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A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF REPORTED CASES OF ROAD ACCIDENT IN ANAMBRA STATE (1994 – 2003) (A CASE STUDY OF FEDERAL ROAD SAFETY COMMISSION AWKA)

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A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF REPORTED CASES OF ROAD ACCIDENT IN ANAMBRA STATE  (1994 – 2003)

(A CASE STUDY OF FEDERAL ROAD SAFETY COMMISSION AWKA)

 

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TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page

Approval page

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Table of content

CHAPTER ONE

1.0     Introduction

  • Statement of problem
  • Aims and objectives
  • Scope of the study
  • Significant of the study

CHAPTER TWO

2.0     Literature review

  • Background of FRSC

CHAPTER THREE

3.0     Research methodology

  • Collection of data and scope
  • Problem encountered during data collection
  • Components of time series
  • Method of analysis
  • Forecasting
  • Moving average models
  • Thesis for hypothesis
  • Complete randomized design (CRD).
  • Presentation and preliminary treatment of data

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0     Analysis of data

  • Different tables of data

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0     Summary

  • Conclusion
  • Recommendations

Reference

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.0     INTRODUCTION

Accident is a situation in which someone is injured or something is damaged without anyone intending them to be. Accident may come in any form at any time and place. They occur to any person and even animals irrespective of its size, age, sex or status. One feature about accidents in particular road accidents, is that it often leads to economic loss, permanent disfigure and untimely death.

Road accident is a frequent occurrence in Nigeria and in Anambra State. The rate of road accident on our major highways is believed to be on the increase and the result has always been unpleasant. Road accident has been the major concern of successive government in this country because it involves loss of live and properties. Reckless and careless drivers as well as corrupt traffic policemen who allow these drivers to fly our roads sometimes with worn-oni types have converted our public highways into slaughter zone because of inordinate has for money and material wealth as well as corruption and bibery.

Some of these road accidents can be: (a) PATAL (b) GHASTLY (c) MAJOR (d) MINOR

  • PATAL ACCIDENT: This type of accident may result in someone’s death.
  • GHASTLY ACCIDENT: This kind of accident makes the victim to be very frightened, upset or shocked. In this type of accident injury can be sustained.
  • MAJOR ACCIDENT: This is the form of accident that may have very serious or worrying result. It may be loss of lives through injury.
  • MINOR ACCIDENT: This form of accident is small and not serious especially when compared with other forms of accident. Scrape of car paint or a slight damage to the car can be classified as minor accidents.

These road accidents were attributed to the following, causes, bad roads and bridges. In the previous years, road accidents were attributed to bad road and bridges, but today successive government have brought improvement on our roads by building expressways and good bridges. The question now is why are there still so many road accidents?. The newly built roads are in state of disrepair. There are bumps on some of these new roads, some of which are not maintained. The natures of vehicle contribute a lot to road accidents. Some vehicles have family brakes and worn out tyre.

Moreover, excessive speed and negligence of drivers are causes of accidents which should not be forgotten. Improperly overtaking or cutting in causing road accident. Overloading can as well cause accident. Animals not under control can cause accident on our highways. Intoxication, children and adult crossing carelessly can equally cause road accident on our highway. Many families are daily thrown into sudden mourning because they have lost relatives on highways. Effective measures need to be taken to ensure that merely traveling on Nigerian roads is not an almost certain preparation for the graveyard.

The governments at the federal and state levels have on several occasions’ laundered road safety campaign and the police have been in significant change in the rate of road accidents. This cannot be left alone for Institutes; administrative bodies should join hands towards solving this problem of road accident.

Thus, this work is concerned with the statistical analysis of the reported cases of road accidents aimed at identifying the factors influencing road accidents in Nigeria, which may help in finding lasting solution.

  • STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The road accident problem has assumed such proportion in recent years that our highways have virtually turned into slaughter zones. Many illustrious sons and daughter of this state have been untimely snatched away through ghastly motor accidents.

In very many cases especially in the few cities of the state, cars are destroyed, electric poles are damaged and as a result electric cables are broken. At some places along the road, structures are damaged when vehicles accidentally run into them and of course people lose their lives.

It is in view of those during tragedies that careful studies of road accidents need to be made for the state in order to help make useful recommendation of ways of at least reducing the road accidents.

  • AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

The aims and objectives of this study are as follows:

  • To identify the categories of vehicles which cause the accidents in Anambra state.
  • To identify the major causes of wad accidents in Anambra state.
  • To determine the trend of road accidents.
  • To determine the number of deaths that result per month due to road accidents.
    • SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Human faults contribute a lot to the incessant road accidents. These faults avoided by the parties concerned, the government and individuals could help quench of accidents on our roads.

This study therefore will go a long way to help in following ways:

  • To determine if the trend is increasing or decreasing
  • To know the major causes of road accidents.
  • To know the actual number of death per month in the state.
  • To identify the type of vehicle that causes the greatest accidents in the state.
    • SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This is a study for a period of ten years (1993-2003) and it covers all the major roads in Anambra state. The data for this project was collected from federal road safety commission (FRSC) Awka with the research officer FRSC Awka.

CHAPTER TWO

2.0     LITERATURE REVIEW

Many research works on road accidents have been done in some other parts of the country. Why it was necessary to do literature review is to see the shortcomings of the methodologies apply by the other researchers and to take advantage of it.

Ihezie (1973) studies the causes of road accidents in Enugu province based on the data he collected for the period (19970-1992). He used the method of least square and moving averages as the tool for analysis, and concluded this road accidents in Enugu for the period under study was increasing and followed seasonal pattern.

Anayo (1976), based his own analysis on the data he collected for Bendel state for the period (19972-1975). The multiplicative model of time series analysis was applied to the data. He calculated spearman’s rank correlation co-efficient. Anayo used these methods because the population from which the samples were drawn was not normally distributed. Anayo concluded this road accidents followed seasonal variation and that highway accidents were on the increase in the area as of the period under study.

Dele (1983), studies the causes of road accidents for Oyo state for the period (19976-1982).  Again the multiplicative model of time series and regression were applied to the data. The parametric method for correlation co-efficient was used. Dele tested for normality and found that the population from where the samples were taken or drawn was normally distributed. Dele used least square method to fit in the trend. He also used ratio for moving average to calculate seasonal indices. He concluded that road accidents and death resulting from them are on the increase and that accidents followed a seasonal variation.

Ebele (1986) in the study for old Anambra state road accidents for the period (1980-1985) used time series analysis, Regression analysis and chi-square test for independence. He found the trend that road accidents in the area followed seasonal variation.

Anthony (1992) did similar analysis for Oshimli local government area of Delta for the period (1982-199). The multiplicative model of time series and regression analysis were applied to the data. He concluded that accidents are on the increase and that excessive speed and improper overtaking on the part of the driver were the major causes of road accidents in the area as of the period under study.

Okechukwu (1994) did the similar analysis for Anambra state for the period (1984-1993) the used chi-square in testing for normality and concluded that data on deaths are normally distributed. Again he used correlation analysis to test whether accidents and deaths resulting in Anambra state are positively correlated and concluded that they are positively correlated. The equally tested for linearity using time series analysis and concluded that time and accidents are linearly related.

Iynette Show and Herbert Sichel (196) “Man is the streets definitely subscribes to the idea that certain people are for more lively to have accident than others and more emphatic on subject of road accident. He will laugh at yon if you suggest that accident (expect perhaps his own) is a matter of chance and there is no great disparity between one driver and the other. This led to the believe that certain people are indeed more likely to have accident than others, and that these people will be incapacitated in the process”

Mctarland (1962), stressed that it gad not been convincingly demonstrated that on appreciate number of people tend to have more accidents than others under conditions of equal exposure.

Mr. Etaghene (Nigeria tribune, March 13 1985 page 3) revealed that Nigeria had the highest number of road accidents in the worked, according to federal ministry of transport sources.

The said that police statistics for the year revealed that there thirty two thousand one hundred and nine (32,109) road accidents in which ten thousand, four hundred and sixty two (10,462) deaths were recorded while twenty six thousand eight hundred. In addition to loss of property, damages medical expenses and others unmentioned. He stressed that poor maintenance of high way’s and narrow roads cause accident.

Mr. Etaghene also emphasized this air road deserve better road signs. The fall that there are strangers on our reads is not taken organisatance of giving more often than not, requiring split second decision and any error of indecision contd lead to fatal consequences.

  1. A Epicson (196) asserted that the ability to make decision in traffic which is truth quick and accurate is something that should be cultivated during training. A decision may be worse than useless if it is unduty delayed. Fatal accidents n the road are infact more frequent than milder accidents. The degrees of vigilance exercised by a drive on the road should be adjusted to the needs of the moment.

Furthermore, it is not the during test that should be of paramount consideration but the training if the training is sound the test is a formality on the hand, no test can compensate for inferior training. Stephen Black (196), suggested that although people consciously approve safety measures, they take very different attitude unconsciously and may even enjoy seeing accidents. Life for most people is boring.

Ernest Marple (1959) declared that everybody on the road should drive as if the other chaps were a complete fool since there is no way of knowing who is a foolish driver, the best is to act as if the other drive belongs to the category of foolish once. This will entail large margins of safety clearance, wide berths and so forth.

John Cohen (1971), stressed that people that are alleged to the excessive vulnerable are people suffering from heart disease or epilepsy who may suddenly collapse at the wheel. All dent from these cases are relatively rare, perhaps one in a thousand according to a recent investigation.

John Cohen and Barbara authors of “causes and prevention of road accident” pointed out that the number of people killed or injured on road in 1965 was so percent greater than in 1955. They maintained that except for pedestrians the casualty rales for each class of road user has increased since 1955. In other words, for each class of road users sensualities are growing faster than the traffic.

They went further “if we had the will we should find ways, for we cannot assume that the problems of road safety are beyond the wit of man to solve once they are identified. We do not sufficiently moved by disaster on the road”.

John Chen maintained that to measure each driver’s skill on performance he was required not merely say what he though he could do, but actually what he did. It has been taken for granted that safe driver is the conformist the continues person or one million by range.

Schubert and Spoorer (1967) wrote on the subject of education of driver. “A multiple offender is defined as a person receiving three or more penalties for road offences over two years, each offence being registered at the central traffic and able reported to the local traffic authority”.

BACKGROUND OF (FRSC) FEDERAL ROAD SAFETY COMMISSION.

The development of high way code and the design of it. FRSC was see up or established with decree 45 of Feb 1988, signifies the honest intension of the federal government in road safety matter and accident prevention matter.

In order to create and enabling environment, for the enforcement of this traffic regulation. FRSC adopt a strategy which favors aggressive public education and road safety awardees campaign.  In 1989, the revised highway code was created, therefore which marks another dimension in the effects of the federal road safety commission at property growing Nigerian motorize. The high code was revised in order to meet up with the several technical transformations which both the vehicle and the road have gone through as a result of modernization.

The federal military government inaugurated a FRC corps in Feb 1988, the intension was a directive by the federal military government to the FRC corps to build more scientifically on the successes of its predecessor. This revised Highway Code which is one the fundamental instrument in the intendments of these goals. That was why Prof. Wole Shyinka, the founder of FRC and then chairman FRC  made a comments “our sense of mission today continues unabated rooted in the conviction that every man, woman and child in this nation has a right to life and to a life in which all his/her faculty are in tight” Not a right to life as an affiliated by a visue or oral handicap, not as patdud work.

The result of multiple skin graft after third degree burns in a high way infenior not worst of all as a mere vegetable in a weal share, hearing without the ability to respond, impervons to sensation which you and I were accept as norms of mindful existence, becoming in its own harrowing, dimension, part of the ever weading of  wested human resources or to use an expression with wish we must be familiar yet another fragic view of “the wested generation” The content of the revised high code have being design towards the fulfilment of this mandate and it is the responsibility of every road user to this country to master their lesson and to observe them strictly.

Before the inception of FRC, road safety campaign have proof beneficial, therefore it is imperative that people should understand how to drive safely.

Prof. Wole Shoyinka and the first Chief executive Dr Olu Agunnoye design the basic assignment of commission now cause and stated in the degree;

  1. The prevention of road accident.
  2. The reduction of high rate of accident figures as were obtain from unoted nation of 1948
  3. Clearning obstructions on any part of the highway which may constitute or may lead to accident.
  4. Educating drivers, motorists and other member of the public generally on the proper use of the highways.
  5. Given prompt and care to victims of accidents
  6. They conduct researchers into causes of accidents and method of preventing and putting into use the result of such researchers.

Majority of our drivers in the country are illiterates and this has contributed a lot to road accidents. the commission believes that there should be road signs and literate vehicles drivers are also exacted to be safety conscious every time.

The commission has embarked on public education programme across the nation on road safety. Also the message of the commission is passed to the public through the mass media, seminars, conferences etc or defensive driving techniques. In fact drivers apprehended before the 28th of March 1989 were only lectured on road signs and defensive driving techniques.

Many drivers, an feeling that he is about to be overtaken by a driver of hanger car, feels insatiable urged to engage in life and death tussle with him. The foolish and reckless tussle is on the ground that a smaller car should keep its place. At time a male driver may feel challenged by a female driver when he must overtake at any price. In same cases, it is just that a car older or newer which had been in rear for a time and then by some stroke of fortime, has jumped in front, All these circumstance the driver falls that his self esteem is threatened, Few mortals can accept on a spirit of magnanimity the dreadful limitation in a stains rider society of being out witted or elbowed out on the road.

Babara preston (1962) highlights much on the external factor that cause road accident. She maintaiins that if a tyre bust, this would normally be considered the cause. The burst may however, have due to traveling too fast for too long or to the driver’s false economy in using worn or remolded types stark made a survey of tyre failures on the motorway and floured that nearly a quarter of all cars on the road had one or more tyres in poor condition and that the risk of a burst on the motorway using remolded tyres was about twenty times the risk of using tubeless tyres.

Isabel Manzies (1975) who studied driver’s attitudes by a group discussion method which she thought facilitates access to emotional factors influencing behaviour found that many drivers consider that road improvement is the main and almost the only, condition for road safety. The congestion and journey time but they many or may not reduce accidents.

Buchannan (1983) commented on the likely increase in cars in the next fifty years and estimated that by the year 2010, there would probably be about 40 million vehicles on the road, 30 million of them private cars. He then wondered how many more roads could be provided to cope with these increases in volume of traffic and concluded that it is impossible o provide adequate roads to contain the volume of traffic.

Communication system on road, judging from what has been said, is a ventable tower of Babel. It though one was living in a multilingual country. You say something to someone in dutch, which does not understand, or as though when you utter the word self, it means sugar to some pepper to others, and vinegar to third. Several specific suggestions have been made for  making more use of the drivers ears. In some English cities, for instance, grooms have been made in the road such that a vehicle passing over the produces a sound.

This is intended as a warning to anyone who exceeds the speed limit. A notice audible warning strip” alerts motorist to the fact that if they travel over the strip above a certain speed there will be a signal.

A very important factor influencing the way a motorist driver is whether he has recently drunk alcohol can impair the shill and judgment necessary for driving long before the driver appears to be in any way drunk.

Nnadede Obioma Emmanuel (1997) recommended that the federal and state government should increase the number of road sign on the high ways as well as the access reads. He maintained that all vehicles made or imported into the country should have a maximum speed limit of 100km/hur. Finally, devices should be installed in all vehicles to help monitor the speed limits.

CHAPTER THREE

 

METHODOLOGY

  • COLLECTION OF DATA AND SCOPE

The data used for this research work was collected from “B” department co-operations central police station headquarter Awka and federal road safety commission Awka. The data are limited to the total number of accidents per month, number of persons killed per month, number of accidents by a cause and the number of vehicle involved in accidents.

By the nature of the records, it was not possible to obtain the statistics of people was died later in the hospital as a result of road accidents. It is therefore possible that the number of deaths recorded in far below the actual figure that died from road accidents. This study is for a period of ten years (1994-2003). It covers all the high ways in Anambra state.

  • PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED DURING DATA COLLECTION

Some of the problems encountered during the curse of this collection of data include;

  • The time wasted in going to the essential places.
  • Bureaucracy; This is one of the most demanding problems of data collection. Date collection can be made frustrating to the researchers with imaginary protocols. Going to collect data to police station is not an easy task. You have to pass trough many officers before you get your data. You have to first of all get on introductory letter from your head of department which will introduce you as a student of the department you now write to security command officer I and II through the Sector command office (SCO) who will now ask that the data be release to you. Research statistics officers are officers in charge of researches in Anambra state.
  • Inefficiency; The data were not property kept and it is also not orderly arranged this makes the research for the data burdensome and stressful. The work would have been ever if computers were used to store those data or information.
  • METHOD OF ANALYSIS

The analytical tool employed in this profit work is solely time series while design analysis are used for visual understanding

TIME SERIES ANALYSIS AND FORECASTING

Time series: Any variable that is measured over time in sequential order is called time series. The objective of this is to analyze time series in order to detect patterns that will enable us to forcast the future value of the time series, and its being measured quarterly.

  • COMPONENTS F TIME SERIES

There are four components as described below,

  1. Long term trend (T)
  2. Cyclical effect (C)
  3. Seasonal effect (S)
  4. Random variation

Trend (also known as secular trend) is a long term, relatively smooth pattern direction exhibited by a series. Its duration is more than one year.

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STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF EXAMINATION MALPRACTICE

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STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF EXAMINATION MALPRACTICE IN THE TERTIARY INSTITUTION.

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CHAPTER ONE:         INTRODUCTION

1.1            Statement of problem

1.2            Examination malpractice

1.3            Aims and objectives

1.4            Statement of hypothesis

1.5            Scope of the study

1.6            Significance of the study

1.7            Limitation of the study

1.8            Terminology associated with exams malpractice

 

 

CHAPTER TWO        

2.0            Literature Review

CHAPTER THREE:    METHODOLOGY

3.1            The target population

3.2            Statistical sample design

3.3            Determination of sample size

3.4            Method of data collection

3.5            Problems encounter during data collection

3.6            Sex distribution of respondents

3.7            Age distribution of respondents

3.8            Distribution by sex and academic level

3.9            Method of data analysis

3.10       The chi-square (x2) test

3.11       Assumption on the use of x2 test

3.12       Formular distribution for spiegel (1992)

3.13       Calculation of expected frequency

3.14       The contingency co-efficient

3.15       Testing the significance of the continuance co-efficient

3.16       Student opinion on the causes of examination malpractice in institute of management technology

3.17       Contribution of the method of teaching in the school to students’ lact of interest

3.18       Student on the common form of examination malpractice in the institute of management

3.19       Distribution of student opinion on school that is most often involved in exam malpractice.

 

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0            Presentation and analysis of statistical data

4.1            Using pie chart

4.2            Using multiple bar chart

 

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0            Summary of findings recommendation and conclusion

5.1            Summary of finding

5.2            Recommendation and conclusion

Bibliography

Appendix i

Appendix ii

Appendix iii

Appendix iv

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

          That we are living in a changing world is a popular statement which needs little explanation especially when the knowledge of today can be the fully of tomorrow or when a human being of today can oil to exist on the day that follows when such natural phenomena occur, one does not bother as to ask why these happen out when they are accompanied by abnormal happenings on become worried and asks why which he seldom finds and such is examination malpractice.

Examination malpractices in our tertiary institution have become a social molady which have adversely affected the have and have notes, the hardworking and society in general such corrupt practices have succeeded in tarnishing the past government and management of such institution employed different strategies to move up the shameful situation from our tertiary institution, but unfortunately all their efforts were uneventful or uncertainly.

 1.2    BACKGROUND OF STUDY

          Some of the examination rules which one should not violate are.

(a)              Avoiding conversation while examination is in progress

(b)             Coming into the hall with you identity card

(c)              Submitting answer script after proper endured before going out of the hall

(d)             Refrain oneself from copying or writing for another obedience to the invigilator.

(e)              Not coming to the hall with expected answer written as pieces of paper.

As regards to these rules, one who violate them is likely to face the consequences for it by the committee.  The punishment depends on the magnitude of the offence. Some of the offence after being looked into by the committee one is asked to withdraw from the institution or stay back.  These culprit would not be caught without the proper vigilance of the invigilator or supervisor.  Therefore, having seen from above I can now say malpractice is legal action taken by a person in a position of trust.  This means when applied to examination situation that any contrary action performed by someone against certain examination regulation can be termed examination malpractice.

Statistics has shown the examination malpractice became a very common they in early eighteen and as a result, the instant had to set up a coming that will have to be looking into these malpractice cases.  This committee was inaugurated in 1982/83 and was called “Examination Malpractice Committee”.

This committee spells out the appropriate punishment for any culprits involve.

According to the institution (IMT) academe and examination regulations prepared in June 1992, some of the regulation which candidates are required to comply with are.

  1. All students shall arrive at the designated examination hall thirty minutes before the scheduled time.
  2. No student shall enter the hall unless they are asked to do so by the co-ordinator
  3. A student must enter examination hall with current original school fees receipt current identity card, pencil etc
  4. Calculator if required but not a programmable type
  5. Ruler and any other material table etc that may be permitted by the chief invigilator.
  6. If a candidate report to the examination without his/her I.D card, he/she should report to the chief – co-ordinators with a recent passport photograph endorsed by the it on

If it is discovered that the person who wrote the examination is not the owner of the identity card, it became a case of impersonation.

  1. No candidate shall have other material in his/her possession, even a private letter, while he/she is inside the examination hall.
  2. No caps, head ties and sun-glasses shall be allowed and student writing the same paper shall not sit side by side.
  3. No candidate is allowed to enter the examination hall sixty 960) minutes after the examination hall is prohibited.
  4. Students are not allowed to tear any paper from either the question paper or answer script for any purpose including rough work.  All rough works must be done at the back of his/her answer scripts and then be cancelled.  No rough work is permitted on the question paper on the desk at his or palm or anything else other than the answer scrip.
  5. No student wishing to draw the attention            of invigilators to  any particular issue shall do only by raising his/her hand.
  6. No alteration or cancellation is allowed on the registration number and blank spaces must be ruled across by students.
  7. All students in the examination hall entitled to sign the attendance shall I.D cards to the invigilator who will then sign your answer script indication that you are presence in the examination day.
  8. Student shall ensure that they enter the question attempted in the appropriate columns on the front cover of the script.
  9. Student must rule across all blank spaces of the examination answer booklets used during the examination i.e. either by cheating, copying, using material etc other than the one specified.

1.3     AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

The aims and objectives of this study are

  1. To find out whether examination malpractice depend on sex, school, academic level.
  2. To determine whether examination malpractice committee has helped to reduce examination malpractice in IMT.
  3. To know the commonest examination practice in IMT
  4. To determine the school/faculty that indulges most in examination malpractice in IMT and suggest why.
  5. To suggest its effect on the standard of education for example on IMT and to suggest ways of minimizing them.
  6. To find out whether lecturers has contributed to the examination.

1.4     STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS

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A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ON RATE OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS (A CASE STUDY OF EMENITE LIMITED EMENE ENUGU)

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A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ON RATE OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS

(A CASE STUDY OF EMENITE LIMITED EMENE ENUGU)

 

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ABSTRACT

This project work is a statistical analysis of rate of industrial accidents in Emenite limited Emene- Enugu for the period of 1995 to 2004.

The analytic tools used for the analysis are bar chart, percentage distribution, chi-square. The bar chart shows that art by sharp objects is the commonest causes of industrial accident that occurs for the period 1995-2004. From the analysis of chi-square test of independence, we found out that causes of industrial accidents are independent over the years of study.

 

TABLE OF CONTENT

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

  • Introduction
    • Background of the study
    • Statement of the problem
    • Aims and objective of the study
    • Significance of the study
    • Scope and limitation of the study

CHAPTER TWO

Literature review

 

CHAPTER THREE

  • Research methodology
    • Data collection
    • Problem encountered during data collection
    • Method of analysis
    • Bar chart

CHAPTER FOUR

  • Introduction
    • Percentage distribution
    • To determine whether the causes of industrial accident is independent of years of occurrence using one way classification (CRD)

CHAPTER FIVE

  • Summary, conclusion and recommendation
    • Summary and conclusion
    • Recommendation

Reference

Appendices

 


CHAPTER ONE

 

  • INTRODUCTION

Accident, literally, a befalling, an event that takes place without out’s foresight or expectation; an undersigned, sudden and unexpected event, chance, contingency; character, a casualty; a mishap; as, to diesis an accident. When an event is indesigned, it means that the event happens surprising or without pre-knowledge, by chance means an “Act of God” stuff.

 

Accident could result to damage, to plants, products, buildings, pollution of the environment, injury to people, and death to people. There are different types of accidents such as industrial accidents, road accidents, five accidents etc. But, due to the purpose of this project, we will be interested in discussing industrial accident.

 

Industrial accident, are those accidents that occur in factories where human beings are working. Everyday, worldwide thousands of accidents occur in factories and happens in different ways, depending on the area it occurs in the factory. It can result from collusion with poisonous chemicals, inefficient operations of the machines, hit by a moving object or falling objects, electrical shock from a naked wire, bursa from acid, slide due to greasy floors etc. Any of the above accidents can cause deep scars or permanent disabilities depending on the degree of which it occurs.

 

Several costs may be involved in one or more of these causes of accidents mentioned above. But, we shall consider the cost at it affects the victim the firm and the manager.

 

 

COST TO THE VICTIM

  • Pain and suffering.
  • Loss of income
  • Social embarrassment
  • Liability to others.

COST TO THE FIRM

  • Loss of production
  • Damage to equipment
  • Medical expenses and compensation
  • Loss of moral among workers.
  • Bad corporate image.

COST TO THE MANAGER

  • Loss of prestige
  • Loss of skilled worker
  • Time loss in training a substitute.

 

 

  • BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

EMENITE LIMITED, a member of the Brlgian Etex group started operation in 1963 under the name ‘TURNERS ASBESTOS CEMENT COMPANY NIGERIA LIMITED’. The company was incorporated in 1961 with registration member RC2712 and the shareholding was as follows:

Turner and Newall ltd – 80%

Government of Eastern Nigeria – 20%

As a result of the indigenization decree of 1973, the shareholders of the company changed as follows:

Turners and Newell ltd – 60%

Government of Eastern Nigeria – 40%

 

With the name of the company changing to Turners building products (Emene) limited. Due to clumdling fortunes of the company, in March 24. 1988, Turners and Newall limited. divested its interest in the company and transferred 51% of its shareholding to Eterutremer society Anonym of Belgium (now Eterx group S.A) and the balance of 49% went to the then Anambra and Imo states, now Anambra, Enugu, Imo, Abia and Ebonyi states. As a result of the new shareholding arrangement, the company changed its name to Emenite limited as is presently known.

 

PROGRESS OF THE COMPANY

Emenite has made considerable progress in terms of product development and market. They operate in the roofing and ceiling market. There range of products includes.

  1. ROOFING PRODUCTS
  2. Bigsix corrugated sheets
  3. Bigsix corrugated sheets
  4. Standard corrugated sheets
  5. Ultimate corrugated sheets
  6. Prestige concrete title
  7. CEILING PRODUCTS
  8. Emceil flat sheet.
  9. Duraceil decorative ceiling
  10. Emlux decorative ceiling
  11. Qualitite decorative ceiling.

 

These products are made from fibre and cement. The company new product marketed in 28th November 2001 in Enugu is the duratile concrete tile. Emenite limited was certified 150 9001 – 2000 in 2002. They are the first to obtain such international standard east of the lager. The firm has a total of 225 staffers.

 

The health, safety and environment legislation as well as specific guidelines of Etex group require employers to prove a safe work place and minimize exposure to hazardous substances in order to protect the employee’s health. It is to assure collective protection by controlling release of the substance at the source, so that it does not get to the cumbient are and constitute health hazard. Employees have to acquire knowledge of the environment they are working in since it is importance to be safety conscious in their daily activities and in the industrial environment.

 

The accident analysis indicate that due to ignorance of imminent dangers, cardessnes of workers, chemical defects and lack off motivation or punishment to fedaulters, we are often involved in industrial accidents. Based on these, the EMENITE limited management have put in place a booklet comprising of general information on asbestos, its hazards and precautionary measures, approved personal protective equipment (PPE) such as safety boots, Helmet, Hand gloves, ear muff, nose mask, Eye goggles, for each work area, hazardous equipment in the company, industrial accidents and prevention measures, personal prefecture equipment and correct uses, first aid fundamentals, developing the safety, protective equipment necessary for each work area, emergency action plants (EAPs) in and outside the environment etc.

 

This is to ensure a safe, healthy, accident free and pollution free environment for the entire staff and the public. In other achieve this goal, it is expected that every employee in EMENITE limited will read the booklet carefully and abide by the contents in other to minimize causes of accidents and its painful sad consequences.

  • STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The rates of industrial accidents have caused very serious harms to many lives and property. It could lead to instant death or incapacitation or injure, it could also lead to loss of income, loss of production and damage to equipment in the industry. This may eventually cause dependents to loss their dear ones or material care. These accidents occur because most of the workers do not know the precautionary and safety measures to be taken in accident prevention.

 

 

  • AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The aims and objectives of this study are as follows:

  • To identify the most common causes industrial accidents.
  • To examine if the reported industrial accidents are the same over the years.

 

 

  • SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This research study will generate information on the nature of industrial accidents.

  • It will document information about the accidents that occur in Emenite limited, Emene, Enugu.
  • It would help t examine the common causes of industrial accidents
  • It would help to examine if the reported industrial accidents are the same over the years.

 

 

  • SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This study is limited to the rate at which accident occurs in Emenite limited Emene, Enugu.

 

 

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

Lots of research work has been done on industrial accidents both within and outside Nigeria. Hence, there is abundant literature on industrial accidents.

Wesley M. Staton and Natalie A. Brooks stated that accident occurs due to falls and other uses entirely unrelated to power or machinery. And, that accident is related to the environment in which they occur, the personality of the individual involved and the existing social customers or pressures. To be effective, accident prevention must change one or more of these factors.

In the United States alone, accidents are the fourth leading cause of death. In people one to thirty-eight (1 to 38) years of age, accident pose a greater threat to life that all other causes consined.

We can prevent accidents by providing a safe environment, becoming emotionally stable and safety-conscious and making safety practices socially acceptable.

Abdul Rauf in encyclopedia of occupational health and safety defined accidents as emplaned occurrence, which result in injuries, fatalities, loss of production or damage to property and assets.  In other to prevent accident, it is extremely difficult. In the absence of an understanding of the cause of accidents.

Akosa (1987) reported that industrial accident and diseases could be defined as disease and biological agents and physical hazards at work place.

Suchman (1961) states that an event is more likely to be considered as an accident if it is unexpected, unavasidedable and unintended.

Pickette and Honlon (19970) categorized the causes of accidents into two factors namely:

  • Conditions in the individual
  • Conditions in the environment.

 

However they rated the conditions in the individual, who is synonymous with the individual’s unsafe behaviours, or human element is most common with 80 percent incidence of accident as against 20 percent through unsafe environment. They also enumerated the components of this unpredictable factor (human element) operating in the individual as follows: lack of knowledge, physical limitation of the body, lack of skills required in performing certain task, inadequate motional state, lack of safety education, improper attitudes and personal procrastinations on stupid and needless risk.

Baner(19974) stated that the causes of industrial accidents in the following order:-

  • Mishandling of materials or working tools.
  • Faulty machines.
  • Faulty or flying objects
  • Non- use of protective devices.

He also reported that about two hundred thousand workers are disable each year in the United state of America because of misuse of machines, disregard of guards, failure of wearing protective clothing when operating certain machines and failure to lock main power supply after work.

Stewant M. Brooks and Natalie A. Brooks stated further that in 1977 and estimated 23 million person relieved work related disabling injuries and approximately 13,000 died.

It has been found in various industries that the safe guarding of machinery and elimination of other accident hazard, including the supervision of stainways, proper lighting of passages, checking of plumps, compressors, clauses and hand tools, have reduced the total number of accidents.

Asogwa (1989) enumerated the major causes of industrial accidents in Nigeria under the following headings.

 

THE AGENTS OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT

Some of the immediate causes of industrial accidents in Nigeria includes unguarded machinery, falling objects, wrong use of tool, explosion, five, projecting objects, fragments of metal and other solid, gases, hot and cold liquids. The immediate causes of accidents in industry are myriad.

 

THE HOST

Industrial workers are victims of accidents frequently; they are partly or entirely responsible for occurrence of the accidents. Though a workman for instance, might accidentally inflict a crush injury with a hammer on himself or co-workers and would thereby contribute to the immediate causes of an accident.

 

There is much individual can do to prevent accident from happening to himself and to others. It is probably easier to avoid having an accident than to avoid catching a cold. Safety habits are based on individual attitude.

 

So, safety education urges is to avoid stupid and needless risk to ourselves and other, to give a attention to safety of our environment and equipment.

 

In the United State accident caused about 104,000 deaths and 10.6 million nonfatal injuries min the United States in 1977 on financial side, the National Safety council estimated that accidents cost the American people $ 61.5 million that year-medical expenses, hospital, expenses property loss in time, lost of work accidents.

 

Asogwa in 1984 documented that the need for the reduction or prevention of industrial accidents can best be appreciated if the consequences of these accidents are known. In quantifiable terms. Accidents lead to work stoppages, sickness, absence and payment of industrial injuring benefits. The roofing industries suffer from loss of productivity due accidents, and at times the workman suffers from a reduction in earning, if not from the loss of his job.

 

According to Parker in 1984,  “There is no care for accident, there is only prevention accident prevention in roofing industries is linked with careful job selection, good management, self discipline, trained and content labour, force safe working conditions and active education policy.

 

Akosa in 1987 stated that the primary prevention of accidents in the industries can also include the establishment of a work safety committee chat will take care of certain parts of the health aspects of works and help in educating them on advantages of accidents prevention.

 

Although very few industries in Nigeria have safety committee, it is however essential that in all industries where sixty or more workers are employed there should be a body charge with safety and the investigations of accidents and dangerous occurrences. The committee should be involved with safety training and propaganda, safety houses and competition up to date statistics on accidents.

 

Medical journal in 1987 documented that a safety carried out in Onarka showed the low satisfied workers experiences more stress and describe their job more unfavorably than high satisfied workers. Summary of the review suggested that the quality of working life may be improved by increasing the job satisfaction of the workers. The above mentioned point contribute immediately to the increased rates of accidents in our industries and solution lies in meeting up with the ways of solving the problems to a certain standard. So that, the workers can concentrate more in their job,  thereby reducing the rates of accidents in our industries.

 

Since, the industrial workers contribute substantially to the economic growth of the nation; their health care should be of great concern to different management and the federal and state governments.

 

Akosq in (1987) stressed that for the provisions of the effective series in the prevention of accidents, government should enact laws and enforce those establishments having sixty or more workers must have at least one physician and nurse probably clinic. He also stressed that, there are many industries in the country that do not keep records of accidents or send returns to factories inspectorate as required by law.

 

While giving a talk on effective control of industrial accidents, the Imo state commissioner for commerce and industry, Engineer Sunday Ogbugbu said that available records on industrial accidents , in Nigeria industries indicates that between 1974 and 1983,  an average of nine thousand twenty four (9024) persons were absent from work for five or more days due to accidents.

 

Robert W. Allen, Michael D. Ells and Andrew W. Hart (1976) stated that, for effective prevention of accidents in industries, there should be a clearly started and written safety policy signed by the management. The policy should be communicated understood, and applied to all levels of supervision. So  that, every employee is aware of management concern for safe operation. The safety policy should be part of a system chat also provides for approving appropriate safety standards, reviewing accident experience, planning for accident prevention measuring progress, and persistent education.

And it also stated that accidents can be avoided if employees

  • Understand the hazards of there jobs.
  • Know how to circumspect those hazards and
  • Put that knowledge into practice so that it becomes a pattern of work behaviour.

There should also be accident investigation. This is a scientific approach to accident prevention in industries. This is a systematic method of collecting information that is used to reconstruct the accident accurately and determined why it happened. Once this has been done, preventive measures can be.

 

 

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A STATISTICAL QUALITY CONTROL IN THE BAKER INDUSTRY (A CASE STUDY OF HIGHLIFE BAKERY EMENE ENUGU)

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A STATISTICAL QUALITY CONTROL IN THE BAKER INDUSTRY

(A CASE STUDY OF HIGHLIFE BAKERY EMENE ENUGU)

 

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ABSTRACT

          The thesis of “statistical quality control on the production of Bread” emphasizes on the application of statistical techniques in the creation of goods statistical techniques in the creation of goods and services which is of utmost important to humanity.  Everyday, human being makes use of manufactured products for their daily consumption and livelihood.  This consumers are ignorant of the processes the food had gone trough before consumption.  They are also ignorant of how the raw materials were collected, how they are processed, they are only involved at last stage of the production which is the eventual resulted output from the raw materials.

 

Therefore, it is of immense important that trails and correction of errors are following continuously in the production process in a firm such that when errors and short comings are corrected, it will provide an area for a reliable but standardized quality of output thereby enhancing the products as well as giving the desirable quality of products to the entire members of the society In this research work, there is every tendency to illustrate this desirable impact of quality control in production of bread.

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page                                                                                ii

Certification                                                                                      iii

Dedication                                                                               iv

Acknowledgement                                                                             v

Abstract                                                                                  vi

Table of contents                                                                     vii

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction                                                                                      1

1.1     Background of the study                                                         1

1.2     Statement of the problems                                             3

1.3     Aims/objectives of the study                                          5

1.4     Limitation of the study                                                  6

1.5     Definition of terms                                                                  7

CHAPTER TWO

The Review Of The Related Literature                                    11

CHAPTER THREE

Research methodology                                                            25

3.1     Steps to consider when constructing

acceptance sampling secheme                                        37

3.2     The role of statistics in production industry                           38

CHAPTER FOUR

Data analysis and presentation                                                         39

4.1     Method of data collection                                              39

4.2     Summary/interpretation of results                                 59

CHAPTER FIVE

Conclusion                                                                              61

5.1     Summary of the study                                                   61

5.2     Findings                                                                         63

5.3     Conclusion                                                                     64

5.4     Recommendation                                                           65

Bibliography                                                                  67

 


CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

          Production as the term entails creation of goods and services which is important to humanity.  The concept of statistical study encompasses the whole activities involved in the process of collection, organisation, analyzing, presentation and interpretation of the numerical data collected.  Quality control comprise the system of inspection analysis and action applied to a manufacturing operation in inspecting a small portion of product anvently produced.

 

In modern day industries, the complexities of industrial production and management has proved it necessary that the management must be supplied with statistical data of those concerning output, cost of raw materials etc, in order to achieve greater effectiveness in the combination of these factors used in production.

 

The statistical concept which involves the systematic collective of numerical data and the scientific method of drawing conclusion, inference to result on the basis of the collected information.  This two processes correspond to the main branches of statistics which are descriptive and inferential statistics respectively and which made them applicable to all human endeavours.

 

Therefore the introduction of quality control as a statistical technique will enable firms to avoid shortcoming in the running and executive of function in such organisation. The standard of the product of an industry depends on it’s quality, most production firms encounter some problems in the quality levels of their products.  Before production starts a decision is necessary so as to know what is to be made.  Next comes the actual manufacturing of the product.

 

Finally it must be determined whether the product manufactured is what was intended.  It is convenient to think of all matters related to quality of manufacturing product in terms of these function of specification production, and inspection.

 

Although the introduction of process inspection is some time a by product, it should be noted that a direct object of statistical quality control is to provides a new tool that makes process inspection more effective.  The information obtained by process inspection – either conducted by roving inspections or by machine operators themselves is often misused to make too frequent machine adjustments.

 

Therefore the use of statistical quality control is based on.     Whether to continue production, to stop production and look for an assignable cause of defect.

 

1.2     STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

          Product standardization of an industry depends on it’s quality.  Some problems are being encountered during production in the quality level of their products.  Before product starts, a decision is necessary so as to know what is to be made or produce. After that comes the actual manufacturing of the products than manufacture red is as following.

In examining the theoretical process of bread or bakery.  There is the obvious involvement of measurement of quantities and the mixing of proportionate quantities of raw materials and even the timing of the process.

Therefore the use of statistical quality control is based on

  1. Whether to continued production or
  2. To s top production and look for an assignable cause of detects.

Here it should be noted that a treat object of statistical quality control is to provide a better ways to improve product quality.  The issues of acceptance of raw material and manufactured product will meet bias judgement if a statistical standard is not, used in the judgement of acceptance and rejection of manufactured products.  Some questions came to my mind.  Do some of these manufactured bakery bread that consumers buy conform to the set standard for them?

 

1.3     AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

          The study of quality control has given a lot of impact in modern day industries.  This is due to scientific method under which it is being used in achieving the desired good in the quality standard of output produced.  When we talk about quality control in the industries. Will say the degree to which a product meets the requirement of the customers.  There are many aims and objectives while it should be embraced, and some of these reasons are.

To construct statistical quality control chart for the key raw materials in use to maintain process assessment of both men and machine finally to output stage.

To construct statistical quality control for the product of highlife bakery Emene to revealed some practical problems that may arise is the control of Bakery Industries.

To also suggest better ways of improving product quality in Highlife Bakery.

 

1.4     LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

          In the course of this study, I encounter many problems and moralization from some industries and other things I intended to study on.   Thus I made sure I fought tooth and nail to see that win or achieved my goal.  Some of this problems encounter are:

  1. Problems in time schedule: I encountered problems of deferred appointment.  Both where I collected my data and where I collected the materials I sued in writing.
  2. Expenses encountered during the collection of these data both transportation and other miscellaneous expenses too numerous to mention.
  3. Insufficient materials: There was not enough statistical quality control test book in school library.  This required me going from one library to the other and also some organisation like standard organisation of Nigeria to collect material to write on.
  4. Companies turned me down due to the suspicious nature of the job. They refused to allow me enter their production section, may be on the process of the research, secrets in their product might made public.

By going to Highlife Bakery Company to collect those data needed and ask them question for the workers or production manager.

 

1.5     DEFINITION OF TERMS

  1. CONTROL CHART: This is a graphical display of actual measurement of a quality characteristics on a chart showing limits which reflect the process capability on the characteristics
  2. QUALITY CONTROL: This is the degree to which a product meets the requirement of the customer
  3. PROCESS CONTROL: This is a method of statistical quality control used during production while the production is being made.
  4. SPECIFICATION LIMITS: These are those variation that exist within a specified standard.  This include the upper and lower control limit which provides the basis for the acceptance or rejection of input material and the finished goods.
  5. PROCESS VARIABILITY: This is those differences among process existing within the specified unit.
  6. RECTIFICATION: This is 100% inspection of a lot or batch reflected so as to remove all the defective and replace them.
  7. SPECIFICATION: A specification is a set of standard to which a process is to conform to difference unit.
  8. ATTRIBUTE: A qualitative characteristics of an items
  9. QUALITY: Degree of selective excellence good attribute.
  10. Control charts is a chart on which the quality control characteristics be of a product being analyzed are plotted in sequence as a function of time
  11. DEFECTIVE: This is a standard that the goods have run short of expectation.
  12. PRODUCTION: Putting together of some material or effort to reach object.
  13. STANDARD SPECIFICATION: A specification adopted for use by a trade associate.
  14. TOLERANCE: Is the variability allowed is a process line.
  15. STATISTICAL TOLERANCE LIMITS: The limits computed from the results of a sample test between which under a given assumptions.
  16. STATISTICS: A branch of science which has to do with data collection which represents fact.
  17. QUALITY DESIGN: It deals with measure of the excellence of the design in relation to the customer’s requirement.
  18. ASSURANCE: Which is the provision of evidence is proof that requirement have been met.
  19. ACCEPTANCE SAMPLING: Is a tool for the quality of manufactured product.

 

 

 

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STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF ROAD ACCIDENTS (A CASE IN ENUGU STATE FROM 2000 – 2008)

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STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF ROAD ACCIDENTS

(A CASE IN ENUGU STATE FROM 2000 – 2008)

 

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ABSTRACT

This project is in compliance with one of the task, I have to shoulder in order to be awarded the Higher National Diploma Certificate in statistics department from Institute of Management and Technology, Enugu, during my final year in the Polytechnic 2004/2005 session  emphasizing on Statistical Analysis of Road Accident in Enugu from 1993 to 2000.

Road accident has been of great social and economic concern.  It has became a total topic for scientific investigation.  The number of deaths on the road today, particularly on the major roads of rural-urban areas are what motivated me in writing this project.

This study is essentially based on the Statistical Analysis of Road Accidents recorded in Enugu rural-urban roads from 1993 to 2000 with the objectives to; identify the causes of road accidents in Enugu and compare the attendant fatalities/deaths, ascertain whether the causes of road accidents are unrelated with vehicles, establish the trend of road accident over the years, investigate, whether there is any seasoned pattern of occurrence of road accident and trend and/or investigate whether there is any seasonal pattern of the attendant deaths and trend, and recommend methods or ways of reducing road accidents to the Enugu State government, the institutions concerned with traffic management and enforcement of the laws within the geo-political entity and the road users, and the federation in general.

The project work is divided into five chapters.  Chapter one gives the introduction, socio-economic effects of road accidents, aims and objectives, scope and limitation, significance of the study, sources of data and the problems of the data collection.  Chapter two covers the literature review.  Chapter three is concerned with the methodology.  Chapter four deals with the data presentation and analysis.  Finally, chapter five covers the findings, conclusion and recommendation on the way forward.

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

  • INTRODUCTION

In the world today, transportation which is the conveyance of goods and passengers from one phase to another or the movement of commuter and their goods, produce and products, and/or they themselves from one location to another have played an important role in the development process, thus, serving as one of the aspects of developmental change indicators and structural well-being of the society and government among other sectors or areas of the world socio-economic development.  It provides room not only for transaction of business to take place, market possibility for our goods, produce and products produced, but also makes it possible for such to reach the find consumer(s).

 

For instance, in Costa Rica, before the inter America – highway was constructed, driving beed cattle on the hoof from grazing lands to San Jose often resulted in a 40 percent less of weight, and imports were necessary to supply local needs.  But with and weather highway, it was possible to deliver truck-traider units of cattle over night, and costs Rica become self-supporting in meet.  Also in Bolivia, the highway from cochabamba to santa cruz reduced the travel time in the rainy season from several weeks to fifteen hours and provided a link between the country’s food supplies and its people.  Until then the price of home-grown rice was 50 percent higher than the imported rice because of the high cost of transport.  Furthermore, transportation as an integral part of national production and distribution system calls for its development, improvement and better network system as to necessitate or provide a means of servicing domestic and international market.

 

This is of primary importance in the early stages of economic development because it promotes an accumulation of capital, which allows the economy to progress from the subsistence level at which most production is consumed locally.  Therefore, transportation and other government programmes such as education and health care, necessarily compete for public expenditures particularly in the underdeveloped countries.

From the foregoing, the developed nation are efficient and effective in transport business as a result of their improvement and technological advancement over the years.

Nigeria has one of the most modern and best development transport systems – roil, road, air and in-land waterings which transverse the length and breath of the country to link the industrial, commercial, and agricultural centers, that is to say, transportation in Nigeria is traditionally under four major mades namely;- road, rail, water and air.  However, in this study, the researcher zeros down to road transport.

In Nigeria road network, roads are categorized into three; the truck A roads which is the responsibility of the federal Government, truck B roads which is the responsibility of the state Government and the third category-truck C which is the responsibility of the local Government.  Whether truck A, truck B, and truck C roads, these roads are used by the motorists, cyclists, pedestrians either to convey their passengers, goods, produce, products or to reach, transact and communicate with another n different destination.  Road transportation has not only been discovered as the cheapest means of transportation but also provides door-to-door transport services and delivery of goods.

 

But apart from road congestion which is symptom of the availability of insufficient road space to satisfy, with but difficulty, all demands made upon it, road accident is another difficulty task in traffic management schemes and has been of much concern to various governments of our timer hence, the concern of any well-organised government is how to identify and minimize (if possible curb) the high rate of accidents on our roads today.

 

We are aware of the number of deaths on the highway being recorded these days.  This places a question mark on the value we attach to human life and property.  It is clear on the basis of logic backed by observations that certain people have worse accident records than others.  This research will investigate why it is so and would also proffer suggestions to check the ugly trends people who drive recklessly or dangerously are potential victims of accidents and are prone to such conditions.  They also constitute a nuisance to the society.

 

Most accidents have been caused by a whole lot of actors.  Prominent among them are as listed below:

  1. Over-Speeding: Some times may be due to greediness or the tendency to drive as many turn as possible always want to be at the head of others, without considering the consequences.  By so doing they neglect road signs warnings and road traffic regulations and laws.  Thus, the risk of some dangerous.
  2. Drugs/Alcohol: The side effects of drugs or alcohol our body cannot be over emphasized.  These cause drowsiness and finally sleep when during.  They lead to wrong calculations and loss of regard to lvies of human beings and property of such driver concerned.  Some causes excessive alertness and nervousness, loss of control and finally a breakdown of the body system of such person involved.
  3. Roads (Road Accidents Immuned Delusion Syndrome): Some drivers because they have driven a particular vehicle for years, taxy develop the feeling that they have overmastered the vehicle and also fully experienced do believe that they cannot be involved in road traffic accident, others or other drivers because of their belief either a shrine, ring, talisman, etc. do believe that they cannot be involved and/or die in road accident, they drive without regard to road traffic regulations and other road users.
  4. The Road: The construction of the road matters a lot.  Roads with multiple bands experience many accidents.  Poorly constructed road witness many accidents e.g. presence of informal bymps, very narrow roads.  Roads that are poorly maintained cause a lot of accidents.  The absence of road signs also contributes to road accidents e.g to show construction sites, narrow bridges, cross roads, bumps, “T” junction etc.
  5. 5. Negligence of road Signs: Most Nigeria drivers are so illiterate that they cannot read road signs and as such endanger their lives and the lives of others and property.
  6. Aggression: This is psychological.  Also result of or may be due to lack of sleep in the previous night due to one problem or the other.  The driver then wake up annoyed and aggressive.  He jumps into the vehicle without the morning drills, quarrels with the vehicle passengers, co-drivers and road traffic officers etc. thus the risk of accident victimized and even others.
  7. The Weather: This comprises the rain and the sun and their effects on the roads.  The rains wet the roads and make them slippery therefore, tyres treads loase grip of the roads and render braking almost impossible as and when desired.  The sun heats up the tar on the road which in tam heats up the tyres.  When this happens, weak tyres tends to burst very easily.  Both conditions causes accidents on our road if not observed.
  8. Topography: This includes hilly, rocky forest and savanna areas.  Areas where the roads run in between hills particularly with dedling rock constitute a lot danger to road users.  Where such exits, viewing distance are shortened, the rocks can fall into the road at any time and cause accidents.  Likewise where roads run across forests, trees, and/or their branches, many fall into the road and where this is not noticed in a good time, they can cause serious accidents.  Animal shiving is the forests can cross the roads at any time while grazing animals common in the savanna requires can also  cause accidents.
  9. Carelessness of Pedestrians: The other road user that is seen as the commonest – the pedestrian(s) may out of illiteracy and inexperience in using the road disobey the road traffic sign by crossing when it is not due for him or her to do so.  Or cross the busy road without looking left or tight as to see when the road is free for crossing.
  10. Foods: It takes many drivers time to understand the effect of some foods on their body.  Most eat one type of food because others do.  They fail to understand that, while some people or such people will be active after a heavy food, others or themselves imitating feel dull and will be sleeping after such a heavy food and thus, endangering their lives and property while driving.

 

1.1     SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF ROAD ACCIDENTS

Several aspects of road transport negative impact (road accident) on the society have already been discussed.  Some additional negative effects deserve mention.  Road accidents have significant effects, which they impact.  Adversely on the economic and social welfare of a nation.  The effects on the economy usually take the form of costs which under certain circumstance can be measured.  Some of these costs; private costs are borne by those responsible for the accident, while others are social in nature in that society as a whole bears them.  In this section, the study examines specific effects of road accidents.

  1. Traffic hold-up and associated waste: When an accident occurs, the most easily observed effect is a rapidly built-up traffic holdup.  In the process, fuel is wasted, engines are overheated, delays lead to lost business and social opportunities.  The direct effect is a showed down and more expansive business transactions.
  2. Destruction of motor vehicle: Road accidents usually entail the complete destruction of motor vehicle involved. In some cases, the vehicles are salvaged at considerable cost to owners.  In Nigerian environment, accidental vehicles are either left on the scene of accidents indefinitely or are towed away to police stations where they are similarly abandoned.  The implication of this practice is that scrap value of such vehicle is lot to the economy and stock of transportation, facilities necessary to move people and goods from place to place is reduced.  The opportunities for realizing gains from within an integrated economic systems are lost, and the welfare of citizen earlier mentioned corresponding reduced.  Loss to the economy arising from road accidents is easily measurable.
  3. Destruction of transport infrastructure: Accidents destroy valuable road transport infrastructure whose replacement would cost multiples of the original capital expenditure.  These costs are significantly foreign exchange are imported.  Components of transport infrastructure that may be damaged include;
  4. Roads
  5. Bridges
  • Culverts etc

Thus, resulting to capital reduction instead of capital accumulation.

  1. Destruction of other infrastructure: Road accidents also destroy other infrastructure such as telecommunication poles and wires, electricity poles and transformers, real estate including residential and office buildings.  Damage to these infrastructure disrupt electricity supply, telecommunications services and normal office facilities; all these tend to show down normal economic and social transactions with adverse consequences on the quality of life.
  2. Short supply of goods: Accidents cause the damage or destruction of goods being transported. The loss reduces total quantity of goods available for consumption by the final consumer(s) and reduces profits for or made by the companies whose goods are destroy.  Where insurance cover is provided, cost of damage are passed on the insurance companies thus, reducing their capital gain if the goods are essential for normal subsistence, large scale destruction may necessitate importation which would either place a downward pressure on foreign exchange rates or lead to substantial devaluation of the exchange rate in a system of  flexible exchange rates.
  3. Medical bills for treating accident victims: Medical bills of accident victims are some of the adverse effect of road accidents.  Treatment in the orthopedic hospitals is time-consuming and expensive, after discharge of patients, the ability of such a person to perform duties is usually reduced.  This has adverse effect on production in the economy.

 

  • AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

The main objectives of this project are to;

  1. Identify the causes of road accident in Enugu and compare the attendant fatalities/deaths.
  2. Ascertain whether the causes of road accident are unrelated with vehicles.
  3. Investigate whether there is any seasonal pattern of occurrence of road accidents and trend and/or compare the number of cases.
  4. Establish the trend of road accident over the years.
  5. Recommend methods or ways of reducing road accidents to the Enugu State Government, the institutions concerned for traffic management and enforcement of the laws within the geo-political entity and the road users.

 

  • SCOPE AND LIMITATION

The scope of this study is restricted to Enugu Rural Urban Areas (Enugu State) only on the account of the following constraints;

  1. The time available for this research work is limited to cover other states.
  2. The resources available were very inadequate to expand the scope.

 

 

 

 

  • SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study would help the government, the general public, the Nigerian Police Force, the Federal Road Safety Commission and other agencies concerned with safety on our roads in the following ways:

  1. It will help the Federal Road Safety Commission and other authorities concerned with similar assignment to assess their performance over the years.
  2. It will help the Federal and state governments particularly Enugu State to articulate policies on road transportation and safety, such policies will form the basis of planning the socio-economic infrastructure necessary to ensure safety and enhance the performance of road users.
  3. it will help the Federal Road, Safety Commission and other institutions concerned organizing sensitization workshop on seminars programmes for road users ascertain the positive impact of such workshop or seminar being organized.
  4. It will awaken the sense of responsibility of road users and government.
  5. It will help reduce or put to a stop the ill attitude poster by some of the law enforcement agencies (the Nigerian Police N20 syndrome) hindering the reduction of road accident.

 

  • SOURCES OF DATA COLLECTION

The data used for this project work were collected internally in secondary form.  Secondary data imply statistical materials or information not originated or obtained by the investigator himself, but obtain from someone’s record or published source such as the central bank, government agencies and non-governmental duties such as universities, research institutes etc.  The data were however, provided by Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) Enugu Division and the Federal Road Safety Commission, Enugu Sector Command.

 

  • PROBLEMS OF THE DATA COLLECTION

The problems encountered during collection of data cannot all be stated here.  This research work posed a lot of problems.  Since the researcher did not originally collect the data, there was mistrust between the primary users and the secondary user of the data.  It took me a lot of money, time and energy traveling from my destination to the office of the Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) and that of the Federal Road Safety Commission all in Enugu, so as to get the relevant data for this research work.  This made me to miss most of my lecture hours and also disappointed my supervisor Mr. Pius Ugwu by not coming when I promised to see him several times.

It was very difficult to collect the relevant data from these offices because they said that they couldn’t release the data for security reasons.  But after presenting letters from my Department Head Mr. Nwagbara G.P. dated 4th July, 2005, the desired information was given to me.

 

 

 

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