THE PROBLEMS OF FINANCING INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN NIGERIA

Click here to download our android mobile app to your phone  for more materials and others

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 5000 NAIRA OR $10 , 

. A FRESH TOPIC NOT LISTED ON OUR WEBSITE COST 50,000 NAIRA ( UNDERGRADUATE) OR 100,000 FOR SECOND DEGREE STUDENTS. $500. PLUS  FREE SUPPORT UNTIL YOU FINISH YOUR PROJECT WORK. CONTACT US TODAY, WE MAKE A DIFFERENT. DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.  DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.

Note: our case study can be change to suit your desire location . we are here for your success.

                                   ORDER NOW

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANKER SECURITY GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 2 HOURS

How to transfer from your bank account to All  Nigeriabanks

1. Access Bank:
—-*901#

2. EcoBank:
—-*326#

3. Fidelity Bank:
—-*770#

4. FCMB:
—-*389*214#

5. First Bank
—-*894#

6. GTB:
—-*737#

7. Heritage Bank:
—-*322*030#

8. Keystone Bank:
—-*322*082#

9. Sky Bank:
—-*389*076*1#

10. Stanbic IBTC:
—-*909#

11. Sterling Bank:
—-*822#

12. UBA:
—-*389*033*1#

13. Unity Bank:
—-*322*215#

14. Zenith Bank:
—-*966#

15. Diamond Bank
—-*710*555#

To know your BVN, dial
—-*565*0#.

E.g for First bank…   *894 *Amount *Acct. No. #

Please dail d code from d number u used to register d account from the bank

CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

 

 

ABSTRACT

This research work tries to give an insight into the issue of the problems of financing international trade in Nigeria from the period (1990 – 1995). This study is aimed at analyzing Nigeria’s foreign transactions during and after (SAP) periods.

 

The work is organized into five chapters for easy comprehension and deduction, statement of the problem, objectives of the study, Research Questions, Research Hypothesis, significance of the study and definition of terms.

 

Chapter two involves a review of some related literature, role, risk factor in international cash flow in trade, major problem, restriction and cash flow problems. This chapter also treats, some underlying issues towards the cash flow problem in Nigeria, spanning through structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) and the present data that is the positive impact of SAP on the economy.

 

Chapter three, this chapter is the core of the study which discusses about the research methodology. The primary and the secondary data and sources, methods of investigation used, sample size, questionnaire distribution, technique of data analysis and the formular (chi – square).

 

Chapter four, discusses the presentation analysis and interpretation of data and the test of hypothesis.

 

Chapter five covers the findings, recommendations and conclusion.

 

This work is however not, exhaustive, efforts have however been made to include relevant issues to note.

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

• Introduction
  • Background of the study
  • Statement of the problem
  • Objective of the study
  • Research questions
  • Research hypothesis
  • Significance of the study
  • Delimitation, scope and limitation of study
  • Definition of Terms

 

CHAPTER TWO

• Review of related literature
  • An overview
  • International cash flow in trade.
  • Role of international cash flow in trade.
    • Risk factor in international cash flow.
    • Trade Restriction and Govt policies
    • Effects of Restriction on trade
  • Major problems of financing international trade.
  • Cash flow problems in trade
    • The policy Trust of SAP
    • The positive impacts of SAP on the economy.
  • Objectives of SAP

 

 

CHAPTER THREE

• Research Design and methodology
  • Primary Data and sources.
  • Primary data

Source of data

Secondary data and source

Secondary data

Source of secondary data

Method of investigation used

Area of the study

The universe.

The target population

Sample size used

Sample fraction

Questionnaire distributed

Technique of data

The formular (chi –square)

 

CHAPTER FOUR

Presentation and Analysis of data

Test of hypothesis

First Null Hypothesis testing

Second Null hypothesis testing

Third Null Hypothesis testing

Fourth Null hypothesis testing

 

Chapter five

Research, findings, Recommendation and conclusion

Findings

Recommendation

Conclusion

References

Bibliography.

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.1     INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The Nigerian economy has since the early 1990’s been faced with adverse financial constrains especially in its international trade. This can be traced to the responsible fiscal policies enacted during the oil boom period. The sought increase in the volume and value of oil exports since the early 1990’s especially in 1990/91, placed the oil sector as the mainstay of the Nigerian economy, not only in terms of foreign exchange earnings but also as the source of government revenue and domestic liquidity.

 

The huge revenue from oil stimulated a phenomenal increase in government expenditure and increased the public sector participation in the whole economy, such excessive government spending spilled into the rest of the economic sector and generated an unsustainable growth in economic activities. In particular, the pattern of investment shifted mainly to construction and services sectors to the detriment of productive sector that is industrial and agricultural sector which had hitherto been the sole earner and should provide the basis of economic growth. The slump in oil prices created a weakening of the international oil market from the early to mid “90”s. This phenomenon, exacerbated the problem already existing from the imbalance experienced in the preceding decade. Following the glut in the market, oil price dropped from $40 to $35.5 per barrel and continued to slide thereafter till it reached to roughly $12 per barrel. Consequently, oil export revenue which had accounted for about 95% of Nigeria’s exchange earning dropped sharply.

 

Moreover, the glut also forced production down by 0.4 million barrels per day as at the middle of 1991, and dropped further to 0.6 million barrels per day, during the first quarter of 1992. the oil glut and the attendant low unit prices of oil signaled the beginning of economic recession for Nigeria.

 

As a result of there economic recession, the country’s ability to meet its trade obligations became seriously compromised. It became necessary for trade partners to request new terms of trade and re – negotiation of existing loan and credit, subsequently, the country external payment position was adversely affected. A good example of this was manifested in the extort value which declined from the peak of N14.2 billion in 1990 to N8.6billion in 1992 but the total import expenditure rose from N9.1 billion in 1990 and 12.6 billion in 1992. With a deficit of appropriate approximately N4.0 billion. The ripples of the oil glut was also felt on the domestic front as was observed on the sharp decline in both state and federal government’s allocations in real monetary terms.

 

Secondly, the declining oil earning for the government to resort to alternative means of finance for its numerous projects.

 

In most cases, both private and public banks at home and abroad were approached to provide such needed funds in the form of loans and advances. Consequently, Nigerian’s external debt rose to nearly N15 billion in 1993.

 

Thirdly, in the light of mounting foreign debt and with the reluctance of the foreign trade partners to provide for the much needed finance, the government was forced into counter trade arrangements as a means of making payment on goods purchased, several attempt were made to stem the  declining economic fortunes of the country. First, it was the General Ibrahim Babangida’s SAP measure that was signed to restrict imports to a manageable level. This witnessed the advent of the import license, which rather than curtailing the foreign expenditure, increased it. A more constructive approach was adopted in 1991 by the Barbangida’s administration under the structural adjustment programme (SAP) and re – aligning aggregate domestic expenditure and production pattern in order to minimize dependence on imports. The objectives of the programme are thus:-

• To restructure and diversify the production base of the economy in order to reduce dependence on the oil sector and import of finished goods.
• To achieve a viable fiscal balance of payment over the medium term.
• To lay the basis for a sustainable non – inflationary growth over the medium and long – term by insisting on a workable balance budget. However, sustaintial improvement were recorded with these adjustments. Instance, Nigeria’s balance of payment showed an overall surplus of N1,946.3 million in 1993 compared with the surplus of n561 million in 1994. This continued to decline even to a deficit. Despite the measure introduced by (SAP), aggregate inflow of foreign exchange continued to decline by 7.1 percentages from $12,353.9 million in 1992 to $3,567.1 million in 1993. Total foreign exchange outflow also declined by about 20.8 percent. Moreso, as foreign exchange cash flow problem intensified, Nigeria importers found it increasing difficult to secure confirmed lines of credit overseas. Although the foregoing countries portray (SAP) in a negative light, economic experts who made it their duty to monitor the economic performance of the country, held the view that some sanity had been brought back into the economic system of the country. The problem of the world’s economic recession has affected considerable the issue of international cash flow. It become more difficult for the less developed countries who were non – cultural and have little or nothing to export to gain foreign exchange. It was even worse then the economy strictly import – oriented. In such cases, the little reserve would be very much insufficient and inadvertently lead to economic manipulation by the creditors Nigeria happens to fall within this group and it was in respect of the above problems that the government had introduced a lot of measures ranging from trade restriction to outright ban of most commodities. Most foreign based institutions had over the years refused to honour most of Nigeria’s letter of credit. LDC’s suffers from this problem. This project is going to analyse issue further. The scope, however covers the years between 1990 and 1995. the focus is on the cash flow issue and the problem of financing international trade within this period.

 

1.2     STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

As we have seen, the transfer of capital from one cou