THE ROLE OF GLOBAL SYSTEM OF MOBILE COMMUNICATION (GSM) IN JOURNALISM PRACTICE IN NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF VANGUARD NEWSPAPER)
ABSTRACT
The application of Global System of Mobil Communication in News gathering, processing and reporting in Nigeria comes as a result of many reasons; the scope of media is expanding the task before the media in this era of development is enormous and the pressing need of meeting up with time pressure in a news gathering and reporting starring on their face.
Indisputably, news developments round the clock and many stories develop unexpectedly. Not only is news perishable, but it becomes less valuable with time. Consequently, to meet up these challenges remain relevant and effectively complete with the western journalists; the Nigerian journalists in consideration of GSM phones as a veritable tools of their profession becomes desideration.
Therefore the project discusses the role of the global system of mobile communication in journalism practices in Nigeria (A case study of vanguard newspaper). If comprises chapter one to five. The chapter one aspect discussed extensively the background of the study, statement of the research problems and other chapters follow suits according to their peritonitis.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Background of the study 1
1.2 Statement of the research problem 4
1.3 Objectives of the study 5
1.4 Significance of the study 6
1.5 Research questions 7
1.6 Research hypothesis 8
1.7 Theoretical frame work 10
1.8 Definition of terms 11
1.9 Assumptions 12
1.10 Scope and limitation to the study 13
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature review 14
2.1 Sources of literature 14
2.2 Review of relevant literature 14
2.3 Summary of literature 22
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Research methodology 23
3.1 Research method 23
3.2 Research design 23
3.3 Research population 24
3.4 Research sample 25
3.5 Instrument for data collection 26
3.6 Method of data analysis 26
3.7 Expected result 27
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Data presentation and analysis 28
4.1 Introduction 28
4.2 Research question, analysis and testing of hypothesis 41
4.3 Discussion of finding 48
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Summary 53
5.2 Conclusion 54
5.3 Recommendation 55
Appendix 58
Bibliography 62
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
From earliest time, communication has been one of the man’s priceless and highly cherished commodities. Indeed, man’s major re-occupation since the inception of the world has been how to collect information, store and retrieve it and above all, distribute it through the fastest means feasible. The consequences of this, is that man has adopted various but varied approaches to gathering, recording, storing, retrieving and disseminating information which range from clay tablets in ancient times through papyrus to sophisticated forms of paper, films, magnetic tapes, etc. To day, the media for transmitting information to a mass audience have increasingly become varied, sophisticated and advanced. They include, radio, television, telephone, telex, tax, computers, satellite, internet, etc.
However, the emergence of information and communication technologies, no doubt revolutionized information gathering, processing, storage retrieval and transmission which synonymous to journalism thus making information available ever more widely, rapidly and less expensive. Agba (2001) seems to lend credence and support to the foregoing views, when he opined that the development of telephone (GSM) radio and television in relation to the use of these technical equipment in transmitting ideas and news stresses the point that man has overcome the challenges of distance and has linked continent, with a world-wide system of telecommunications.
Indisputably, news development round the clock, and many stories develop un-expectedly. Not only is news perishable, it becomes less valuable with the never ending flow of news gathering, processing and delivery. This situation has brought a revolution of momentous magnitude in the mass media industry. At the heart of this revolution is technology. Indeed, one of the most striking characteristics of mass media development during the 20th century was a trend towards electronic reporting and delivery of news and programmes. This leap forward was given impetus by the increasing advances in communication technology, which made is possible for news to be reported and delivered from the scene of event through the global system of mobile communication (GSM) and other allied electronic news gathering, processing and transmission gadgets. Besides, evidence abound that the global system of mobile communication has put a tremendous speed on news processing storage, retrieval, reporting and transmission, thus making the process almost instantaneous. In other words, recent research shows that GSM serves as a veritable instrument for gathering, processing and reporting news, especially almost developing nations of the world like Nigeria.
Consequently, the global system of mobile communication (GSM) is a news technology introduced in the communication industry in Nigeria in 2006, following the deferral government deregulation of NITEL as guardian (March 11, 2001.4) put their MTN (Mobile Telecommunication Network) was one of the three companies that won the GSM license after a three day auction process conducted by the Nigerian communications commission (NCC) from January 17 to 19, 2001. It (MTN) paid its license fee of N285 million February 8, 21 and flagged off commercial operations on August 8, 2001 in Lagos. Moreover, the companies that provide GSM services in Nigeria today include MTN, GlobalCom, Zain, M-tel, StarCom, Etisalat and other evolving ones.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
Some are of the options that notwithstanding the paucity of empirical data prevailing in the information and communication scene in most developing countries of the world like, Nigeria, still point to the fact that most practicing journalists in media outfit in the country, have embraced the use of GSM phones in news gathering, processing and reporting, although the utility of such electronic news gadget is still inadequate.
The arguement on whether or not Nigerian journalists make use of GSM phone in their daily reportional duties still raise some dust in certain quarters. This is the reason for this research work, which is motivated primarily by the fact that in Nigeria and other developing nations, much is not yet known about how practicing journalists make use of GSM phones in gathering processing and reporting breaking news to their home radio, news editors and television stations. This is to say that the spate of acquisition and utilization of the news communication technologies such as Global system of mobile communication in news gathering and reporting by newsmen in Nigeria is at variance with what is obtains in the developed nations. Moreso, the extent to which practice in Nigeria can only aptly be captured through empirical study, and that is the essence of this research project.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The objectives of the study are as follow;
- To find out the role Global system of mobile communication (GSM) play in journalism practice in Nigeria.
- To determine if Nigerian journalists has fully embraced the use of GSM phones in sending breaking news stories across to their media organization.
- To unravel if the advent of GSM foster a brighter prospect for the practicing Nigeria
- To find out if there is challenges facing Nigerian journalists and their media organizations in gathering and reporting news stories with GSM phones.
- To prefer lasting solutions to the problems inhibiting maximum utilization of GSM phones in news gathering and reporting in Nigeria.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The study, the role of global system of mobile communication in journalism practice in Nigeria is timely especially now that all media outfit are seeking for the fastest means of gathering, processing and dissemination of enormous information available in Nigeria; in order to meet the ever increasing demand of their vast audience. However, this research work will be of immense benefit to the Nigerian journalisms as it will enable them to maximize the utility of GSM phone in news gathering and reporting. In Nigeria especially as it is a known fact that they work with limited time and pressure.
Also, this research work will be very important to the media researchers, academicians, media consumers and editors as that will enable them to known that the usage of GSM in journalism practices will reduce time and cost of news production.
Consequently, it will be of great benefit to the GSM service providers and government as they would understand the modalities to adopt in order to ensure stable service and suitable policy adoption.
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
This research work is anchored on the following research questions.
- What role does GSM phone play in news gathering and reporting in Nigeria.
- Have Nigerian journalists fully embraced the use of GSM phone in sending breaking news stories across to their media organization?
- Does the news trend hold a brighter prospect in news gathering and reporting in Nigeria?
- What challenges hinders Nigerian journalists from maximizing the benefits of GSM phone in their media organizations?
- What are the remedial measures for surmounting the challenges posed by the utility of GSM phones in news gathering and reporting.
1.6 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
The tentative and conjectural statement of this project are as follows.
H1 GSM phones plays a veritable role in journalism practices in Nigeria
H0 GSM phones does not play any role in journalism practices in Nigeria.
H1 The Nigerian journalists have fully embraced the use of GSM phones in sending breaking news stories across to their media organization.
H0 The Nigerian journalists have not fully embraced the use of GSM phones in sending breaking news stories across to their media organization.
Hi The news trend hold a brighter prospect in journalism practices in Nigeria.
H0 The news trend does not hold a brighter prospect in news gathering and reporting in Nigeria.
Hi Nigerian journalist encounters some of the challenges as a result of using GSM phones in news gathering and reporting.
H0 Nigerian journalist does not encounter any challenges as a result of using GSM phones in reporting and gathering the news stories in Nigeria.
Hi The Nigerian journalist has maximized the benefits of GSM phones for their media organizations and the society at large.
H0 The Nigerian journalists has not maximized the benefits of GSM phones for their media organizations and the society at large.
1.7 THEORETICAL FRAME WORK
This empirical project is anchored on communication theory known as information theory propounded by Shannon and weaver.
According to the theory, notions about signals, noise, bits, efficiency, redundancy and channel capacity have found the way into mass communication through a news technological means news gathering and reporting, in Nigeria and world at large may be this theory was necessitated as a result of the fact that man’s major pre-occupation since the inception of the world has been how to collect information, store, and retrieve it and above all, distribute it through the fastest means possible with efficiency. In communication systems, the theory has been enormously successful with emergence of ICTs ad GSM as an integral part. This is because technology based on this theory is providing the building blocks for constructing information super high way thereby making it available and accessible with efficiency.
The concerned of this theory was accurate transmission of messages over telephone (GSM) which is synonymous to journalism and subject of the as course in this research work.
1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Conceptual and operational definition of terms
Conceptual
Role: The function or position that something like (GSM) has or is expected to have in an organization in society or in a relationship.
Operational: The function and important of global system of mobile communication GSM is news gathering and reporting in Nigeria.
Global system of mobile communication (GSM)
Conceptual: This is a technology that is invoke in communication world and has enable faster gathering and reporting information in media industries.
Operational: This is a new technology introduced in the communication world which could ack as a tool for gathering and reporting newspaper.
Journalism
Conceptual: This is the work of collecting ad writing news stories for newspapers magazines, radio and television.
1.9 ASSUMPTIONS
The researcher could assured that GSM phones faculties speedy communication between news correspondent and news sources with ease and immediacy and it has ensured speedy appointments to the news sources, quick clarification, confirmations, reminders and also short interviews as these are the cardinal role of GSM in journalism practices in Nigerian and the world at large.
The researchers could also assumed that GSM has not facilitates journalism practices in Nigeria. This is because of the problem that journalism may be encountering such as network failure, high tariff etc in a bid to use GSM in their day to day activities.
1.10 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF STUDY
The problem being investigated in this research project is such that concern every practicing journalists and media organizations nation wide as a result requires that the scope takes a national nature.
However, as a result of the existing constriants, this study shall be limited to only vanguard newspaper. The essence is to ascertain how they (vanguard reporters) utilizes GSM phones in their media job.
Adequate sampling size is likely to pose threats to this research; this is because not all the respondents may have exposure to the role GSM phones has played in news gathering and reporting in their media organizations.
Also this research work focused on the reporters and editors as they are in good position to tell better their experiences since the arrival of GSM in Nigeria.
This is as a result of time and financial constraints of the researcher to carry out a thorough and indepth study of the project topic; as a result was limited to 200 respondents. It is however, hoped that this could be generalized to all media organization in Nigeria.
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