THE CHALLENGES OF NIGERIA FEMALE JOURNALISTS IN PERFORMING THEIR DUTIES

(A CASE STUDY OF FEMALE JOURNALISTS ENUGU STATE)

ABSTRACT

This project studied the challenges of Nigeria female journalists in performing their duties with special reference to Enugu state female journalists. In the course of the study therefore, numerous challenges of the Nigerian female journalists will be narrated among which are radicle, hazards of the profession, martial status, media education, and a lot of others not mentioned but will be contained in this project work. The aim of this project is to find out really the problems of female in media organization and suitable ways of remedy the problems. To achieve this fask, survey research method was used to generate data from the population, FRCN national station, Daily star publishers and the general public within Enugu state. And a sample size of 200 respondents was used. The research found out that most of the media management and the general public don’t use female journalists in the coverge of serious professional programmes and that they are placed in the background to discus romantic relationship and other domestic matters. It was also found out that respondent representing 53.7% of the population supported the fact that female journalists faces a lot of challenges in performing their duties. Finally, it is recommended in this study that women should not be discriminated from certain roles, programmes allocation offices, news editors, manager should design a device so that no exclusion sex is made to produce more or cover events within a particular unit. The issue of under representation of female journalists in local, state and federal should be given urgent attention by the policy makers. These recommendations is useful for future purpose.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION                                               1

• Background of the Study 1
• Statement of the Research Problem 3
• Objectives of the Study 5
• Significance of the Study               6
• Research Questions 6
• Research Hypothesis 7
• Theoretical Framework 8
• Scope of the Study 10
• Limitations of the Study 10
• Definition of Terms 11

 

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW                                       12

2.1  Sources of Literature                                        12

2.2  Review of Relevant Literature                            14

2.3  Summary of Literature                                     20

 

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY                                               23

3.1  Research Method                                             23

3.2  Research Design                                              24

3.3  Population of Study                                          25

3.4  Research Sample Size                                       26

3.5  Sampling Technique                                               27

3.6  Measuring Instrument                                      28

3.7  Reliability of Validity of Instrument                            29

3.8  Method of Data Collection                                 30

3.9  Method of Data Analysis                                   30

3.10 Expected Results                                             30

 

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULT PRESENTATION     32

4.1  Data Analysis                                                  32

4.2  Research Hypothesis Testing                             49

4.3  Discussion of Findings                                      54

 

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS    56

5.1  Summary of Findings                                       56

5.2  Conclusion                                                      59

5.3  Recommendations                                           61

Bibliography                                                    65

Appendix                                                        67

 

 

 

LIST OF TABLES

 

Table 1:  Sex distribution                                        34

Table 2:  Age distribution of the respondents                    35

Table 3:  Marital status of the respondents                36

Table 4:  Academic qualification of the respondents    37

Table 5:  Whether women journalists have any

positive impact to play in national building   38

Table 6:  Type of impact in women journalists           39

Table 7:  Whether women perform their function

as supposed                                             40

Table 8:  The hindrances                                                41

Table 9:  Whether hazards of the profession affects

their functions                                          42

Table 10: Effectiveness of these in built bias               43

Table 11: The extent of the hectic nature of

the profession                                          44

Table 12: Whether female journalists face particular

challenges in their work places                    45

Table 13: Media politics and inadequate of managerial

abilities are factors that affect the

development abilities are factors that affect

the development of women                        46

Table 14: High rate of illiteracy has an effect              47

Table 15: Four media gives time and participation

to all workers                                           48

Table 16: Credit the performance of female journalists 49

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1  BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Over the year women have been regarded as inferior and the weaker sex. In 1929, it was clear as to what women could collectively achieve in what used to the colonial Nigeria.

This was evident in the Aba women’s riot of that same year, the anti-colonial struggles saw women protesting against traditional, rules who were not in conformitng to the tradition of the land, and against the existing colonial structures. Sawba Gambo and Mrs. Ransome Kuti were clear case of feminine power that mobilized many others to fight corruption and unwanted desecration of tradition held in awe.

By the time Nigeria gained its independence, the first indigenous regime, recognized the contribution of women as such appointed some into pubic offices. Their entry was not so much by merit but by what their male counterpart regarded as a cometic arrangement. Lack of education hindered many women from equal participation in the media. The very few women who had education then aligned then aligned themselves in conformity with the cultural expectation of he country. Women’s awareness could be said to have increased towards the end of the 1970’s. During this period they were praised for participation in roles and to be un-African, unfeminine and immoral. Provenly the burden of most women deprived them of voting according to Nigerian constitution. Women constitute about half of the world population and work force, they are been excluded from most of the very roles that are geared towards national development in which they ought to participate in.

As earlier pointed out, women are delegated to the background in the modern industrial wage labour. In the media for instance, they are under represented. This under representation has made analysts and scholars to describe it as a male domain in which perforce revolve around them. Others have linked with situation in the media management as quite marginal, tokenistic and practically disappointing in the upper echelon of media management, it is for the same reason that media message are said to be even misrepresentating, the image of women and the issues concerning women are not given adequate coverage.

 

1.2  STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

The women in media organization have proved to  effective in educating the masses on many issues of political, economic and social importance in media development and the nation as whole.

However, the role often faces some constrains, and those are problems, which this study is set to investigate.

First, there is still high level of illiteracy and low level of education among a greater proportion of the Nigerian women populace. This militates against the effects of the media and technological education for the populace as well as the teaching of desirable social rawes that will promote national building.

Secondly, there is the problem of the demanding of the profession, which now side bars women journalists from the practice. Again Nigeria has a heterogeneous populace with a diversity of language, culture and social institution. These differences influence the behavioural tendency of most traditionalists, to resist changes fashioned by government programme intended for women and media development. Furthermore, media organization are technology intensive and given the relative level of indigenous technology in Nigeria, there exist prejudice discrimination and all sort of atrocities against women media practitioners by their male counterparts and managers in assignment of newsbeats and other forms of ill relationship which as a result militated against effective mobilization of the women for media and social development.

Finally, there is inadequate skilled manpower in management, engineering, technical operation, programme production and news gathering. All these militates against effective use of the women in media organization to promote and achieve societal development.

 

1.3  OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objectives of the study are:

1. To determine the extent to which the prudent high level of illiteracy and low level of education in the country affect the effectiveness and development of women in media organization.
2. To determine the extent at which the discrimination, to women militate against professional upliftment of media labour force.
3. To determine the extent to which lack of cordial relationship and prejudice by male colleagues affect the well being.
4. To examine the effect of media ownership and politics on the development of women in media organization.

 

 

1.4  SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study is significant because it would reveal the problems bedeviling most women in media organizations, using Enugu state as a point of reference, it has to be noted that female form the bedrock of any national development, because greater part of the nations population is based in women. It is anticipated that this study would succeed in bringing the limelight, the fact that not all segments of the nations population are exposed to be abilities of female in media organizations. This study also would provide some literature for further and wider researcher in this field of mass communication.

 

1.5  RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The following questions are necessary in the study:

1. Do women journalists face peculiar challenges in their work places as a result of their gender?
2. Do female in media organization have any positive impact to play in the development of the mass media and women in national building?
3. In what ways do the women in media organization, influence Nigeria social-economic, political, etc. towards the development of the country?
4. Do female journalists encounter challenges in their work places as a result of language barrier?
5. Do high level of illiteracy among women in the country affect the role of the female in media organization?
6. Does inadequacy of managerial and technical manpower affect the development of women in media organization?

 

1.6  RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

With the aid of the research question, I can now be able to deduce the following research hypothesis.

H₁:  Women journalists face peculiar challenges in their work places as a result of their gender?

Ho:  Female in media organization have many positive impact to play in the development of mass media and women in national building.

H₂:  Women in media organization, influence Nigeria social- economic, political etc, towards the development of the country.

Ho:  Female journalists encounter challenges in their work places as a result of language barrier.

H₃:  High level of illiteracy among women in the country affects the role of the female in media organization.

Ho:  Inadequacy of managerial and technical manpower affects the development of women in media organization.

 

1.7  THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

1. Hypodemic Needle effect Theory

According to theory which was later nickname magic bullet effect theory mass media is seen as to be ultimately effective in nature and that is why most women faces a lot of challenges in performing their duties well in Nigeria. And again suppose to has the impact of a bullet on human being when struck by the powerful stimuli from the media.

The major view being canvassed here is that the media is a powerful mind controlling agent and that all mass media audience receive and react without fail to the powerful, stimuli they are exposed to. Women faces a lot of challenges such as ridicule, hazards of the profession, lack of moral competence, inadequate education, etc. all those might make them not to perform their duties or throw their effective act in media.

2. Minimally Powerful Media Theory

This theory is a study on perception. Perception here refers to the ways that people perceive media messages targeted at them.

According to Burgeon and Ruffner (1978) is the process of making sense out of experience. In real communication terms perception is discussed within the framework of selective. They are, selective exposure and selective retention, etc.

Selective exposure: This is the idea that people expose themselves or attend to those messages that are consistent with their pre-existing attitudes and beliefs. On the other hand, they avoid those messages that contradict their pre-disposition.

Selective Retention: Naturally, it is impossible for human beings especially women to retain all the messages that they receive.

 

1.8  SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of the study borders on the challenges of Enugu state female journalists in performing their duties.

 

1.9  LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The researcher encountered two major constraints in the course of the study. First is the scarcity of data, this arose from the fact that limited studies have been carried out on the subject matter. Consequently, there are limited data in following document for the researcher.

I relied much on the information provided by the respondents.

Secondly, there was the problem of limited finance, otherwise, the scope of limited only to Enugu state.

 

1.10 DEFINITIONS OF TERMS (CONCEPTUAL AND OPERATIONAL ON MEDIA LITERACY)

Challenges:  A new or difficult task that tests somebody’s ability and skills.

Female Journalist: A person whose job is to collect and write news stories for newspaper, magazine, radio, or television.

Performing: To do something, such as a piece of work, task or duty.

Duties: Something that you feel you have to do because it is your moral or legal responsibility.

Conceptual: Literacy for all the masses

Operational: Mass media literacy for adequate processing and dissemination of information.

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