THE ROLE OF RADIO IN MOBILIZING NIGERIAN WOMEN INTO POLITICS
ABSTRACT
The man trust of this study is to find out the role of radio in mobilizing Nigerian women in politics. This is studied in relation to other media of communication.
We became interested in this project since 4th March, 2004, when some of us listened to the review on the international women’s day on COSMO FM with the title “Nigerian Women Since 1985”. There were so many women liberation that spoke especially on the role women play in the socio-economic and political development of Nigeria.
We made a proposal that comprise of our interests, objectives, and importance of the study; Research methodology research problems, research hypothesis and definition of terms etc. We used survey method in conducting this study. The major objective is to ascertain if there is any significant difference between radio and other media as sources of political information to women.
Hypothesis one (H1) postulated that Nigerian women tend to be getting more of their political information from radio than any other medium of communication. It was empirically supported with a calculated value of X2 = 77.04, as against a table value X2 = 11.345. Thus Nigerian women tend to be getting more of their political information from radio than any other medium of communication.
The second hypothesis (H2) postulates that Nigerian women tend to prefer news from radio to political news from opinion leaders. It received empirical support with a calculated value of X2 = 81.621 as against a table value of X2 = 11.345. In essence of our respondents are pf the view that Nigerian women tend to prefer news from radio to political news form opinion leaders.
The third hypothesis stated, “Women who are exposed to political news tend to be more influenced than those not exposed, in their political opinion formation. It has as well received statistical support with a calculated value of X2 = 114.08 as against a table value of X2 = 11.345. It then means that Nigerian women that are exposed to political news tend to be more influenced in their political opinion formation than those not exposed.
The fourth and the final hypothesis of the study postulates that radio tends to be more accessible to Nigerian women than any other medium of communication. The hypothesis is empirically supported with a calculated value of X2 = 98.66 as against the table value of 11.345. This means that the audience believes that radio is more accessible to Nigerian women than any other medium of communication.
In general analysis, our findings are in line with our postulations in literature review that among the various medium of communication, radio is the most veritable tool of mobilizing Nigerian women into politics. This is because it tends to be fast and immediate in delivering their messages to their target audience than any other medium of communication.
Recommendations were given on how other studies should be carried out and how radio should be equipped, modernized, privatized and used to enhance its use in mobilization of women into politics.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION 1
- Background of the study 1
- The statement of problem 8
- Objective of the study 10
- Significance of the study 10
- Research questions 12
- Research hypotheses 12
- The scope of study 13
- The limitation of the study 14
- Definition of terms 15
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
- Sources of literature 17
- Introduction 18
- Theoretical framework 19
- Radio as a mobilization tool 21
- Nigerian women in politics 33
- Summary of literature review 42
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
- Research method 49
- Research design 49
- Research sample 50
- Measuring instrument 52
- Data collection 52
- Data analysis 53
- Expected results 53
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSES AND RESULTS
- Data analysis (introduction) 55
- Data distribution and analysis 56
- Interpretation and discussion 71
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- Summary 76
- Conclusion 77
- Recommendation 79
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
- BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
This study, the role of radio in mobilizing Nigerian women into politics will look into the role played by radio as a medium of mass communication in galvanizing and preparing Nigerian women into politics especially towards participating in this on going transition programme.
There are so many other communication media like the festival, gongs, drums, and town crier. But in view of how the channels could be used in performing the role of mobilizing Nigerian women into politics, radio is more effective in getting messages to its target audience (Nigerian women). Though the magazine and newspaper, for their non-transient feature would have helped, but it is found difficult for women to afford it. Infact average Nigerian women can not afford to spend their income in buying newspaper and magazines just to get political information. Hence radio could be used as last and best resort to reach Nigerian women in case of wide reach and transcend language problem/literacy problem. This why during one of her lectures Mrs. Ukozor stressed that through integration, mass media can turn the whole world into a “global village”. Radio as a mass media does the same work.
Also Television is a very expensive communication gadget that cannot be afforded by every family in Nigeria.
A set of traditional communication system cannot work for the nation because of so many ethnic groups in Nigeria. There is no unification of traditional communication system in Nigeria. Many Nigerian women are living in urbanization so it is ineffective to disseminate political information to women through the use the traditional communication media system.
Elelstan A.G. (2000) in his study about audiences concluded that the audiences evaluated sources of information in terms of content, television in breath of perception and radio in availability.
Hence radio for its availability characteristics is always handy to these women.
Again N. Akpan (1999) in mass communication in Nigeria. Book of reading (ed) (Nwuneli) says that the public is entitled to all facts in a political situation and that of the basis of those facts; it can make its decision. Therefore these women if informed about political news tend to be politically aware.
Introduction to mass communication (Agee, Warrant, Kendall) by Noelle Neumann (1985) says that “real life is different from laboratory controlled studies, the media are so ambiguous that it is difficult for a person to escape a massage. Repetitive massages have reinforced impact and news stories are so much the same that there is few option for selective perception. However, the media for its agenda setting role and using radio to disseminate information repeatedly about politics. These Nigerian women tend to be influenced by listening to these repetitive political messages, hence develop the habit of liking politics.
The mass media generally perform six conventional functions to the audience. They are education, information, entertainment, socialization, survellant, and cultural transmission. Ben Agbo stated these roles during his lecture with year two students (2004). Radio as a medium generally performs the same role; radio uses these roles in mobilizing Nigerian women into politics.
According to Edwin Ude (HOD) during his lectures with the class while in ND1, the ‘Radio reaches places where television cannot reach. The cities, even the rural areas feel the power of this medium. No wonder old men and women don’t joke with their battery radio. Radio as a mass medium-collect, store, process and disseminate political information, which the Nigeria women require.
The radio as entertainment channel entertains Nigerian women through the chips of information and political giggles in the radio. Entertainment gives by radio to Nigerian women these women on doing their work easily, fast and simultaneously with radio entertainment. Women also memorize these political giggles and sing them in other to relieve boredom.
The socialization need of the radio agree with the Nigerian women on a particular candidate or politician to vote for. Radio exposes every thing concerning a candidate and then the audience (Nigerian women) will then accept the person they want. Thereby making this women to socialize in the community ‘they are.
The radio as surveillance channel, here the radio plays the role of watchdog. According to Ben Agbo during his lectures with your one students (2003) “states that watch dog role of the press is and adversarial to the government”. This is in effect that radios investigate the candidate very well and watch the present government for the betterment of the country.
Radio promotes culture of the country. It is through radio that you will hear about the culture of almost all Nigeria ethnic groups. In radio you will hear certain programmes that are done in so many languages. Infact different language in communities like Udi ndee, Awgu unu ejee, Onitcha ado ndonuoo, Awka demenu. During such programmes radio announces the political aspirants and people that have high post in the government.
Introduction to mass communication states that the media also help in the development of culture by awakening and stimulating the imagination and aesthetic creativity of individuals, thus leading to the precaution of cultural air facts. Radio, “As a medium disseminate cultural and artistic products for the purpose of preserving the past heritage of the people. The status conferral is another role of the radio that is when radio confers status and legitimacy on political leader and issue. Here radio is setting the political agenda for the Nigerian women by deciding what political topics Nigeria women talk about.
According to sandman et all (1976). The editorial decision that a particular event is not news is a self-fulfilling judgment; if the news media ignore it, then it cannot be news. Conversely, any event given major play in the mass media becomes by definition of a major event… In this sense, even when the media do not tell us what to think, they tell us what to think about.
An example is what we have in the network news. The NTA Network and other daily’s has been announcing how powerful Dr. Dora Akunyili (Mrs.) is, such kind of announcement raises high the women status and inspire Nigerian women into politics. Dr. Dora Akunyili is the present Director General NAFDAC.
The researcher had an interview with the former chairman of Nkanu West Local Government Mrs. Evelyn Chukwu about what motivated her into politics. Mrs. Chukwu said that she got motivated from the various political messages she hears from the radio about the on going political campaign.
‘She went further to say that women who came to vote for her during the election proper, got mobilized during her political campaign through the radio, and felt that her position or a change in government will bring them a radical development change. The enemas turn up of female voters made her to win.
Meanwhile, this study will look into the critics of radio credibility about radio information; especially of political news messages. This aside it will also tackle the various critics why women since the inception of Nigerian independence (1960s) and Nigerian political eras have been showing head above the water to compete with the male counterparts in Nigerian politics.
- THE STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
All over the world, the media have been regarded as veritable tools of political socialization and mobilization. Among the developing countries especially, radio has been singled out as the most veritable tool of mobilizing people into action be it politics, developmental progammes etc.
In Nigeria, both before and after she gained independence; women have not been fully taking part in the political game of the country. The very few women that are particularly conscious, according to chief Mrs. Ebun, Oyaghola, minister of national planning (1992) in her address to the intra parliamentary “Have contributed to the event handing over of power to people and will always be remembered as some of the pioneering landmark of the great journey to political independence by this great nation”.
Some other women that participated in politics include Chief Mrs. Ramson Anikulaopo Kuti, Mrs. Margret Ekpo, Mrs,. Elizabeth Okaro, Prof. Ikeji Ani clark and other women of substance that have participated in politics.
The status conferral media especially the radio have been identified to be responsible for their inspiration, motivation and mobilization.
It is in tight of this political apathy among Nigerian women that the researcher wants to find out the following research problems.
- What role does the radio play in the mobilization of women into politics?
- From which medium does Nigerian women get their political information.
- Which sources of political information does Nigerian women prefer?
- How does exposure to political information influence Nigerian women?
- How accessible are radio to Nigeria women?
- OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
- The objective of the study will focus on finding out the role of radio in mobilizing Nigerian women for political participation in the country.
- To find out how Nigerian women radio listeners views political information/messages.
- To find out why some Nigerian women are suffering political apathy.
- To find out the medium Nigerian women prefer getting their political information from.
- To find out how Nigerian women that are exposed to political news are influenced into political participation.
- To find out the medium that are most accessible to Nigerian women.
- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
It is expected that after this study, Nigerian radio broadcasters will know the best techniques involved in packaging political information that will be able to catalyze, stimulate, mobilize, and inspire Nigerian women into participating in politics.
Also the study will be of relevance to students, studying communication and its paradigms because, it will enrich their knowledge in determining how to disseminate political information and get effective feed backs from Nigerian women, especially when they go into the labour market.
Lectures will also benefit from this study because, the areas and ways that students need to be though about how to package political information will be made clear in the study.
In all, the study will be of relevance to the government because it will make a policy statement on the need for adequate funding for radio station, as the most veritable tool or medium of mobilizing women into politics.
- RESEARCH QUESTIONS
- Do Nigerian women get most of their political information from radio more than any other medium?
- Do Nigerian women prefer political news from radio to news they get from opinion leaders?
- How does exposure to political news influence women on their opinion formation in Nigerian politics?
- Does objectivity of reporting affect the listener ship of radio political information?
- Do the Nigerian women have access to radio than other medium of communication?
- RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
H1 Nigerian women tend to be getting more of their political information from radio than any other medium of communication?
H0 There is no difference? Between radio and other medium as a source of political information to women.
H2 Nigerian women tend to prefer political news from radio to political news from opinion leaders.
H0 There is no difference on the Nigerian women’s preference of political information from either radio or opinion leader.
H3 Women w
Ho are exposed to political news tend to be more influenced than those not exposed in political opinion formation.
H0 There is no difference between those exposed to political news and those not exposed in political opinion formation.
H4 Radio tends to be more accessible to Nigerian women than any other medium of communication.
H0 There is no difference between the accessibility of radio and other mass communication channels to Nigerian women.
- THE SCOPE OF STUDY
The study shall treat only the role of radio in mobilizing Nigerian women into participation in politics. The study is a very wide one that comprises the whole of Nigerian women.
It is limited geographically to four main areas in Enugu because of financial problem, lack of time and inadequate material, I can not cover the whole states in Nigeria.
In effect, the four main areas to be covered are Mgbidi-Awgu, Amechi Awkunanaw, Obeagu, and Independence layout Enugu. These areas shall constitute the researcher’s sample population in each of these for areas represents almost the whole of Nigerian women.
- THE LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The study is focused on mobilizing and participation of Nigerian women in political news on radio. The focus in not on the rate of usage of radio etc, since an average of about 60-70 of Nigerian women listen to radio.
Also, the study will be on pure political news and programmes, with exception of other news.
The study is centered on Nigerian women. Due to the topic of the study it shall not study women globally.
Finally, the scientific nature of the sample and the standard of measuring instrument (questionnaire) will help to generalize the larger population.
- DEFINITION OF TERMS
RADIO ACCESSIBILITY
CONCEPTIONAL DEFINITION: An audio medium of
Communication that can be reached.
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION: The percentage number of radio
sets that Nigerian women use in getting her information.
MOBILIZATION
CONCEPTIONAL: To assemble people into readiness for group
action/service.
OPERATIONAL: The number of women that radio has galvanized
Into politics.
OPINION FORMATION
CONCPTIONAL: Drawing a judgment of a with respect for merit.
OPERATIONAL: Forming opinions concerning political news in
Nigeria.
OPINION LEADERS
CONCEPTIONAL: People who direct judgment of political
Information to women with respect to merit
OPERATIONAL: People who direct women concerning political
issue in Nigeria.
POLITICAL INFORMATION
CONCEPTIONAL: Messages or news concerned with politics.
OPERATIONAL: Information that are about the political news in
Nigeria.
EXPOSURE TO POLITICAL NEWS
CONCEPTIONAL: The act of someone being exposed to receiving
information about politics.
OPERATIONAL: The number of Nigerian women that expose
themselves to political issue in Nigeria.
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