

23

 1

8

1

4

14

6

7

1

4

19

18

33

 2

8

2

1

18

4

12

2

7

11

9

7

 1

5

2

2

11

11

1

–

4

1

31

9

 3

13

4

3

29

15

13

2

11

12

40

16

 5

6

1

4

17

7

19

6

4

12

2

11

 3

4

1

1

25

11

6

2

1

16

9

40

 8

10

2

5

42

18

25

8

5

28

11

51

 12

31

7

12

85

39

45

11

20

59

69

100
Total 71 45 116 83 78 161 94 199 213 490

 

 

 

 

YEAR 1998

 

CLASS FELONY TOTAL MISDEMEANOR TOTAL SIMPLE OFFENCE TOTAL GRAND TOTAL
SEX M F   M F   M F    
Jan.

Feb

March

April

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

 8

3

3

1

3

30

6

8

11

7

14

12

 4

1

2

4

–

8

–

6

7

5

5

22

 12

4

5

5

3

38

6

14

18

12

19

34

 17

3

6

3

1

18

4

18

12

16

9

13

 10

16

6

2

–

33

3

6

3

10

20

15

 27

19

12

5

1

51

7

24

15

26

29

28

 7

–

1

1

1

–

–

5

1

16

12

6

 5

13

5

6

–

4

1

1

3

1

1

15

 12

13

6

7

1

4

1

6

4

17

13

21

 51

36

23

17

5

93

14

44

37

55

61

83
Total 106 64 170 120 124 50 50 55 105 519

 

 

 

YEAR 1999

 

CLASS FELONY TOTAL MISDEMEANOR TOTAL SIMPLE OFFENCE TOTAL GRAND TOTAL
SEX M F   M F   M F    
Jan.

Feb

March

April

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

 6

6

4

7

5

13

6

4

9

19

17

29

 1

–

3

6

2

4

2

1

7

9

29

2

 7

6

7

13

7

17

8

5

16

28

46

31

 2

4

7

4

1

12

4

4

4

9

14

3

 2

1

9

6

–

10

3

2

1

4

4

14

 4

5

16

10

1

22

7

6

5

13

18

17

 1

1

1

3

3

6

1

2

3

6

12

11

 2

–

1

5

–

6

5

–

2

4

3

2

 3

1

2

8

3

12

6

2

5

10

15

13

 14

12

25

31

11

51

21

13

26

51

79

61
Total 125 66 191 68 56 124 50 30 80 395

 

 

YEAR 2000

 

CLASS FELONY TOTAL MISDEMEANOR TOTAL SIMPLE OFFENCE TOTAL GRAND TOTAL
SEX M F   M F   M F    
Jan.

Feb

March

April

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

 2

1

17

7

11

15

3

5

27

19

16

10

 4

6

4

3

13

13

–

9

5

1

9

1

 6

7

21

10

24

28

3

14

32

20

25

11

 6

1

12

5

12

3

4

5

17

9

7

21

 4

–

–

–

2

3

2

5

10

2

6

9

 10

1

12

5

14

6

6

10

27

11

13

30

 3

2

14

2

1

1

1

19

9

17

7

15

 2

–

2

–

1

2

–

9

1

10

–

6

 5

2

16

2

2

3

1

28

10

27

7

21

 21

10

49

17

40

37

10

52

69

58

45

62
Total 133 68 201 102 43 145 91 33 124 470

 

 

 

 

 

 

YEAR 2001

 

CLASS FELONY TOTAL MISDEMEANOR TOTAL SIMPLE OFFENCE TOTAL GRAND TOTAL
SEX M F   M F   M F    
Jan.

Feb

March

April

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

 5

7

9

15

2

13

3

5

6

14

14

31

 6

1

9

22

6

4

9

2

7

3

20

13

 11

8

18

37

8

17

12

7

13

17

34

44

 15

9

10

7

4

17

23

9

12

15

16

19

 10

3

1

5

8

2

22

4

15

16

14

20

 25

12

11

12

12

19

45

13

27

31

30

39

 8

37

14

17

28

2

8

16

10

7

13

10

 8

13

13

10

21

–

6

8

6

6

8

1

 16

50

27

27

49

2

14

24

16

13

21

11

 52

70

56

76

69

38

71

44

56

61

85

94
Total 124 102 226 156 120 276 170 100 270 772

 

 

 

YEAR 2002

 

CLASS FELONY TOTAL MISDEMEANOR TOTAL SIMPLE OFFENCE TOTAL GRAND TOTAL
SEX M F   M F   M F    
Jan.

Feb

March

April

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

 46

9

39

27

48

3

27

15

10

17

22

16

 8

7

3

32

30

3

2

10

6

25

9

10

 54

16

42

59

78

6

29

25

16

42

1

26

 9

14

25

9

32

17

12

18

29

12

15

23

 7

13

13

9

14

15

10

9

18

6

10

15

 16

27

38

18

46

32

22

27

47

18

5

38

 2

19

15

1

9

17

27

7

16

29

32

22

 2

29

5

1

8

11

11

9

11

9

16

24

 4

48

0

2

17

28

38

16

27

38

48

46

 74

91

100

79

141

66

89

68

90

98

104

110
Total 279 145 424 215 139 354 196 136 332 1110

YEAR 2003

 

CLASS FELONY TOTAL MISDEMEANOR TOTAL SIMPLE OFFENCE TOTAL GRAND TOTAL
SEX M F   M F   M F    
Jan.

Feb

March

April

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

 24

27

9

21

13

5

7

41

12

9

28

42

 20

8

18

18

33

6

6

22

35

2

55

30

 44

35

27

39

46

11

13

63

47

11

83

72

 9

15

11

14

17

3

38

11

9

5

25

8

 7

14

5

1

4

24

13

27

43

3

23

5

 16

29

16

15

21

27

51

38

52

8

48

13

 7

10

9

12

9

15

5

14

6

18

16

21

 7

11

38

29

4

3

3

10

15

33

23

19

 14

21

47

41

13

18

8

24

21

51

39

40

 74

85

90

95

80

56

72

125

120

70

170

125
Total 238 253 491 165 169 334 142 195 337 1162

 

 

 

 

 

 

YEAR 2004

 

CLASS FELONY TOTAL MISDEMEANOR TOTAL SIMPLE OFFENCE TOTAL GRAND TOTAL
SEX M F   M F   M F    
Jan.

Feb

March

April

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

 2`

15

21

9

4

12

11

19

14

1

21

8

 16

26

31

30

2

19

3

26

40

7

40

39

 18

41

52

37

6

31

14

45

54

8

61

47

 15

4

18

22

12

71

9

38

19

12

28

1

 41

17

8

38

15

12

28

14

6

5

33

12

 56

21

26

60

27

83

37

52

25

17

61

13

 6

17

15

1

17

18

19

8

27

14

19

41

 –

13

5

–

17

19

6

15

4

37

25

20

 6

30

20

1

34

37

25

23

31

51

44

61

 80

92

98

100

67

151

76

120

110

76

166

121

 
Total 137 279 416 249 229 478 202 161 363 1257

 

 

  • PROBLEMS OF DATA COLLECTION
  1. TIME FACTOR: Time inadequacy is one of the major constraints that pose difficulties on the data collection exercise. The limited time available had to be shared to accommodate other academic activities and other issues.
  2. INSUFFICIENT FUND: Owing to the fact the required information is not readily available; much money was spent in order to ensure that only reliable and complete data was used for this work. In addition, funds are required for transportation, journals and texts consulted and photocopies made.
  3. INSUFFICIENT DATA SUPPLIED: During the process of data collection, the needed information’s were not coordinated due to the decentralized nature of statistical production in the state. This leads to a situation where we have lots of agencies in the state and police departments as the works of all these agencies have to and are being coordinated with great difficulty and strain.
  4. POOR RECORD KEEPING: We had the problem of record keeping, leading respondents to give information from memory with all its attendant risks of memory lapses.

A close scouting of the available information reveals that records were not well kept on the shelves and more so, they find it difficult to release the data because of the fear that it may be put to uses which are inimical to them.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Statistic project topics and material preview

A STATISTICAL QUALITY CONTROL IN THE BAKER INDUSTRY (A CASE STUDY OF HIGHLIFE BAKERY EMENE ENUGU)

Leave a comment

A STATISTICAL QUALITY CONTROL IN THE BAKER INDUSTRY

(A CASE STUDY OF HIGHLIFE BAKERY EMENE ENUGU)

 

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 3000 NAIRA

 

                                   ORDER NOW

MAKE YOUR PAYMENT  INTO ANY OF THE FOLLOWING BANKS:
 GTBANK
Account Name : Chi E-Concept Int’l
ACCOUNT NUMBER:  0115939447
First Bank:
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
Account Name: 3059320631

We also accept :   ATM transfer , online money  transfer 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

Enter Amount

form>

Call Help Desk Line :  08074466939,08063386834.

After Payment Send Your Payment Details To

08074466939 Or 08063386834,   The Project Title  You  Selected On Our Website , Amount Paid, Depositor Name, Your Email Address, Payment Date. You Will Receive Your Material In Less Than 1 Hour Once We Confirm Your Payment.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

You may also need:  web design company in Nigeria   

Bulk sms company in Nigeria

 

 

ABSTRACT

          The thesis of “statistical quality control on the production of Bread” emphasizes on the application of statistical techniques in the creation of goods statistical techniques in the creation of goods and services which is of utmost important to humanity.  Everyday, human being makes use of manufactured products for their daily consumption and livelihood.  This consumers are ignorant of the processes the food had gone trough before consumption.  They are also ignorant of how the raw materials were collected, how they are processed, they are only involved at last stage of the production which is the eventual resulted output from the raw materials.

 

Therefore, it is of immense important that trails and correction of errors are following continuously in the production process in a firm such that when errors and short comings are corrected, it will provide an area for a reliable but standardized quality of output thereby enhancing the products as well as giving the desirable quality of products to the entire members of the society In this research work, there is every tendency to illustrate this desirable impact of quality control in production of bread.

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page                                                                                ii

Certification                                                                                      iii

Dedication                                                                               iv

Acknowledgement                                                                             v

Abstract                                                                                  vi

Table of contents                                                                     vii

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction                                                                                      1

1.1     Background of the study                                                         1

1.2     Statement of the problems                                             3

1.3     Aims/objectives of the study                                          5

1.4     Limitation of the study                                                  6

1.5     Definition of terms                                                                  7

CHAPTER TWO

The Review Of The Related Literature                                    11

CHAPTER THREE

Research methodology                                                            25

3.1     Steps to consider when constructing

acceptance sampling secheme                                        37

3.2     The role of statistics in production industry                           38

CHAPTER FOUR

Data analysis and presentation                                                         39

4.1     Method of data collection                                              39

4.2     Summary/interpretation of results                                 59

CHAPTER FIVE

Conclusion                                                                              61

5.1     Summary of the study                                                   61

5.2     Findings                                                                         63

5.3     Conclusion                                                                     64

5.4     Recommendation                                                           65

Bibliography                                                                  67

 


CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

          Production as the term entails creation of goods and services which is important to humanity.  The concept of statistical study encompasses the whole activities involved in the process of collection, organisation, analyzing, presentation and interpretation of the numerical data collected.  Quality control comprise the system of inspection analysis and action applied to a manufacturing operation in inspecting a small portion of product anvently produced.

 

In modern day industries, the complexities of industrial production and management has proved it necessary that the management must be supplied with statistical data of those concerning output, cost of raw materials etc, in order to achieve greater effectiveness in the combination of these factors used in production.

 

The statistical concept which involves the systematic collective of numerical data and the scientific method of drawing conclusion, inference to result on the basis of the collected information.  This two processes correspond to the main branches of statistics which are descriptive and inferential statistics respectively and which made them applicable to all human endeavours.

 

Therefore the introduction of quality control as a statistical technique will enable firms to avoid shortcoming in the running and executive of function in such organisation. The standard of the product of an industry depends on it’s quality, most production firms encounter some problems in the quality levels of their products.  Before production starts a decision is necessary so as to know what is to be made.  Next comes the actual manufacturing of the product.

 

Finally it must be determined whether the product manufactured is what was intended.  It is convenient to think of all matters related to quality of manufacturing product in terms of these function of specification production, and inspection.

 

Although the introduction of process inspection is some time a by product, it should be noted that a direct object of statistical quality control is to provides a new tool that makes process inspection more effective.  The information obtained by process inspection – either conducted by roving inspections or by machine operators themselves is often misused to make too frequent machine adjustments.

 

Therefore the use of statistical quality control is based on.     Whether to continue production, to stop production and look for an assignable cause of defect.

 

1.2     STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

          Product standardization of an industry depends on it’s quality.  Some problems are being encountered during production in the quality level of their products.  Before product starts, a decision is necessary so as to know what is to be made or produce. After that comes the actual manufacturing of the products than manufacture red is as following.

In examining the theoretical process of bread or bakery.  There is the obvious involvement of measurement of quantities and the mixing of proportionate quantities of raw materials and even the timing of the process.

Therefore the use of statistical quality control is based on

  1. Whether to continued production or
  2. To s top production and look for an assignable cause of detects.

Here it should be noted that a treat object of statistical quality control is to provide a better ways to improve product quality.  The issues of acceptance of raw material and manufactured product will meet bias judgement if a statistical standard is not, used in the judgement of acceptance and rejection of manufactured products.  Some questions came to my mind.  Do some of these manufactured bakery bread that consumers buy conform to the set standard for them?

 

1.3     AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

          The study of quality control has given a lot of impact in modern day industries.  This is due to scientific method under which it is being used in achieving the desired good in the quality standard of output produced.  When we talk about quality control in the industries. Will say the degree to which a product meets the requirement of the customers.  There are many aims and objectives while it should be embraced, and some of these reasons are.

To construct statistical quality control chart for the key raw materials in use to maintain process assessment of both men and machine finally to output stage.

To construct statistical quality control for the product of highlife bakery Emene to revealed some practical problems that may arise is the control of Bakery Industries.

To also suggest better ways of improving product quality in Highlife Bakery.

 

1.4     LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

          In the course of this study, I encounter many problems and moralization from some industries and other things I intended to study on.   Thus I made sure I fought tooth and nail to see that win or achieved my goal.  Some of this problems encounter are:

  1. Problems in time schedule: I encountered problems of deferred appointment.  Both where I collected my data and where I collected the materials I sued in writing.
  2. Expenses encountered during the collection of these data both transportation and other miscellaneous expenses too numerous to mention.
  3. Insufficient materials: There was not enough statistical quality control test book in school library.  This required me going from one library to the other and also some organisation like standard organisation of Nigeria to collect material to write on.
  4. Companies turned me down due to the suspicious nature of the job. They refused to allow me enter their production section, may be on the process of the research, secrets in their product might made public.

By going to Highlife Bakery Company to collect those data needed and ask them question for the workers or production manager.

 

1.5     DEFINITION OF TERMS

  1. CONTROL CHART: This is a graphical display of actual measurement of a quality characteristics on a chart showing limits which reflect the process capability on the characteristics
  2. QUALITY CONTROL: This is the degree to which a product meets the requirement of the customer
  3. PROCESS CONTROL: This is a method of statistical quality control used during production while the production is being made.
  4. SPECIFICATION LIMITS: These are those variation that exist within a specified standard.  This include the upper and lower control limit which provides the basis for the acceptance or rejection of input material and the finished goods.
  5. PROCESS VARIABILITY: This is those differences among process existing within the specified unit.
  6. RECTIFICATION: This is 100% inspection of a lot or batch reflected so as to remove all the defective and replace them.
  7. SPECIFICATION: A specification is a set of standard to which a process is to conform to difference unit.
  8. ATTRIBUTE: A qualitative characteristics of an items
  9. QUALITY: Degree of selective excellence good attribute.
  10. Control charts is a chart on which the quality control characteristics be of a product being analyzed are plotted in sequence as a function of time
  11. DEFECTIVE: This is a standard that the goods have run short of expectation.
  12. PRODUCTION: Putting together of some material or effort to reach object.
  13. STANDARD SPECIFICATION: A specification adopted for use by a trade associate.
  14. TOLERANCE: Is the variability allowed is a process line.
  15. STATISTICAL TOLERANCE LIMITS: The limits computed from the results of a sample test between which under a given assumptions.
  16. STATISTICS: A branch of science which has to do with data collection which represents fact.
  17. QUALITY DESIGN: It deals with measure of the excellence of the design in relation to the customer’s requirement.
  18. ASSURANCE: Which is the provision of evidence is proof that requirement have been met.
  19. ACCEPTANCE SAMPLING: Is a tool for the quality of manufactured product.

 

 

 

Continue reading A STATISTICAL QUALITY CONTROL IN THE BAKER INDUSTRY (A CASE STUDY OF HIGHLIFE BAKERY EMENE ENUGU) →

Statistic project topics and material preview

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF EXAMINATION MALPRACTICE IN THE TERTIARY INSTITUTION (A CASE STUDY OF IMT, ENUGU)

Leave a comment

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF EXAMINATION MALPRACTICE IN THE TERTIARY INSTITUTION

(A CASE STUDY OF IMT, ENUGU)

 

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 3000 NAIRA

 

                                   ORDER NOW

MAKE YOUR PAYMENT  INTO ANY OF THE FOLLOWING BANKS:
 GTBANK
Account Name : Chi E-Concept Int’l
ACCOUNT NUMBER:  0115939447
First Bank:
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
Account Name: 3059320631

We also accept :   ATM transfer , online money  transfer 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

Enter Amount

form>

Call Help Desk Line :  08074466939,08063386834.

After Payment Send Your Payment Details To

08074466939 Or 08063386834,   The Project Title  You  Selected On Our Website , Amount Paid, Depositor Name, Your Email Address, Payment Date. You Will Receive Your Material In Less Than 1 Hour Once We Confirm Your Payment.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

You may also need:  web design company in Nigeria   

Bulk sms company in Nigeria

 

 

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page

Certification

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Table of contents

 

CHAPTER ONE:         INTRODUCTION

  • Statement of problem
  • Examination malpractice
  • Aims and objectives
  • Statement of hypothesis
  • Scope of the study
  • Significance of the study
  • Limitation of the study
  • Terminology associated with exams malpractice

 

 

CHAPTER TWO        

  • Literature Review

 

CHAPTER THREE:    METHODOLOGY

  • The target population
  • Statistical sample design
  • Determination of sample size
  • Method of data collection
  • Problems encounter during data collection
  • Sex distribution of respondents
  • Age distribution of respondents
  • Distribution by sex and academic level
  • Method of data analysis
  • The chi-square (x2) test
  • Assumption on the use of x2 test
  • Formular distribution for spiegel (1992)
  • Calculation of expected frequency
  • The contingency co-efficient
  • Testing the significance of the continuance co-efficient
  • Student opinion on the causes of examination malpractice in institute of management technology
  • Contribution of the method of teaching in the school to students’ lact of interest
  • Student on the common form of examination malpractice in the institute of management
  • Distribution of student opinion on school that is most often involved in exam malpractice.

 

CHAPTER FOUR

  • Presentation and analysis of statistical data
  • Using pie chart
  • Using multiple bar chart

 

CHAPTER FIVE

  • Summary of findings recommendation and conclusion
  • Summary of finding
  • Recommendation and conclusion

Bibliography

Appendix i

Appendix ii

Appendix iii

Appendix iv

 

 


CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

1.1     STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

          That we are living in a changing world is a popular statement which needs little explanation especially when the knowledge of today can be the fully of tomorrow or when a human being of today can oil to exist on the day that follows when such natural phenomena occur, one does not bother as to ask why these happen out when they are accompanied by abnormal happenings on become worried and asks why which he seldom finds and such is examination malpractice.

 

Examination malpractices in our tertiary institution have become a social molady which have adversely affected the have and have notes, the hardworking and society in general such corrupt practices have succeeded in tarnishing the past government and management of such institution employed different strategies to move up the shameful situation from our tertiary institution, but unfortunately all their efforts were uneventful or uncertainly.

 

 1.2    BACKGROUND OF STUDY

          Some of the examination rules which one should not violate are.

  • Avoiding conversation while examination is in progress
  • Coming into the hall with you identity card
  • Submitting answer script after proper endured before going out of the hall
  • Refrain oneself from copying or writing for another obedience to the invigilator.
  • Not coming to the hall with expected answer written as pieces of paper.

 

As regards to these rules, one who violate them is likely to face the consequences for it by the committee.  The punishment depends on the magnitude of the offence. Some of the offence after being looked into by the committee one is asked to withdraw from the institution or stay back.  These culprit would not be caught without the proper vigilance of the invigilator or supervisor.  Therefore, having seen from above I can now say malpractice is legal action taken by a person in a position of trust.  This means when applied to examination situation that any contrary action performed by someone against certain examination regulation can be termed examination malpractice.

Statistics has shown the examination malpractice became a very common they in early eighteen and as a result, the instant had to set up a coming that will have to be looking into these malpractice cases.  This committee was inaugurated in 1982/83 and was called “Examination Malpractice Committee”.

 

This committee spells out the appropriate punishment for any culprits involve.

According to the institution (IMT) academe and examination regulations prepared in June 1992, some of the regulation which candidates are required to comply with are.

  1. All students shall arrive at the designated examination hall thirty minutes before the scheduled time.
  2. No student shall enter the hall unless they are asked to do so by the co-ordinator
  • A student must enter examination hall with current original school fees receipt current identity card, pencil etc
  1. Calculator if required but not a programmable type
  2. Ruler and any other material table etc that may be permitted by the chief invigilator.
  3. If a candidate report to the examination without his/her I.D card, he/she should report to the chief – co-ordinators with a recent passport photograph endorsed by the it on

If it is discovered that the person who wrote the examination is not the owner of the identity card, it became a case of impersonation.

  • No candidate shall have other material in his/her possession, even a private letter, while he/she is inside the examination hall.
  • No caps, head ties and sun-glasses shall be allowed and student writing the same paper shall not sit side by side.
  1. No candidate is allowed to enter the examination hall sixty 960) minutes after the examination hall is prohibited.
  2. Students are not allowed to tear any paper from either the question paper or answer script for any purpose including rough work. All rough works must be done at the back of his/her answer scripts and then be cancelled.  No rough work is permitted on the question paper on the desk at his or palm or anything else other than the answer scrip.
  3. No student wishing to draw the attention of invigilators to  any particular issue shall do only by raising his/her hand.
  • No alteration or cancellation is allowed on the registration number and blank spaces must be ruled across by students.
  • All students in the examination hall entitled to sign the attendance shall I.D cards to the invigilator who will then sign your answer script indication that you are presence in the examination day.
  • Student shall ensure that they enter the question attempted in the appropriate columns on the front cover of the script.
  1. Student must rule across all blank spaces of the examination answer booklets used during the examination i.e. either by cheating, copying, using material etc other than the one specified.

 

1.3     AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

The aims and objectives of this study are

  1. To find out whether examination malpractice depend on sex, school, academic level.
  2. To determine whether examination malpractice committee has helped to reduce examination malpractice in IMT.
  3. To know the commonest examination practice in IMT
  4. To determine the school/faculty that indulges most in examination malpractice in IMT and suggest why.
  5. To suggest its effect on the standard of education for example on IMT and to suggest ways of minimizing them.
  6. To find out whether lecturers has contributed to the examination.

 

1.4     STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS

  1. Null Hypothesis: There is no significant different between exam misconduct and exam conduct.

H1:     There is significant different between exam misconduct and exam conduct.

  1. H0: There is no significant different between examination and malpractice.

H1:     There is significant between examination and.

 

1.5     SCOPE OF THE STUDY

There are about thirty six (36) states in Nigeria including the Federal Capital Territory Abuja, however, the study was limited to Enugu State.  Enugu had been the capital of eastern region, and the economic operation that take place in other states of the federation is also carried out within the same socio – economic environment as a result, it was considered a fairly representative sample.

In other words as a result of the topic it serves that to some circumstances, 1 limited it to a particular school called IMT and limited to both female and male regular undergraduate.

 

1.6     SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

          Examination malpractice can be seen as a short cut to academic glory and it can be seen as a good benefit to those whoever be involve in it.

 

 

1.7     LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

          The subject, exam malpractice will be very vast in study if it is to be discussed alone. As regards this work is limited on the statistics analysis of the causes and effects of exams malpractice in the tertiary institution.

In this work, it is expended to answer certain question as regard the topic at state.  Some of the questions ought to be answered are:

Likely question

  1. What is examination malpractice?
  2. What leads to exam malpractice?
  3. What are the consequences of exam malpractice?
  4. How can the issue of stake be eliminated from our tertiary instillation

 

1.8     TERMINOLOGY ASSOCIATED WITH EXAM MALPRACTICE IN IMT

EXAMINATION

A process of putting question forward in order to test knowledge or get information.

 

IMPERSONATION

Impersonation is when somebody pretends to be or act the part of somebody else.

In this case of study, this simply means when a student that is convinced to be more intelligent enters into the examination hall to assist somebody that seems to be less privilege and regulation, governing examination.

EXAM CONDUCT

Manner and ways exam are being scheduled and carried out effectively.  It is usually carried out at a given period according to the school calendar.

MALPRACTICE COMMITTEE

These are set of people or group of people that are selected from various department which statistics is inclusive to into cases of people who view the case or different people.  This is as a result of new development from the accused that is not convincing enough to the management.

EXAMS MISCONDUCT

This is going against the rules governing  an examination ie either by cheating, copying, using  material other than the one specified.

SLANGS

WHISTLING

Is another, which the candidate that is connects to exam malpractice adopts in drawing attention of his/her colleague to answer his/her demand base on the question on the exam paper which he know nothing or little about.

It happens that when this whistling occurs, the partner of the bearer is always alerted to supply any required material to satisfy the others need through any possible channel that is open him/her.

BODY LANGUAGE OR SIGN LANGUAGE

This is a special act of examination malpractice which candidates commonly adopt during examination test.  This system of coding and decoding information through sign language and is widely spread out among students of exam malpractice in the examination hall believe that it is difficult understand what is happening in the examination premises.

Some of those signs could be raising up a finger tip of various types to indicate problems or translate reply information.

RANXEROXING

Photocopying another candidates answer.

GIRAFING

Elogation of one’s neck in order to copy another work.

 

EXPO

A displayed answer to a question on a rough note or piece of paper, which have the contents of answering or relates ideas on any unknown examination question.

GHOST CANDIDATE

It implies to a structure who appears to represent another with take identities with the claims of being the one partaking in examination on its own interest.

MICROCHIPS

The most popular and most common cheating strategy is the possession of another person’s unauthorized material by somebody that relieve it or some body else is known as microchip otherwise known as “fast guy no be thief”.

OMIKIRIKIRI

It is the act of using reminder.

 

 

DIRECT ENTRY OR COUNTERFEIT FORMULA

It involves multiple registration, a situation where the student make dual registration, using a bongus number for the other.

MASS COLLUSION

This is another method adopted by students cheat by the entire class members and in this case a question of born again no deep.

HARDMANISM

The use of physical might in which student snatch question paper from invigilator.

SHORT – PUT

The throwing of written answers to choice candidate in the hall.

 

 

Continue reading STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF EXAMINATION MALPRACTICE IN THE TERTIARY INSTITUTION (A CASE STUDY OF IMT, ENUGU) →